PTJDUKATTAI

[s. 625] : A town in Madras, India, 28 miles southeast of Tri chino poly is unusually clean, airy, well built; small, but having a fine mosque,, a palace, and several temples. Population, Station of 15,384, Hindus, Mushms, Christians. the Leipzig Mi ionary Society (1849), with (1903) 2 mi ionaries and their wives, 24 native workers, 7 places of worship, 5 day schools, 3 boarding schools, and 256 profe ed Christians, of whom 153 are communicants. Station also of the SPG, with (1903) 28 native workers, 16 places of worship, 9 day schools, 2 boarding schools, and 1,591 profe ed Christians, of whom 621 are communicants. Some write the name Pudu; kotei PUEBLA: A city in Mexico, 76 miles east southeast of Mexico City. The sacred city of Mexico, containing many religious and char i Population (1900), 93,521. table institutions. (1881), with (1903) 1 mi ion Station of the ary and his wife, 1 native worker, 6 outstations, 6 Sunday schools, and 105 profe ed Christians. Station also of the ME, with (1903) 2 mi ionaries, 1 of them with his wife; 3 women mi ionaries, 26 native workers, 1 place of worship, 2 Sunday schools, 3 day schools, 2 boarding schools^ 1 theological cla , and 414 profe ed Christians, of whom 193 are communicants. ME PUNGO NDONGO A town in Portuguese W.: Africa, a few miles to the N. of the Kwanza, and 180 miles E. S. E. of S. Paolo de Loan da. It is the chief entrepot of trade with the interior and a Portuguese military post. It is one of the ancient cities of.Angola, and a health resort. It is beautifully situated in the midst of ma es: Station of the ME, with of conglomerate rocks. (1903) 1 mi ionary and his wife, 1 outstation,. school,, 1 place of worship, 1 Simday school, 1 day and 14 profe ed Christians. Some write tbft name Pungo And on go. Punjmb <^nullflcations PUNJAB: One of the great provinces of British India; its highest northern point is in latitude 35°, Its limits of east its most southern, 27° 39’. longitude are 69° 35’ and 78° 35’. The area of that portion of it under British administration is 97,209 square miles; population, 20,330,000. But there are 34 native states whose territory is intermingled with that of the British po e ions all of which are under the political supervision of the Punjab Government, tho each has its own native chief (see article Native S’ a.es, where these relations are explained more at length), and the area of these swells the total area •of the Punjab to 133,741 square miles, and its aggregate population to 21,000,000. The Punjab is governed by a lieutenant-governor, under the general supervision of the governor-general and viceroy of India. It contains one-fifth of the Mohammedan population, but only one twentieth of the Hindu. The name means “Five Waters,” and is derived from the fact that its territory is intersected bv five great Him a lay an rivers; these are the Sutlej, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab, and the Jhelum. The Indus River, into which these all flow, and which runs near boundary, and the the western (political) Jumna, which forms a part of the eastern (political) boundary, describe a course outside the territory to which the name was originally given; but that name has recently been made to cover the entire province placed under the administration of the local government. On the north and west the Punjab meets the N. W. Frontier Province. The history of the Punjab is of exceeding variety and interest. So extensive and so various is it, that it must here be left almost wholly untouched. Suffice it to say that here was the original Indian home of the Aryans; here the Vedic rites were first practised, and here probably the Vedas written; here Hinduism began its development; and hence did the Hindu race, as it swelled to larger size and power, emerge for the conquest first of the great Gangetic valley, and then of all the Deccan and — Southern India. The beginning of this Hindu history cannot be later than 1500 B.C., and may Here also the Mohammedan power be earlier. in India first took root. Lahore was the first Mohammedan capital; after a time Delhi was occupied as their imperial city, and later still Agra, by a few of the Mogul emperors in the 16th and 17th centuries. The city of Delhi, which indeed lies outside of the natural area of the Punjab, tho now within its political area, stands on the site of Indraprastha, a prehistoric Hindu capital, the foundation of which is said to go back to the 15th century B.C. It was in 1849 that the Punjab was finally made a part of the English dominions. Cla ifying the people by religions, nearly 60 per cent, are Mohammedans; about 40 per cent. Hindus; nearly 7 per cent Sikhs. In round numbers, there are 11,000,000 Mohammedans, 8,000,000 Hindus, and 1,500,000 Sikhs. There are nearly 38,000 Jains, and over 40,000 Christians, of whom le than 5,000 were natives. The preponderance of Mohammedans is explained partly by the fact of early and long Mohammedan po e ion of the Punjab by rulers of that faith (as just described), and partly by its propinquity to the Mohammedan countries on the northwest, whence immigration is so easily accomplished. 