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Wall Py ene es Ops, Fane \ se e es. ti 228 PT LS. = "9. bles i, PADAROING SaaS -” IAG ™ 7 “ADIOS APRN ‘eos ih Gi iN gee nt Sonatas Ay t z lls ace — “hing aT of A YINQ: 2NVO ge \' 7 aco CA SIIB poet 4 \ aa end SS) 3S f pargTin es? ‘ 4 sede WH: 2, ‘ WY, 2. ayasowes // YYZ A ACO wep Gibg =e mG 325 EUROPEAN WAR and 200 guns. So far, therefore, from Ludendorft’s strategic retreat being conducted ‘according to plan,’ it cost the Germans, between 2ist Aug. and 9th Sept., some 53,000 men and 470 guns; the French had been able to occupy Ham and Chauny, while the British were going forward; and General Sixt von Armin was forced cautiously to retire from the Ypres salient. During these operations by the British armies Foch had never relaxed pre ure with the three armies of Debeney, Humbert, and Mangin, while still threatening an advance beyond the Vesle in the deflating Aisne salient, west of Rheims, and preparing new blows elsewhere. At the beginning of September the position of the French armies of the centre, won by continuous fighting, was as follows: Debeney had cro ed the Somme, taken Ham, and was threatening St. Quentin; Humbert was close to Tergnier and was pointing towards La Fére; Mangin was back in Coucy-le-Chateau and held the railway thence to So is sons; Degoutte was spreading from So is sons along the Aisne. These threats left General Ludendorff no choice but to shorten his line where he could do so with least risk. He decided on tho Vesle front, where General de Mitry, with French and Americans, had been engaging his Seventh and Ninth Armies, and began to retire thence on 4th and 5th Sept. ona 19-mile front. The Americans occupied the Aisne thereupon from Condé to Viel-Arcy, and on 7th Sept. General Mangin crowned his long campaign at the Chemin-desDames by taking the ruined Fort de Condé. } fing * borgir rene sfomyjvy i EQEAY “ =UDISHO Sf Bee an eee er Ue Las ‘ Le = by i 00s ° i 12409 Sop ysysugq t Blick ined, _ I, ° vszquy }; xf eausiong oe ' Ae t? #4asag unis fig eS ¢ Mie fond i.,. P Y J ~, és mo ik jsut A a: » ANOVAOVS JO Gun ie ‘ Cee t aaah yuysurwzey ayy ° wepeuey — SA ICEEDY H g ‘ any wet ynyity Had Pp g ay ose artuysny J =A Seul 2yy eens uepy uaisin Qu e z11qe 1, c= 336 EUROPEAN WAR reached Rata, the Mediterranean port on the southern borders of Palestine. A pipe line conveying water and a railway followed close on General Murray’s advance, and by the middle cf March, 1917, these had reached Rafa, enabling an advance to be begun in Palestine, with Gaza as the immediate objective. The first battle ef Gaza began on 26th March. It was a failure. Chetwode’s mounted forces, in eluding the Austral i ans, moved in a wide detour round Gaza, which was entered while Dobeil’s infantry attacked the main Turkish positions. But the infantry thrust was not strong enough to penetrate the opposition offered to it, and after two days’ fighting the attack was called off. Water was short, and General Murray suspended further attack till 1$th April, when, as frequently happened, the Turks, having been reinferced and established in geod Positions, fought well and beat off the a ailants.; Sit A. Murray and General Dobell left the Palestine operations, and General Sir B®. Alien by was sent out to organize @ subsequent advance when the epportunity was propitious. He was reinforced; the communications were improved through the summer; and on 3ist Oct. ke surprised the ‘Turks by making a diversion towards Beersheba while demonstrating towards Gaza. Beersheba was rushed by the Austral i ans, and Allen by’s right secured. He then sent the 52nd Division to a point between Gaza and the sea while occupying Ali Muntar, and from these two vantage points shelled the Turks out (7th Nov.). It was the decision of the Allied War Council at Versailles in tho autumn of 1917 that Allen by, strongly reinforced, should put the Turks out of the war by one decisive blow, since they were already in straits by reason of io es in their numerous campaigns, including those against the Arabs of the Heijaz, which had been organized by the Emir Feisul and Colonel T. KH. Lawrence. Accordingly, the Turks were pursued through Ascalon and Ashdod to Jaffa (16th Noy.). Allen by’s main columns pre ed on more slowly between Beersheba and Hebron (7th Dec.), but entered Jerusalem on 9th Dec., after disposing of an ineffective Turkish stand on the day before. The operations were practiccally suspended after the Jordan had been cro ed at the end of March, 1918, when it became nece ary to reeall some of the best British divisions to France to meet the last German onslaught in France and Flanders. When this had been disposed of, Allen by, who had been supplied with Indian divisions, and who, in Sept., 1918, was much superior in forces and artillery to the Turks, resumed his attack (19th Sept.). Wacing him were the Turkish Seventh and Highth Armies in front of Shechem, and the Turkish Fourth Army east of Jordan. A heavy artillery preparation ushered in a frontal infantry attack which tore a gap in the Turkish right and right centre, and through it the cavalry swept north acro the Plain cf Sharon to reach and seize the pa es at Megiddo. Another infantry attack pinned the Highth EALGn on the Jordan. The Turks began to retreat too late, for the Imperial cavalry, pouring through the Megiddo pa es, cro ed. the plain of Esdraelon and barred every avenue of retreat on the western side of Jordan. They only mi ed ths capture of General Liman von Sanders at Nazareth by a few hours. The Turkish armies were in effect destroyed, for on the eastern side of Jordan the Arab cavalry of the Emir Feisul had turned the line of retreat there, and had cut the Hejaz railway running to Damascus. In le than a week the Turkish Seventh and Wighth Armies were wiped out, and 10,000 of the Fourth Army surrendered at Rabboth Amman (29th Sept.). Haifa and Acre on the coast fell as fast as the Imperial eavalyy could reach them. Damascus was entered by the Austral i ans on Ist Oct. Beirut fell a few days later, and by the end of October General Allen by had reached Aleppo. The Turkish Cabinet immediately