Italy, June 14, 1800

of A noted French general. He served in the battle the Pyramids 1798, conquered Upper Egypt 1798-99, and decided the victory at Marengo. Désaugiers (dā-zō-zhyā'), Marc Antoine Madeleine. Born at Fréjus, Var, France, Nov. 17, 1772: died at Paris, Aug. 9, 1827. A French song-writer and author of vaudevilles. Desault (de-zō'), Pierre Joseph. Born at Magny-Vernais, Haute-Saône, France, Feb. 6, 1744: died at Paris, June 1, 1795. A French surgeon and anatomist. Des barres (da-bär'), Joseph Frederick Walsh or Wallet. Born 1722: died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Oct. 24, 1824. An English officer and hydrographer. He published "Atlantic Neptune" (1777), etc. Des bordes-Val more (da-bord väl-môr'), Marceline Félicité Josèphe. Born at Douai, June 20, 1786: died July 23, 1859. A French poet and singer. She married the actor François Prosper Lan chant in, who was called Val more, in 1817. Her poetry is distinguished for sweetne and pathos, without affectation. Author of "Elégies et romances" (1818) and "Elé gies et poésies nouvelles" (1824). Des borough (dez'bur-ō), Colonel. The "brutally ignorant" brother-in-law of Cromwell in Scott's novel "Wood stock." D'Escar bag nas, Counte . See Comte e d'Es carbagnas. Des cartes (dā-kärt'), René (Latinized Renatus Cartes i us). Born at La Haye, Touraine, France, March 31, 1596: died at Stockholm, Feb. 11, 1650. celebrated French philosopher, founder of Cartes i an ism and of modern philosophy in general. He was graduated at seventeen from the Jesuit college of La Flèche, spent five years in Paris (1613-18), and then roamed about in search of knowledge in Germany, Italy, Holland, and Poland. In 1628 he attended the siege of La Rochelle as a volun teer. From 1629 to 1649 he led a retired life in Holland, spreading and defending his philosophical ideas. He finally went to Stockholm on the invitation of Queen Christina of Sweden; five months later he died there of pneumonia. The work that has made him famous as a philosopher is a short treatise entitled "Discours de la méthode" (Leyden, 1637). It was published in French together with three e ays in support of his theories, "La dioptrique," "Les météores," and "La géométrie." In it he revolutionized the science of thought. Des cartes himself published during his lifetime "Med it at i ones de prima philosophia" (Paris, 1641; Amsterdam, 1642; translated into French, 1647), "Principia philosophiæ" (Amsterdam, 1644), "Traité des pa ions de l'âme" (Amster dam, 1649), and a polemic pamphlet entitled "Epistola Renati Des cartes ad Gisbertum Voëitum" (Amsterdam, 1643). After his death his friends published his "De l'homme" (1664), "Traité de la formation du fœtus" (1664), "Le monde ou traité de la lum ière de Des cartes" (1664), "Lettres" (1657-67), and "Opuscula post huma, physic a et mathematic a" (Amsterdam, 1701). Des cartes ranked among the foremost mathematicians of his day. A sep arate reprint was made of his geometry, and the work itself was translated into Latin in 1649, and reedited in 1659 with notes and comments. In this form it constituted a cla ic standard throughout Europe, and presented an entirely new basis for the study of algebra and geometry. cution. Descent from the Cro . 1. A painting by Sodoma (Bazzi) (1504), in the Accademia at Siena, Italy. The group of mourning women is especially admired for the beauty of its conception and exe2. A fine painting by Gerard David, in the Chapelle du Saint Sang at Bruges, Belgium. The Virgin and Mary Salome are grouped with St. John about the body of Christ, which is supported by Nicodemus. In the background the cro is seen. The Magda len and Joseph of A rima the a are painted on the wings. 3. A noteworthy painting by Cavazzola, in the Pinacoteca at Verona. It unites the naturalism of the 15th century with the freedom of the following period. With its companion pieces, the "Bearing of the Cro " and the "Agony in the Garden," it is the painter's masterpiece. 