Guevara, José

Born at Rocas, New Castile, IMG:content-0488.png:[blocks in formation] Guiana, or Guyana (ge-ä'nä). [F. Guyane , Sp. Guayana .] A region in South America, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Brazil on the east and south, and Brazil and Venezuela on the west. It is divided into British Guiana, Dutch Gui ana, and French Guiana. The name is sometimes applied ocean, to the entire region between the Orinoco, Amazon, the Rio Negro, and the Ca iquiare. Guiana, Brazilian. That portion of northern Brazil which lies north of the Amazon and east of the Rio Negro. Guiana, British. A British colony, bounded by the Atlantic on the north and northeast, Dutch Guiana on the east, Brazil on the south, and Brazil and Venezuela on the west. Capital, George town. The leading product is sugar. Rich gold mines are now worked in the western part. There are 3 counties - Berbice, Demerara, E equibo (formerly separate colonies, consolidated in 1831). The region was first settled by the Dutch in 1580; was acquired by the Brit ish in 1803; and was formally ceded to them in 1814. The boundary with Venezuela is in dispute, and that with Brazil has never been fixed. Area (claimed), 109,000 square miles. Population (1891), 288,328. Guiana, Dutch, or Surinam (sö-re-näm'). A Dutch colony, bounded by the Atlantic on the north, French Guiana on the east, Brazil on the south, and British Guiana on the west. Capital, Paramaribo. The leading products are sugar and cocoa. Settled by English in 1652, it was acquired by the Dutch in 1674 in exchange for their North American colonies. It was held by Great Britain from 1804 to 1814. Area, 50,000 square miles. Population (1892), 61,088. Guiana, French, or Cayenne (ka-yen' orki-en'). A French colony, bounded by the Atlantic on Guillaume de Palerne author of "Poesie liriche" (1681), "Amalsunta in Italia" (1681), "Endimione" (1692), etc. Guidi, Tommaso. See Masaccio . Guidiccioni (gwe-de-chō'nē), Giovanni. Born at Lucca, 1500 (1480?): died at Macer at a, Italy, 1541. An Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat, and man of letters. His complete works were published in 1718; "Lettere inedite" (1865). Guido (gwe'dō), surnamed "The Savage." A champion, in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," who fights with Marphisa among the Amazons. He marries a number of the latter, Aleria being his favorite. Guido d'Arezzo (gwe'dō dä-ret'sō), often called Guido Aretino (ä-re-te'nō), or Fra Guittone, or Guy of Arezzo. Born at Arezzo, Italy, probably about 990: died near Arezzo about 1050. An Italian Benedictine monk. He is celebrated for his reforms in musical notation. He went to Rome at the in vitation of Pope Benedict VIII., probably in 1022, and again in the time of Pope John XX., to explain his method of teaching music. He seems to have written most of his works at the monastery of Pomposa in the duchy of Ferrara, where he remained for some time teaching his method to the monks and choir-boys. He was afterward made abbot of the monastery of Santa Croce at Avellano, near Arezzo, where he is believed to have died. Guido has been credited a number of inventions and discoveries, some of which obviously cannot have been his. He wrote the "Micro log us," the "Antiphonarium," " De artificio nov i cantus," "De divis i one monochord i secundum Boëtium," and other works on musical subjects. It appears certain that Guido invented the principle upon which the construction of the Stave is based, and the Fand C Clefs; but that he did not invent the complete 4-lined Stave itself. There is strong reason to believe that he invented the Hexachord, Solmisation, and the Harmonic Hand; or, at least, first set forth the prin Dutch Guiana on the west (the boundary with Brazil is in dispute). Capital, Cayenne. It was settled by the French in 1626; was several times taken by the English and Dutch; and was held by the Portuguese 1809-17. Political prisoners were sent there during the French Revolution, and regular penal colonies were established in 1853. The climate of the coast region is very unhealthy, and the colony is