typacanthid (tipakanthid)

[ type, + άκανθα, spine, + -id1.] Having the usual or typical arrangement of the spines, as a starfish: opposed to autacanthid. typal (tī'pal), a. [ 5. A representative style, mode, or structure; a characteristic cteristic a emblage of particulars or qualities.-6. cally, a main division of the animal or vegetable vegetable kingdom; kingdom; a subkingdom, branch, phylum, or province. Thus, Leuckart divided animals into the six types Cælen terata, Echinoderm at a, Vermes, Arthropod a, Mollusca, and Verte brat a (the protozoans not being treated). The vegetable kingdom is similarly divided into main groups called types of vegetation; and in general, in any department of biology, type is predicable of the structure or morphological character of a division or group of any grade in taxonomy, down to the species itself, as compared with another group of its own grade: as, a family type; a generic type. (See type genus, type species, type specimen, and unity of type, below.) The term has both a concrete or material sense, in its application to actually embodied form, and an ideal sense, as applied to form in the abstract. See archetype, prototype, antetype. Natural Groups are best described, not by any definition which marks their boundaries, but by a Type which marks their centre. The Type of any natural group is an example which po e es in a marked degree all the leading characters of the cla . Whewell, Philos. of Inductive Sciences, I. p. xxxii. The whole animal kingdom can be broken up into several large divisions, each of which differs from the rest by a number of special characteristics. The e ential character may be recognized in all the subdivisions, and even under great individual variations. This has been called the type. Gegenbaur , Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 64. 7. A model or style that serves as a guide; a general plan or standard for the doing of anything; especially, in the arts, the plan, idea, or conception upon which anything is modeled or according to which any work is executed.-8. A right-angled prism-shaped piece of metal or wood, having for its face a letter or character (usually in high relief), adapted for use in letterpre printing; collectively, the a emblage of the stamped characters used for printing; types in the aggregate. Types of wood are of large size, and are now used only for posting-bills. Types for books or newspapers are of founded metal. (See type - metal, matrix, and mold4.) In Great Britain the standard height IMG:content-1182.png:[graphic] Brilliant. type (tip), n. [F. type = Sp. tipo = Pg. typo, tipo It. tipo = D. type , typus = G. typus = Sw. typ = Dan. type , typus , a figure, im- Diamond. age (on a wall), in med. the form, type, or char- Pearl. acter of a fever, ML. (also tip us ) acce of fe- ver, fever, a figure, prototype, etc., τύπος , Agate. a blow, an impre , a mark, also something Nonpareil. wrought of metal or stone, a figure, general Minion. form or character, the original type or model Brevier. of a thing, type or form of disease, MGr. a de- IMG:content-1183.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-1184.jpg:[graphic] abedefghijklmnopqrstuvwzys abedefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings, Short blister'd breeches, and those types of travel. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 3. 31. On the obverse is the leading type of the city where the coin was i ued, in relief. B. V. Head , Hist or i a Numorum, Int., p. lii. IMG:content-1185.png:[blocks in formation] Some of our readers may have seen in India a cloud of crows pecking a sick vulture to death no bad type of what happens in that country as often as fortune deserts one who has been great and dreaded. Macaulay, Warren Hastings. 3. Specifically, a prefigurement; a foreshadowing of, or that which foreshows, some reality to come, which is called the antitype; particularly, in theol., a person, thing, or event in the Old Testament regarded as foreshowing or be tokening a corresponding reality of the new dispensation; a prophetic similitude: as, the paschal lamb is the type of Christ (who is the antitype ). The nature of types is in shadow to describe by dark IMG:content-1186.png:[blocks in formation] an increasing scale as to size, are excelsior, brilliant, diamond, pearl, agate or ruby, nonpareil (the type in which this is printed), emerald or minionette, minion, brevier (the larger size of type used throughout this dictionary), bourgeois, long primer, small pica, pica, English, two line brevier, great primer, paragon, double small pica, dou ble pica, double English, double great primer, meridian or trafalgar, and canon. All sizes larger than canon are named by the regular multiples of pica, as five - line pica, six - line pica. The IMG:content-1187.