4. A painting by Correggio, in the Pinacoteca at Parma, Italy.-5. A painting by Titian, in the Accademia, Venice. It has been injured by restoration, but shows great invention and power of expre ion. It is remarkable as having been painted in Titian's ninety-ninth year (1576), the year of his death. 6. A painting by Rubens (1614), considered his masterpiece, in Antwerp cathedral, Belgium. The body has been detached and is being lowered by men on ladders; it is received below by St. John, beside whom kneel Mary Salome and the Magdalen. The Virgin stands behind. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Des champs Des champs (dā-shon'), Eustache, called Morel. Born at Vertus, Marne, France, in the first part of the 14th century. A French poet. He was the author of ballades (1,175 in number), rondeaux, virelais, etc.; of one ne long poem, the "Miroir de mariage"; and of "Art de dicter" (a treatise on French rhetoric and prosody). Des champs de Saint Amand, Émile. Born at Bourges, Feb. 20, 1791: died at Versailles, April, 1871. A French poet. Deschanel, Emile August in Étienne Martin. Born at Paris, Nov. 14, 1819. A French writer and journalist. In 1842 he was made profe or of rhetoric at Bourges, and shortly after occupied the same chair at Paris. He entered journalism as a liberal, and was imprisoned and exiled in 1851. He returned in 1859, and became one of the editors of the "Journal des Débats." In 1876 he was elected to the chamber as a republican, and in 1881 he was elected a senator for life. He has published a number of anthologies with comments, Les court is anes grecques," "Le qu'on a dit femmes," "Le bien qu'on a dit des vie femmes, etc. (1855-58), "La des comédiens" (1860), " sur "Le peuple et la bourgeoisie" (1881), "Benjamin Frank. lin" (1882). From 1882 to 1886 he published his lectures at the Collège de France, called "Le romanticism des cla iques," much enlarged and revised. Des chapel les (da-sha-pel'). Born 1780: died 1847. A celebrated whist-player. He published a treatise on whist in 1839. Desclée (da-klā'), Aimée Olympe. Born Nov. 18, 1836: died at Paris, March 9, 1874. A French actre . She excelled in the modern dramas "Frou-Frou," "Diane de Lys," etc. Des demon a (dez-de-mō'nä). In Shakspere's tragedy "Othello," the wife of Othello the Moor, and the daughter of Brabantio, a Venetian senator. Othello smothers her in an outburst of The one characteristic which belongs to Des demon a, that highest charm of the womanly nature, which lago names not, because he knows or believes not in it: namely, her humility, her harmle ingenuousne , her modesty and innocence. The mirror of this soul has never ever darkened breath an impure thought; it ab hors her to speak the mere word of sin; her name is clear and "fresh as Dian's visage." The genuinene of her soul and mind culminates - and this is the highest point of her nature-in a perfect freedom from suspicion too deeply rooted in her for this suspicious world. Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bunnett, [ed. 1880), p. 516. Desden con el desden, El. ['Disdain met with disdain.] A play by More to (1618-69), the idea of which was taken from Lope de Vega. It is not known when it was first produced, but it is still played, and is one of the four cla ical pieces of the older Spanish drama. Under the title of "Donna Diana" it is familiar in Germany, and in 1864 Mr. West land Marston produced it under the same name in England, his version being a translation of that of Schreyvogel. Molière's version, "La prince e d'Elide," was a failure. Count Carlo Gozzi produced it in Italian as "La Principe a Filos of i a o il Contra vele no" ("The Philosophical Prince or the Antidote "). Des dich a do (des-di-chä'dō). ['Disinherited.'] In Sir Walter Scott's novel "Ivanhoe," the device a umed by Ivanhoe in the tournament at Ashby. Désirade (dā-zē-räd'), La, or Deseada (dese-ä'dä). An island of the French West Indies, situated 9 miles east of Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency. Area, 10 square miles. Population (1889), 1,398. Desjardins, Catherine. See Villedieu , Ma dame de. Des Moines (de moin). 