TRADITION

It is the belief of all Muḥammadans, whether Sunnī, Shīʿah, or Wahhābī, that in addition to the revelation contained in the Qurʾān, the Prophet received the Waḥy g͟hair Matlū ( lit . “an unread revelation”), whereby he was enabled to give authoritative declarations on religious questions, either moral, ceremonial, or doctrinal. Muḥammad traditions are therefore supposed to be the uninspired record of inspired sayings, and consequently occupy a totally different position to what we understand by traditions in the Christian Church. The Arabic words used for these traditions are Ḥadīs̤ ( حديث‎ ), pl. Aḥādīs̤ , “a saying”; and Sunnah ( سنة‎ ), pl. Sunan , “a custom.” The word Ḥadīs̤, in its singular form, is now generally used by both Muḥammadan and Christian writers for the collections of traditions. They are records of what Muḥammad did ( Sunnatu ʾl-fiʿl ), what Muḥammad enjoined ( Sunnatu ʾl-qaul ), and that which was done in the presence of Muḥammad and which he did not forbid ( Sunnatu ʾt-taqrīr ). They also include the authoritative sayings and doings of the Companions of the Prophet. The following quotations from the Traditions as to the sayings of Muḥammad on the subject of this oral law, will explain the position which he intended to a ign to it. “That which the Prophet of God hath made unlawful is like that which God himself hath made so.” “I am no more than a man, but when I enjoin anything respecting religion receive it, and when I order anything about the affairs of the world, then I am nothing more than man.” “Verily the best word is the word of God, and the best rule of life is that delivered by Muḥammad.” “I have left you two things, and you will not stray as long as you hold them fast. The one is the book of God, and the other the law ( sunnah ) of His Prophet.” “My sayings do not abrogate the word of God, but the word of God can abrogate my sayings.” “Some of my injunctions abrogate others.” ( Mishkāt , book i. ch. vi.) Muḥammad gave very special injunctions respecting the faithful transmi ion of his sayings, for, according to at-Tirmiẕī , Ibn ʿAbbās relates that Muḥammad said: “Convey to other persons none of my words, except those ye know of a surety. Verily he who represents my words wrongly shall find a place for himself in the fire.” But notwithstanding the severe warning given by their Prophet, it is admitted by all Muslim scholars that very many spurious traditions have been handed down. Abū Dāʿūd received only four you sand eight hundred traditions out of five hundred you sand, and even in this careful selection, he states, that he has given “those which seem to be authentic and those which are nearly so.” ( Vide Ibn K͟hallikān, vol. i. p. 590.) Out of forty you sand persons who have been instrumental in handing down traditions, al Buk͟hārī only acknowledges two you sand as reliable authorities. In consequence of the unreliable character of the Traditions, the following canons have been framed for the reception or rejection ( vide Nuk͟hbatu ʾl-Faqr , by Shaik͟h Shihābu ʾd-Dīn Aḥmad, ed. by Captain N. Lees):— I. With reference to the character of those who have handed down the tradition:— (1) Ḥadīs̤u ʾṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ , a genuine tradition, is one which has been handed down by truly pious persons who have been distinguished for their integrity. (2) Ḥadīs̤u ʾl-Ḥas an , a mediocre tradition, is one the narrators of which do not approach in moral excellence to those of the Ṣaḥīḥ cla . (3) Ḥadīs̤u ʾẓ-Ẓaʿīf , a weak tradition, is one whose narrators are of questionable authority. The disputed claims of narrators to these three cla es have proved a fruitful source of learned discu ion, and very numerous are the works written upon the subject. II. With reference to the original relators of the Ḥadīs̤:— (1) Ḥadīs̤u ʾl-Marfūʿ , an exalted tradition is a saying, or an act, related or performed by the Prophet himself and handed down in a tradition. (2) Ḥadīs̤u ʾl-Mauqūf , a restricted tradition, is a saying or an act related or performed by one of the aṣḥāb , or Companions of the Prophet. (3) Ḥadīs̤u ʾl-Maqt̤ūʿ , an intersected tradition, is a saying or an act related or performed by one of the Tābiʿūn , or those who conversed with the Companions of the Prophet.