steadily declining. Area, 30,000 square miles. Population (1891), 25,796. Guiana, Venezuelan, or Guayana. A former province of Venezuela, corresponding (nearly) to the present state of Bolivar (which see). Guianaus. See Guaynos. Guiart (ge-är'), Guillaume. Born at Orléans about the end of the 13th century. A French chronicler, author of a metrical history of France, in 12,000 verses, entitled "La branche des royaux lignages," covering the period 1165 1306. Guibert of Nogent (ge-bar' ov no-zhon'). Born at Clermont, Oise, France, 1053: died 1124. A noted French historian and scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Anselm and (1104) head of the abbey of Notre Dame de Nogent. Also surnamed Flaviacensis, from the monastery of St. Germer de Flaix, which he entered in 1064. Guibert, or Wibert, of Parma, or of Ravenna. See Clement III ., Antipope. Guicciardini (gwe-chär-de'nē), Francesco. Born at Florence, March 6, 1483: died near Florence, May, 1540. An Italian historian, and statesman in the pontifical and Medicean service. His chief work is "Storia d'Italia" ("History of Italy," 1561-64: edited by Rosini 1819). His "Opere inedite" were published in 1857. 1806. A Spanish Jesuit He succeeded Lozano as chronicler of the order in Paraguay; resided in the Platine countries from about 1756 until the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767; and subsequently lived in Italy. His "Hist or i a de la con quist a del Paraguay, etc.," was first published in the Angel is collection 1835, and by Lamas 1882. He wrote various controversial works. Guevara, Luis Velez de. Born at Ecija in 1572 or 1574: died at Madrid in 1644. A Spanish dramatist. Fifteen plays are ascribed to him, among them "Mas pes a el Rey que la Sangre" ("King before Kin"), "Luna da Sierra" ("Diana of the Mountains"), etc. Не also wrote the romance "El diablo cojuelo" ("The Lame Devil," 1641), from which Le Sage took "Le diable boi teux." Gugerni (gu-jer'ni), or Cugerni (kū-jer'ni), or Guberni (gu-bérni). [L. (Tacitus) Gugerni, (Pliny) Guberni .] A German tribe located by Pliny on the lower Rhine between the Ubii and the Batavi, where, also, Tacitus places them at the mouth of the Ruhr. They joined in the rising under Civil is. They were probably a part of the Sugambri. Guglielmi (göl-yel'mē), Pietro. Born at Ma aCarrara, Italy, May, 1727: died at Rome, Nov. 19, 1804. An Italian operatic composer. His works include "I due Gemelli," "La serva in nam or at a," etc. Guha (gö hä), or Waguha (wä-göʻhä). A Bantu tribe of the Kongo State, settled on both sides of the Lukuga River. Their language is said to be in Italy about 1801: died at Rome, March 26, 1873. An Italian lady, the daughter of Count Gamba, celebrated on account of her relations with Lord Byron. She married Count Guiccioli when she was about 16 years old, and met Byron a few months later. After about a year the count objected to her intimacy with Byron, and she went back to her father's house. From this time until Byron's death she maintained her relations with him. After this she is said to have returned to her husband. In 1851 she married the Marquis de Boi y, and in 1868 published in French "My Recollections of Lord Byron." Guichard (ge-shär'), or Guischard, Karl Gottlieb: pseudonym Quintus Icilius. Born at Magdeburg, Pru ia, 1724: died at Potsdam, Pru ia, May, 1775. A German soldier and military writer. He entered the military service of Holland, attaining the rank of captain; withdrew and went to England in 1754; and in 1758 entered the service of Frederick the Great, under whom he rose to the rank of colonel. He wrote "Mémoires mil it a ires sur les Grecs et les Romains" (1757), "Mémoires critiques et historiques sur plusieurs points d'anti quités mil it a ires" (1773). Guicowar's Dominions. See Baroda . Guider i us (gwi-dē'ri-us). In Shakspere's "Cymbeline," a legendary prince, the son of Cymbeline of Britain. He is disguised under the name and state of Polydore, the son of Morgan. Guidi (gwēdē), Carlo A le andro. Born at Pavia, Italy, June 14, 1650: died at Frascati, Italy, June 12, 1712. An Italian lyric poet, it