1. A river in Iowa which rises in southwestern Minnesota, and joins the Mi i ippi at the southeast extremity of Iowa, 4 miles below Keokuk. Length, from the union of the east and west forks (in Humboldt County, Iowa), about 300 miles; total length, about 500 miles; navigable to the city of Des Moines. 2. The capital of Iowa, and county-seat of Polk County, situated on the Des Moines River in lat. 41° 36′ N., long. 93°39′ W. It has considerable trade, and is a center of extensive and varied manufactures. It became the State capital in 1857. Population (1890), 50,093. Desmond, Earls and Counte es of. See Fitz gerald . Des moulins (da-mö-lan'), Benoît Camille. Born at Guise, Aisne, France, 1760: guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. A celebrated French revolutionist, prominent as a pamphleteer and journalist. In 1789 his impa ioned harangues contributed powerfully to the popular excitement which culminated in the storming of the Bastille. He was a deputy to the Convention in 1792. Desnoyers (dā-nwä-ya'), Baron Auguste Gaspard Louis Boucher. Born at Paris, Dec. 20, 1779: died at Paris, Feb., 1857. A French engraver. His best-known works are copies after Raphael ("La belle jardinière" and the It "Transfiguration," etc.). Desolation Island. See Kerguelen Land . Desolation Land (des-ō-la's hon land), or Desolation Island. The northwesternmost island of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. has belonged to Chile since 1881. Desor (da-zor'), Eduard. Born at Friedrichsdorf, near Homburg, Pru ia, Feb. 11, 1811: died at Nice, France, Feb. 23, 1882. A Swi geologist, zoölogist, and archæologist. De Soto (da sōtō), Hernando. See Soto , Her nan do de. Detaille Kankakee to form the Illinois 40 miles southwest of Chicago. Length, about 150 miles. Despoblado (dāz-pō-blä'dō). [Sp., 'uninhabited.'] The name given in the Andean regions of South America to any barren plateau which is so high and cold as to be practically uninhabitable. Also called Puña . Specifically-(a) In southern Peru, the region between the central and western Cordilleras, an undulating tract from 14,000 to 18,000 feet high, with a general breadth of about 150 miles, nar rowing northward and extending southward on the borders of Chile and Bolivia. (b) A desert plateau in southern Bolivia (department of Potosí), on the borders of Argentina. Desportes (dā-port'), Philippe. Born at Chart res, 1545: died Oct. 5, 1606. A French poet, ecclesiastic, and diplomatist, a disciple of Ronsard, surnamed by his contemporaries "the French Tibullus." De aix (de-sa'), Joseph Marie. Born at Thonon, Haute-Savoie, France, Sept. 24, 1764: died Oct. 26, 1834. A French general in the Napoleonic wars, surnamed by Napoleon "L'Intrépide" after the battle of Wagram (1809). Des salines (de-sä-len'), Jean Jacques, Born at Grande Rivière, 1758: died near Port-au Prince, Oct. 17, 1806. A negro revolutionist of Haiti. He was a slave, joined the servile insurrection of 1791, rose to be second in command under To us saint Louverture, and fought against the mulattos; he was notorious for savage courage and cruelty. In 1802 he resisted Leclerc's army in the west, but finally submitted. After To us saint had been carried to France he headed another revolt, and, aided by the English, drove out the French (1803). On Jan. 1, 1804, he was proclaimed governor-general of Haiti for life, and on June 16, 1805, emperor, as Jean Jacques I. His despotism incited hatred, and he was eventually waylaid and killed. De au (des's ou). The capital of Anhalt, Germany, situated on the Mulde near its junction with the Elbe, in lat. 51° 50′ N., long. 12° 14′ E. It contains the ducal palace (with art collections), several other art collections, and the Schlo