Chalmers, Thomas

D. D., a Scottish divine, B. at An strut her, Fifes hire, 1780. In 1803 he was appointed to the living of Kilmeny. In 1809 he became a contributor to the Edinburgh Encyclopædia; and in 1815 he was called to the Tron Church, Glasgow, where he officiated for 8 years. The following year he began his Astronomical Discourses, which created an unprecedented excitement among all who heard them. In 1823, when at the very zenith of his fame, Dr. C. resigned his charge, and accepted the chair of moral philosophy in the university of St. Andrew's. Here he remained for five years, when, in 1828, he was appointed to the divinity chair of the university of Edinburgh. He officiated here for 15 years, until, in 1843, at the head of 400 clergymen, he seceded from the church of Scotland, instituted the Free Church, and became principal and profe or of divinity in the new college founded by its adherents. D. 1847, at Edinburgh. The writings of Dr. C are numerous; they have been collected into 32 large 12mo. volumes, in which are discu ed all the problems which, in his time, agitated the religious community. "Yet the most important results of his life are not contained in his books, but appear rather in the order and energy which, whether as preacher or teacher, he communicated to all with whom he came in contact, and in the important social and ecclesiastical reforms which he inaugurated." Chalmers, in Illinois, a township of McDonough co.; pop. 1,484. Chalmers, in Indiana , a post-village of White co., on the New Albany and Chicago R.R., 17 m. N. of Lafayette. Chal'mers, in New York , a village of Niagara co., 7 m. N.E. of Niagara Falls. Chalonnes-sur-Loire, a town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 12 m. from Angers; pop . 5,637. Châlons-sur-Marne, an ancient city of France, cap. dep. Marne, on the Marne, 27 m. S.E. of Rheims. It is a considerable place, with manuf. of woollens, linens, cottons, and leather. Attila was defeated here in 451, and, in 1814, it was for a while the centre of Napoleon's operations. Châlons-sur-Saône, or CHALLON, a town of France, dep. Saône-et-Loire, on the Saône, 34 m. N. of Macon. Manf . Unimportant. C. is very ancient, and was for some time the cap. of the kingdom of Burgundy. Abelard ( q . v .) died here in 1142. Chalus, ( sha'loo ,) a town of France, dep. Haute-Vienne, 18 m. from Limoges; pop . 1,216. It is a place of great antiquity, and contains the remains of the castle of Chabrol, besieging which, in 1199, Richard Cœur de Lion was mortally wounded. Chalybeate, ( ka - lib'é - at ,) a. [Lat. chalybs; Gr. chalybs, chalybos , hardened iron or steel; from the nation of the Chalybes in Pontus, who were famous for the preparation of steel.] Impregnated with particles of iron; having a taste like iron; as, chalybeate waters. Chalyb'eate, in Georgia, a post-village of Meri wether co., 64 m. W. of Macon. Chal'ybes, in Connecticut , a village of Litchfield co. Cham, (or AMEDÉE DE NOÉ,) a popular French caricaturist, son of the Count de Noé, B. at Paris, 1819. Po e ing a strong inclination for art, he entered the studio of M. Paul Delaroche, and afterwards that of M. Charlet, and, under the latter, developed his talent in grotesque drawing. His first attempts, under the pseudonym of "Cham" (the French spelling of Ham, one of the sons of Noah) were made in 1842, and soon became popular. C. largely contributed to the Charivari . D. 1879. Cha'ma, n. ( Zool .) A genus of lamelli-branchiate molluscs, the species of which are found in the seas of warm climates. The shell consists of two unequal valves, having two hinge-teeth in one valve, and only one in the other.