is certain that he was not the first to extend the Scale downwards to Iut; that he neither invented Diaphonia, Discant, Organum, nor Counterpoint; and that to credit him with the invention of the Monochord and the Poly plectrum is absurd. Grove, Dict. Music, IV. 661. Guido Reni. See Reni. Guido y Spano (gwe'dō ē spä'nō), Carlos. Born at Salta, March 8, 1832. An Argentine politician and poet. He was president of the National Congre in 1865, served in the Paraguay an war, and from 1872-76 was president of the Senate. Most of his poems are included in the collection "Hojas al Viento" (Buenos Ayres, 1871). Guienne, or Guyenne (ge-en'). A name frequently given in its later history to Aquitaine, especially in the name of the government Guienne and Gascony. Guienne and Gascony. An old government of southwestern France. Guignes (geny), Chrétien Louis Joseph de. Born at Paris, Aug. 25, 1759: died at Paris, March 9, 1845. A French Sinologist, son of Joseph de Guignes. He was appointed in 1784 con sul at Canton and French resident in China, where he remained 17 years. He wrote various papers and works on China, and edited a "Dictionnaire chino is, français et latin" (1813), based on a manuscript work by Basil of Glemona, a Roman Catholic mi ionary in China. Guignes, Joseph de. Born at Pontoise, France, Oct. 19, 1721: died at Paris, March 19, 1800. A French Orientalist. His works include "His to ire générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mogols, et autres Tatares occidentaux," etc. (1756-58), etc. Guild ens tern. See Rosencrantz . Guild ford (gil'ford). The capital of the county of England, situated on the Wey 29 miles southwest of London. It has important grain trade. It is a very old town, and has a Norman keep. Population (1891), 14,319. Guildhall (gild'hal). The council hall of the City of London, founded in 1411, and restored after the fire of 1666. The great hall measures 153 by 48 feet, and is 55 high: it has a handsome open-framed roof, modern colored-gla windows, and the two legendary colo al wooden figures of Gog and Magog. Along the walls are placed statues of famous men. The crypt, with its clustered columns, is of the original construction, and is interesting. See Gog and Magog . Guilford (gil'ford). A village and town in New Haven County, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound 16 miles east of New Haven. Population (1890), town, 2,780. Guilford, Earl of. See North . Guilford Court House. A place about 5 miles from Greens borough, Guilford County, North Carolina. Here, March 15, 1781, the British (about 2,400) under Cornwall is defeated the Americans (about 4,400) under Greene. The British lo was about 600; the American, about 400. Guillaume. See William and Wilhelm . Guillaume de Lorris (gē-yōm' dėlo-rēs'). Born at Lorris, Loiret, France: died about 1240 (1). A French poet, author of the first part of the "Roman de la Rose." About 4,670 of the 22,800 or more lines were written by him. See Roman de la Rose . Guillaume de Palerne (dė pä-larn'). An early French roman d'aventure. It was translated very Guinea (gin'i). [Formerly Ginnie, Ginny, etc.; F. Guinée, Sp. Guiné, etc.: named from the African Ginnie , or Jinnie , a town and kingdom in the Niger district.] That part of western Africa which lies along the coast from Cape Roxo (or about lat. 12° N.) to Cape Negro (or about lat. 16° S.), and extends indefinitely in- land. It includes, besides native states, British, French, German, and Portuguese colonies, Liberia, and part of the Kongo Free State. It is divided into Upper or North Guinea, and Lower or South Guinea (separated by the Kamerun Mountains or the equator). The name is some- times used in a more restricted sense. See Liberia , Gold Guinea, Gulf of. That part of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Africa comprised between Cape Palmas on the north and Cape Lopez on the south. Gui negate, or Guinegatte (gen-gät'). A vil- lage in the department of Pas-de-Calais, north- ern France, near St.