kir che. It was founded by Albert the Bear, and was the birthplace of Moses Mendel ohn. Population (1890), 34,658. De olles, or De olle (de-sol'), Marquis Jean Joseph Paul August in. Born at Auch, Gers, France, Oct. 3, 1767: died at Paris, Nov. 4, 1828. A French general and politician. He served with distinction under Moreau in Italy in 1799, in Germany in 1800, and was minister of foreign affairs 1818-19 . Despair (des-par'), Giant. A giant in Bunyan's De Staël, Madame. See Staël , de. "Pilgrim's "Pilgrim Progre " who takes Christian and D'Este. See Este , d '. Hopeful while they are asleep and imprisons De Stendhal. The pseudonym of Marie Henri them in his dungeons in Doubting Castle. Beyle. Despard (des'pärd), Edward Marcus. Born in Queen's County, Ireland, in 1751: died Feb. 21, 1803. An Irish conspirator. He entered the army in 1766, obtained the rank of captain about 1780, and in 1784 was appointed superintendent of his Majesty's affairs in the Spanish peninsula of Yucatan. Having been dismi ed from this office on a frivolous charge, he organized a conspiracy against the government, in consequence of which he was arrested Nov. 16, 1802, and hanged at London. Despenser (de-spen'sèr), Hugh le. Died Aug. 4, 1265. A justiciar of England. He first appears in 1256, when he was intrusted with Harestan Castle, Derby shire. The first mention of him as justiciar is found in the Fine Rolls in 1261. He joined the baronial party at the outbreak of the war with Henry III. in 1263, and fell in the battle of Evesham. Desert as (dā-ser'täs), Las. A group of small islands in the Atlantic, lying southeast of Madeira. Deserted Village, The. A poem by Oliver Goldsmith, begu begun in 1768 and published in 1770. It is an elegant version of the popular declamation of the time against luxury and depopulation. Desfontaines (da-fon-tan'), René Louiche. Born at Tremblay, Ille-et-Vilaine, France, Feb. 14, 1750: died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1833. A French botanist. His chief work is "Flora Atlantic a" (1798-1800). Deshoulières (dā-zö-lyar'), Madame (Antoinette de Ligier de la Garde). Born at Paris, Jan. 1, 1638: died at Paris, Feb. 17, 1694. One of the chief female poets of France, author of verse, for the most part of the occasional order (idyls, odes, elegiacs, songs, etc.), and two unsucce ful tragedies. Desiderius (des-i-dē'ri-us). The last king of the Lombards: reigned 756-74. Despenser, Hugh le. Born about 1262: died was the grandson of the justiciar Hugh le Despenser, who fell in the baronial ranks at Evesham. He was with the king in Gascony in 1294, was present at the battle of Dunbar in 1296, accompanied the expedition to Flanders in 1297, was sent on a mi ion to Pope Clement V. at Lyons in 1305, and was created earl of Winchester in 1322. On the death of the favorite Piers Gaveston in 1312, he became the leader of the court party in opposition to the baronial, and together with his son Hugh le Despenser obtained a complete ascendancy over Edward II. The unscrupulous manner in which the favorites used their power to further schemes of self-aggrandizement caused them to be banished 1321-22, and brought about a rising of the barons under Queen Isabella in 1326, which ended in the deposielder tion of Despenser the king was and the captured execution at the of surrender the favorite of Bristol, Bristol, where he was tried and executed on the charge of treason. Despenser, Hugh le. Died Nov., 1326. An English court favorite, son of Hugh le Despenser, earl of Winchester. He was appointed chamberlain to Edward II. in 1313. Originally an adherent of the baronial party, he joined his father (whom see) in the support of the king about 1317, and obtained in an degree the royal favor. He was banished with his father an especial in 1321, returning with him in 1322. On the rising of the barons under Queen Isabella in 1326, caused by the insolence and self-seeking of himself and his father, he fled