entered into negotiations, Enver Pasha and Talaat Pasha having been replaced. An armistice was signed on 30th Oct. at Mudros, and Turkey was out of the war. It may be added that Talaat Pasha, who was responsible for the ma acres of the Armenians, was killed in Berlin by an Armenian student in 1921. The War in Germany’s Colonies. Within a few weeks of the outbreak of hostilities the war had been carried to all the scattered po e ions of Germany in Africa, the Pacific. and the Far Hast. Among the first to fall were German Samoa (cecupied by the New Zealand troops on 29th Aug.); the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and German New Guinea (occupied by the Austral i ans on 1ith-13th Sept.); and the more northerly islands of the Pacific, surrendered at the beginning of October to a Japanese sauadron. These last were at once handed over by Japan to Australia. Japan, faithful to her alliance with Great Britain, had declared war against Germany on 23rd Aug., and attacked the formidable German post of Kiao-Chau, ‘the key to Northern China,’ which had been seized by Germany on the flimsiest pretext in 337 EUROPEAN WAR 1898. Japan invested Kia0c-Chau— garrisoned by 6,000 well-armed men, with powerful defences—with a force of 23,090 troops under General Kamio, supported by a small British contingent of South Wales Borderers and Sikhs under General Bar nard is ton. After a six weeks’ siege, and a preliminary bombardment preparatory to launching a finai a ault, tho garrison capitulated (7th Nov.).? The remainder of Germany’s colonies were in Africa, where the campaigns resulting in their conquest varied from a few weeks to the whole length of the war. The shortest was in To go land, which surrendered unconditionally to a Franco-British force under Colonel Bryant on 27th Aug., 1914, after a brisk little campaign lasting just three weeks. The Came roons, larger than the Yatherland, took much longer to subdue, and the operations were of a more arduous nature, A false start was made from Nigeria with insufficient forces, which met with disaster towards the end of August. A more adequate expedition was then organized under General C. M. Dobell, in co-operation with French forces under General Aymerich. Duala, the capital, was oceupied on 27th Sept., but it was only after desultory fighting for a year and a half that the Germans, realizing the hopele ne of further resistance, left the colony to its fate by retreating into the neighbouring Spanish territory of Rio Muni. The campaign in German SouthWest Africa was held up at first by the revolt in South Africa, which had to be crushed before General Botha was free to give his undivided attention to the task which he had offered to undertake in proof of the Union’s loyalty. A preliminary move had been made in September by the eccupation of the coastal harbours, Luderitz Bay and Swakopmund, from which the Germans retired to concentrate in Windhoek, their capital inland. A ‘regrettable incident’ occurred on 26th Sept., 1914, when a British patrol was attacked at Sandfontcin and a small relief force compelled to surrender. This was followed by news of the revolt of Maritz, who had been partly responsible for the reverse at Sandfontein; and the small civil war which followed in South Africa, though nipped in the bud by the sterling loyalty of most South Africans, served to postpone the conquest of German South-West Africa until the following year. 1 Japan afterwards a isted the Allies with war supplies—particularly with heavy guns to Ru ia before tlie Bolshevik betrayal—subsequently helping to stem the tide of Bolshevism in the Far Bast, besides contributing with her ships to the defeat of the German submarine campaign in the Mediterranean, When tie campaign began in earnest in the spring of 1915, the whole south-eastern part ef the German colony had already been cleared by Colonel yan Dev enter, whose desert march with three separate columns in these preliminary operations was cne of the outstanding achievements of the campaign. In the great converging march which followed, led in the south by General Smuts, and in the north by General Botha, with columns consisting largely of mounted burghers from the Transvaal and Orange Free State, the Germans were outfought and outmancuvred throughout. The advance began on 27th April, and by 5th May Botha, building a light railway with supplies behind him, entered Karibib without opposition, and Windhoek a week later, the Germans, 5000 strong but greatly outnumbered, withdrawing the bulk of their forces to the north. Twice they proposed an armistice, offering terms, but the only terms that Botha would agree to implied unconditional surrender. Having rested and refitted his men after this trying trek acro country from Swakopmund, hse proceeded to enforce these terms by a series of remarkable marching feats, with his own columns in the centre and those of Brits and Myburgh to left and right respectively, starting on 18th June. In le than a week Botha’s force had covered 100 miles and captured Otyiwarango; on Ils July, after a brief rest, his infantry were in touch with the enemy’s main force, entrenched from Otavi to Tsumeb, with Brits and Myburgh sweeping round on either side. On 8th July all resistance collapsed with the total surrender of the Germans under Colonel Franks, the military commandant. The whole campaign in South-West Africa did not cost us more than 140 lives, and total casualties amounting to 1,200. The conquest of German Hast Africa was a very different affair. It was opposed by a force which, at its maximum, could muster 25,000 well drilled troops—2,000 of them Europe ans—with 69 guns and machineguns, and sufficient supplies of ammunition; the whole commanded by von Lettow-Vorbeck, a leader of resource and inflexible determination. When, at the outbreak of war, the British cruisers Astrea and Pegasus bombarded Dar-es-Salaam and destroyed the wirele station, the Germans retaliated by crippling the Pegasus, then lying at Mombasa, with their fast cruiser Kénigsberg, which had fled to East Africa after escaping the fate of the rest of von Spee’s squadron off the Falkland Islands. 338