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small] only. The faces or styles of types most used are roman and italic, which form the text of all books in English. Antique, gothic, clarendon, and black-letter are approved styles for display. The type for headings of entries in this Type. a , stem, body-mark, or thick stroke; b , serif; c, counter; d, hair-line; e, beard or neck: 1, shoulder; g , pin-mark; h, nicks; groove; 1, feet. The top is known as the face; the part between shoulder and feet is the body or shank. dictionary and for phrase-headings is antique condensed. Ornamental types are too irregular for cla ification. Of each style many varieties are made, which are usually labeled with a special name. Roman types are broadly divided into two cla es, modern and old - style . The leading forms of modern roman are broad-face, Scotch-face, French-face, thin-face, bold-face. Old-style types are reproductions of the styles of early printers: the Caslon and the Baskerville (English styles), of the eighteenth century; the French and the Elzevir, of the seventeenth century; and the Basle, or early Italian, of the sixteenth AMO Expanded. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and marsh-gas (CH4) are the four types, or typical com- pounds, which have been most employed. 11. [ cap .] In church hist . , an edict of the em- per or Constans II., i ued in 648. The Type (su- perseding the Ecthesis) forbade all discu ion of the question whether there are in Christ two wills and two operations or energies, or only one will and one operation. 12. In math . , a succe ion of symbols suscepform of one solid bar, cast during the proce The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary IMG:content-1189.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1190.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small] mon a delphic . - Rubber type. See rubber . - Test types. See test1 .-Type genus, in biol . , a generic type; that genus which is typical of the family or other higher group to which it belongs, or which is formally so taken and held to be. It may be the only representative of such more comprehen- group, or one of several generic components of the higher group. In the actual technic of cla ification and nomenclature the name-giving genus of a family or sub- family is regularly a umed to be the type, though it may not be in fact the truest or best representative of the group thus indicated. Type of a reciprocant. See recipro- cant. Type of a stre or strain, the character of the stre or strain as defined by the stre -ellipsoid or strain- ellipsoid. Type of a wave, the relation between the extent of disturbance at a given instant of a set of parti- cles and their respective undisturbed positions. - Type of Desor, a nemertean worm which does not pa through a pilidium stage, or the type of structure characterizing such a nemertean. - Type species, in biol ., type-block (tip'blok), n. or wood on which a character used as a type is cut or cast. type-case (tip'kās), n. See case2 , 6. type-casting (tīp'kasting), n. The act or pro- ce of founding type in molds. It was former- ly done by hand, now chiefly by machinery.- Type-casting and-setting machine, a machine which collects over a mold the matrices that are needed by the operator, and fills this mold with melted metal, either in the form of a single type or of a full line of types. - Type- casting machine, a mechanism which casts or founds type, but does not rub or dre them. A complete type- casting machine is a mechanism which founds, rubs, dre es, and sets up in lines perfect types. type-chart (tip'chärt), n. In biol ., a chart ex- hibiting the details of a typical form or struc- ture; a chart of a type. [Rare.] that species upon which a genus has been nominally or ostensibly based; the type of a genus. The deter min a- tion of the type species is always a matter of much prac- tical concern in the nomenclature of zoölogy and botany, since upon it turns the a ignation of generic names, and consequently the major term in the binomial designation of every species. It is often difficult and sometimes im- po ible to make this determination, so intricate has be- come the synonymy of many species, and so far from be- ing actually typical of a genus is the species a umed to be its type in many cases. (See synonymy .) It is now the rule (neglect of which is a decided breach of nomen- clatural propriety) for the author who names a new genus to declare his type species; and such declaration of the basis of his genus is conclusive of his intent, however cutting . See punch1 , 6. There are type - charts of each organ,.. is not the least difficulty in tracing the homologies of structure throughout the whole vertebrated kingdom. Nineteenth Century , XXI. 386. whose genera we have consequently to take either (a) upon the face of the generic diagnosis originally made, or (b) upon the specific contents that is, upon the species older genera were made more comprehensive than modern genera are allowed to be, and have been restricted by refer ence of nearly all (often of all but one) of their usually numerous species to other genera; yet a generic name once established upon any species must always rest upon some (one or more) species; hence the occasion and the nece ity for the determination of the type species in every such case. This has been done mainly in three ways. (1) The first species given by an author in the list of the species of his genus is arbitrarily a umed to be his type species. But this is a mere convention, which often be- comes an absurdity. (2) The species which agrees