with Edward from London, Oct. 2, 1326, but was captured at Llantri aint Nov. 16, 1326, and was tried and executed on the charge of treason. Des Périers, Bona venture. See Périers . Des Plaines (dā plān), or Aux Plaines (ō plan). A river in southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois, which unites with the Desterro (dāz-ter'rō), or No a Senhora do Desterro, or Santa Catharina. A seaport and the capital of the state of Santa Catharina, Brazil, situated on the western side of the island of Santa Catharina, in lat. 27° 36′ S., long. 48° 30' W. Population, about 6,000. Destiny (des'ti-ni). A novel by Mi Ferrier, dedicated to Sir Walter Scott, and published anonymously in 1831. Des touches (da-tösh'), Philippe Néricault. Born at Tours, France, Aug. 22, 1680: died near Melun, France, July 4, 1754. A noted French dramatist. His works include "Le curieux impertinent" (1710), "Le philosophe mar ié" (1727), "Le glorieux" (1732), etc. Des touches wrote seventeen comedies; and, if bulk and general merit of work are taken together, he deserves the first place among the comic dramatists of the century in France. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 409. Destutt de Tracy (de-stüt de trä-se'), Comte Alexandre César Victor Charles. Born at Paris, Sept. 9, 1781: died at Paray-le-Frésil, Allier, France, March 13, 1864. A French officer, politician, and writer: son of Antoine Destutt. Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, Comte de Tracy. Born at Paris, July 20, 1754: died March 10, 1836. A French philosopher, deputy to the Constituent A embly in 1789. His chief works are "Éléments 1819). d'idéologie" (1801-15), "Comment a ire sur l'esprit des lois" (1811 and Desvres (da'vr). A town in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 12 miles east of Boulogne. Population (1891), commune, 4,801. Detaille (de-täy'), Jean Baptiste Édouard. Born at Paris, Oct. 5, 1848. A French battle painter. During the Franco-Pru ian war he was the secretary of General Pajol, and later of General Appert. Many of his pictures show the result of his studies from life at this period. Among them are " En Retraite" (1873), "Charge du gème cuira iers à Morsbronn" (1874), "Le régiment qui pa e" (1875), "Salut aux ble és "(1877), "Le rêve" (1888), "Charge du ler hu ards" (bought for the Luxembourg in 1891). Besides some minor illustrations he furnished designs in 1885-88 for a book containing all the types and uniforms of the French army. IMG:content-0362.png:[blocks in formation] Deva (dā'vä). [Skt., 'heavenly,' and, as a substantive, 'god.'] A deity. The Devas were later reckoned as 33: 12 Adityas, 8 Vasus, 11 Detmold (det'mold). The capital of Lippe, Ger- many, situated on the Werre 46 miles south- west of Hannover. It has a Residenz-Schlo and a New Palace, and is the birthplace of Freiligrath. Three Rudras, and 2 Asvins. miles southwest is the Grotenburg (height 1,160 feet) with Deva (de'vä). The ancient name of Chester the Hermanns Denkmal. See Hermanns Denkmal. Popu- (which see), and also of the Dee. lati on (1890), 9,733. Detmold, Johann Hermann. Born at Han- Déva (da'vo). A small town in Transylvania, nover, Germany, July 24, 1807: died there, Hungary, situated on the Maros 37 miles south March 17, 1856. A German politician and satiriwest of Karlsburg. cal writer. He was elected to the national a embly Devanagari (da-va-nä'ga-re). [Skt., 'of the city in 1848, and in 1849 was for a short time minister of justice and of the interior. He wrote "Anleitung zur Kunstkennerschaft" (1833), "Randzeichnungen" (1843), and "Thaten und Meinungen des Herrn Piepmeier" (1849). De Tocqueville. See Tocqueville . Detroit (de-troit'). [From F. détroit , strait.] A port of entry and the capital of Wayne County, Michigan, situated on the Detroit River in lat. 42° 20′ N., long. 83o 5′ W. It is the first city in Michigan, and has a large American and Canadian trade in grain, wool, copper, pork, etc. Among