The A dir on dack region is one of Archæan rocks

On the n. these are flanked by Cam brian and Silurian beds; in the s. the granted by Charles II. to the Duke of York, covering all the lands between the Hudson and the Delaware; Col. Nicolls was sent out to demand the surrender of the province, the Dutch were powerle to prevent it, and the New Netherlands became N. Y. The English settlers had constant difficulties with the French, who held the points on the n. and along Lake Cham plain. These conflicts did not cease until the final surrender by the French of their American po e ions, 1763. During the Revolution, the State was among the foremost in defense of American independence. N. Y. City was in 1776 the headquarters of the Continental army. Pop., 1890, 5,997,853, of whom full one fourth are of foreign birth, and more than half live in cities. (See Map, page 143.)