608 The people of the Punjab are largely agriculturists. A sixth of the population of British Punjab is thus returned. The commercial and cla es number nearly 1,500,000. The rainfall is slight; in some par’is of the province artificial irrigation is resorted to with good results. The rivers swell with the melting of artisan the mountain snows, and when they subside leave well-watered strips of alluvial land enriched with the fresh deposits of each season. Education is in a tolerably forward state. It is stimulated somewhat by the existence of the Punjab University, which dates only from 1882, with which a number of colleges are affiliated. The language of the Hindus is Punjabi allied to Hindi. Hindu stan i and Persian are used by the Mohammedans. The Afglians speak Pashtu. — Mi ionary work in this province began in 1834. The American Presbyterians were first on the ground, and their earliest station was at Ludhiana, where, besides the usual work of preaching, schools were at once begun, and a printing pre established, from which have since i ued multitudes of books and tracts, including Biblical translations. Many other places have since been occupied. The Church Mi ionary Society occupied Amritsar in 1851. In 1870 that Society began a theological school at Lahore for training native preachers, which was the first school of the sort in India, it is said, to include Hebrew and New Testament Greek in the curriculum of study for native Christian students. The United Presbyterians of America have a mi ion in the Punjab, in Sialkot, and adjoining districts. The Church of Scotland has a station at Chamba. Several leper asylums have been founded in connection with one and another of these mi ions, but these are now managed by the “Mi ion Lepers in India.” The Moravians, true to their instincts of selecting the most difficult, laborious, and apparently unpromising fields, started a mi ion in 1855 at Kailang, far up among the Him a lay as, tho in British territory, among the Tibetan mountaineers. Their work has involved severe hardship and unusual self-denial, but it has not been without its direct results. Circumstances have impelled the Punjab mi ionaries to labor among Mohammedans probably to a greater extent than has been attempted elsewhere in India. More than half the population being Mohammedans, opportunities have been constantly presented for meeting them, which it has not seemed right to disregard, altho there has not been hope of great succe . Several of the mi ionaries of the Punjab have studied the religion of Mohammed profoundly, and have published scholarly works elucidation of it, while not neglecting the preparation of other works designed to commend Christianity directly to the Muslims themselves. Their labors have resulted in the conversion of many Mohammedans, some of whom have become able and fearle preachers of the Gospel. m PUNJABI LANGUAGE A language spoken by Sikhs and others in the Punjab, India. The number using this language is estimated at over 20,000,000. The language belongs to the Indie group of the Aryan family, but it has much profited by borrowing from Arabic as well as Persian. It is written with characters called Gurmukhi and derived from the Sanskrit Devanagari.: PURDIE, Rev. Samuel Alexander: Bom in the State of New York March 5, 1843. Died in San Salvador, Central America, August 6, 1897. In 1871 he entered upon his work in Mexico, being the first foreign mi ionary sent out by the American Friends. Locating at first in the ci^y of Matamoros in the state of Tamaulipas, he gathered a church of believers, opened a boys’ and girls’ school, established a printing and publishing house, and founded a monthly paper. El Ramo de Olivo, which continues to be published, and is now in its thirty-first volume. This paper has a large circulation, and it has gained entrance into nearly all Spanish-speaking countries and islands, carrying the Gospel where the living me enger has not come. Primarily to supply the schools he compiled and printed •school-books, inserting in them pa ages from the Bible and extracts from Christian books. He translated and printed a number of religious books and tracts. His influence was felt not only through the printing pre . He traveled throughout the entire state of Tamaulipas, reaching in cities, towns, and ranches. He E ad the joy of seeing seven of his converts become faithful ministers of the Gospel. He established six regular churches and many preaching places, all of which he visited annually, and some of them more frequently. Into these churches he received more than six hundred by baptism. In 1887, because of the decline of Matamoros as a busine center and the removal of the capital of the state to C. Victoria, he removed to this city, and hereafter his headquarters were there. In 1897, while visiting San Salvador, Central America, he died of tetanus, induced by a slight injury to his hand, received while binding a book which he had just trans and printed. 627