its chief manufactures are car-wheels. It was first visited by the French in 1610; settled by them under Cadillac in 1701; ceded to the British in 1763; besieged by Pontiac 1763-64; ceded to the United States in 1783, but not occupied until 1796; surrendered by Hull to the British in 1812; and recovered by the United States in 1813. It was the State capital from 1837 to 1847. Population (1890), 205,876. Detroit River. A river which flows from Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie, and separates Michigan from the province of Ontario, Canada. Length, about 25 miles. Dettingen (det'ting-en). A village in Lower Franc on i a, Bavaria, situated on the Main 16 miles southeast of Frankfort. Here, June 27, 1743, the Anglo-German army under George II. of England defeated the French under Noailles. Deucalion (dū-kā'li-on). [Gr. Δευκαλίων .] In Greek legend, a king of Phthia in The aly, a son of Pro me the us and Clymene, who with his wife Pyrrha was saved from a deluge sent by Zeus. On the advice of his father he built a wooden chest in which he and his wife were saved. After floating for nine days he landed on Mount Parna us and sac dom in Locris. rificed to Zeus. To renew the human race, destroyed by the deluge, he and Pyrrha were directed to veil their faces and throw behind them the bones of their mother. Through a misunderstanding they threw stones, and those thrown by Deucalion became men and those thrown by Pyrrha women; and with these Deucalion founded a kingDeuteronomy (dū-te-ron'ō-mi). [LGr. δευτερο νόμιον , the second law.) The fifth and last book of the Pent a teuch, containing the last discourses of Moses, delivered in the plain of Moab. It begins with a recapitulation of the events of the last month of the forty years' wandering of the Israeli tes in the des ert (i.-iv. 40); then follows the main body of the book, set. ting forth the laws which were to regulate the Israeli tes when they should become settled in the promised land; while chapters xxvi.-xxxiii. contain the farewell speeches of Moses. Deuteronomy is a manual of religion and social ethics. Compared with the other books of the Pent a teuch it is distinguished by a warm, oratorical tone. The laws of the preceding books are modified, and their presentation is more spiritual and ethical. On account of these differences Deuteronomy is now a igned by many critics to a different author and date from the rest of the Pent a teuch. Owing to the fact that the so-called reformation of King Josiah appears to carry out the principles of Deuteronomy, it is concluded that "the book of the law" discovered by the priest Hilkiah in the temple in 622 B. c., which began the reformation of Josiah, was Deuteronomy. But its composition must certainly have originated at an earlier date. This is put by many critics in the reign of Mena eh, 698-643 В. С. Deutsch (doich), Emmanuel Oscar Menahem. Born at Nei e, Pru ia, Oct. 28, 1829: at Egypt, May 12, 1873. A died at landria, brede ce is tant in the British Museum library. Deutsch-Brod (doich'brot). A mia, situated on the Sazawa 60 miles southeast of Population (1890), commune, 5,735. Deutsch-Krone (doich krone). A town in the province of West Pru ia, Pru ia, 62 miles north of Posen. Population (1890), 5,782. Deutz (doits). A town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, situated on the east bank of the Rhine opposite Cologne: the Roman Divitia, later (after the 10th century) Tuitium. Population (1890), 17,681. Deux Amis (dė-zä-mē'), Les. [F., 'the two friends.] A play by Beau march a is, produced in 1770. Deux-Ponts (de-pon'). [F., 'two bridges.'] See Zweibrücken . Deux-Sèvres (dė-sāvr'). 'two Sèvres': from the two rivers Sèvre Nantaise and Sèvre Niortaise.] A department of France, bounded by Maine-et-Loire on the north, Vienne on the east, Charente and Charente-Inférieure on the south, and Vendée on the west. Capital, Niort. It was formed chiefly from parts of Poitou, Aunis, and