best with the author's diagnosis of his genus is selected as the type species. This is reasonable, but it is at best a mat- ter of opinion, and opinions differ enough to unsettle the whole system of nomenclature if each is to be allowed its cedure is to consider that species to be the type species which has as a matter of fact been left in the original genus from which the other species have been succes- sively detached to form new genera; or, if there be more more than one left, to choose the best-known, that being almost always the one which has oftenest borne the original ge- neric name, and hence is most closely identified with it. For example: Let there be a Linnean genus Aba , with 3 species, A. aca , A. ada , and A. aga ; let A. ada and A. aga have been detached as types respectively of two new gen. era; then A. aca ca remains as the type species of the ori- ginal genus Aba , in its now restricted sense. This rule is applicable with force and precision to you sands of ques- tion able cases; and its observance, together with ins is- tence upon the fundamental law of priority, tends to the utmost attainable fixity of zoological and botanical no- menclature. - Type specimen, in biol ., an individual ani- mal or plant, or any part of one, prepared and preserved as a specimen of natural history, from which the descrip- tion of a species has been prepared and which specific name has been based; the actual object which serves as the type of a species in zoology or botany. In theoretic strictne every type specimen is unique; prac- tically, a species may be based upon several or many specimens which answer exactly to the diagnosis made, or typify different phases of the species, as male and female specimens of the same animal, flowering and fruiting spe- cimens of the same plant, and so on. Type specimens have a particular part and high value in descriptive zoöl- which is as authoritative standard in any sys- tem of weights, measures, or coinage. When available for examination, they take precedence over any published de- script i on or figure, and are conclusive evidence in cases of doubtful or disputed specific identity. - Unity of type, in biol ., that fundamental agreement in structure which we see in organic beings of the same cla , order, etc., and which is independent of their habits of life, and conse- quently unaffected by adaptive modifications. On my theory, unity of type is explained by unity of de- scent. Darwin , Origin of Species, vi. Woodbury type. See Woodburytype . =Syn. 3. Image, shadow, adumbration, prophecy.-2 and 3. Symbol , etc. See emblem .-4-6. Prototype, archetype, standard form. type (tip), v . t .; pret. and pp. typed , ppr. typing . [ type , n.] 1. To exhibit or constitute a type of; typify. of a rotary printing-machine on which types or plates are fastened for printing. See cut under printing - machine . type-dre ing (tip'dresing), n. The proce of cutting off with suitable knives or planes the superfluous metal on newly cast types. - Type- dre ing machine, a mechanism which removes the burs or feather-edges from the angles of recently made types, and cuts off all superfluous metal. type-founder (tip'founder), n. A manufac- turer of type by founding or molding. Also called letter - founder . type-founding (tip'founding), n. The art or proce of manufacturing movable metallic types used by printers. It includes punch-cutting, mold-making, and type-casting, by hand or by machine. Also called letter - founding . -Type-high clump, a square block of type-metal made of various sizes to uphold to a proper height stereotype plates in the proce of printing. [Eng.] type-holder (tip'holder), n. A pallet or re- ceptacle for holding type, used by bookbinders and for hand-stamping. type-matrix (tip'mā triks), n. See matrix , 2 ( d ). typembryo (tī-pem'bri-ō), n. [NL., έμβρυον , embryo.] That stage or period in the development of an embryo when the characteristics of the main type to which it belongs are first discoverable; an embryo ad- vanced to the stage when it shows the type of structure of the phylum or subkingdom to which it belongs. The term was lately introduced by A. Hyatt, with special reference to the embryology of mollusks. Hyatt considered the typembryo of a mollusk to be the veli- ger stage, when the embryo is far enough advanced to be recognized as molluscan; he also applied the term to the completed embryonic shell, or pro to conch (which see). Later (July, 1890) R. T. Jackson used typembryo in a more restricted and precise sense, as the fifth of the following six recognizable embryonic stages of mollusks: (1) protem- bryo, prior to blastulation; (2) mesembryo , the blastula; (3) met embryo, the gastrula; (4) neo embryo, the trocho- sphere (which see); (5) typembryo , the period when that e ential molluscan feature, the shell-gland, and plate-like beginnings of the shell are discoverable, yet in which the embryo is not far enough advanced to show to what cla it belongs; (6) the phylembryo , or that early veliger stage (see veliger , with cut) in which the structure of the shell and other characters render the embryo referable to the cla of mollusks to which it belongs. IMG:content-1191.png:[blocks in formation]