-Omer. Here the French were twice defeated: (1) by Maximilian I. (then archduke of Austria) in August, 1479; (2) by Henry VIII. of England and Maximilian (his ally) in August, 1513. See Spurs , Bat- tle of the. administrator. He served in the English and Algerine wars, and was made viceroy of New Granada in 1773, and viceroy of Peru in 1776, retaining the latter office until 1780. He retained the rank of lieutenant-general, and was cre- ated marquis of Guirior after his return to Spain. Guisborough, or Gis borough (giz'bur-ō). A town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- land, 40 miles north of York. The first alum--2. The capital of the district of Gujrat, situ- works in England were established here about 1600. Population (1891), 5,623. Guiscard, Robert. See Robert Guiscard . Guischard, Karl Gottlieb. See Guichard. Guise (güéz (güéz). A town in the department of Aisne, France, situated on the Oise 23 miles north of Laon. It gave name to the ducal house of Guise. It was the birthplace of Camille Des moulins. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 8,153. Guise, Cardinals and Dukes of. See Lorraine . Guise, Duchy of. A former duchy of northeast- ern France, which took its name from the town of Guise, and corresponded to the northern part of the department of Aisne. It was situated in the government of Picardy. Formerly it was a county. It was famous in the 16th and 17th centuries as a duchy in the hands of the Guise family, a branch of the house of Lor- raine. Guise (giz), Martin. Died Jan. 21,1829. An Eng- lish naval officer who in 1818 entered the service of Chile, under Cochrane, as captain. He did eff i- cient service in the war for independence, and on the re- tirement of Cochrane (1821) was appointed to organize the navy of Peru. By blockading the port of Callao he forced the surrender of the last Spanish post, Callao Castle, Jan. 19, 1826. Admiral Guise was killed in the attack on Guay- aquil. Guiteau (ge-tō'), Charles. Born about 1840: hanged at Washington, June 30, 1882. An Amer- ican a a in. He was a pettifogging lawyer of French- Canadian descent at Chicago, and on Garfield's election to the presidency went to Washington to seek the office of Excited by this failure, and by the political conflict be- Gulistan (gö-lis-tän'). [Pers., 'the rose-gar- tween Garfield and Roscoe Conkling, he shot the President fatally at Washington, July 2, 1881. Guizot (ge-zō or güe-zō'), Madame (Élisabeth Charlotte Pauline de Meulan). Born at Paris, Nov. 2, 1773: died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1827. A French writer, first wife of F. P. G. Guizot, whom she married in 1812. She wrote "Edu- cation domestique, ou lettres de famille sur l'éducat i on" (1826), etc. Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume. Born at Nîmes, Oct. 4, 1787: died at Val-Richer, in Nor- mandy, Oct. 12, 1874. A distinguished French historian and statesman. At the age of 12 he left his native city for Geneva, and in 1805 he took up the study of law in Paris. In 1812 he became a istant pro- fe or of literature at the Sorbonne, and later was called to the new chair of modern history. His early public a- tions are "Du gouvernement représent at if et de l'état actuel de la France" (1816), "Des conspirations et de la justice politique" (1821), "Des moyens de gouvernement et d'opposition dans l'état actuel de la France" (1821), "De la peine de morte en mat ière politique" (1822), These pamphlets brought about his resignation from his profe orship. Devoting himself exclusively to historical research, he published his "His to ire du gouvernement représent at if," "E ais sur l'his to ire de France," "Col- lection des mémoires relatifs à la révolution d'Angle- terre," "Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'his to ire de France," "His to ire de la révolution d'Angleterre depuis Charles II.," etc. His courses lectures at the Sorbonne, delivered 1828-30, appeared under the titles "Cours d'his- toire moderne," "His to ire générale de la civilisation en Europe," and "His to ire générale de la civilisation en France." In 1830 he was elected to the Chamber of Dep- uties. After the revolution of July, 1830, he became minister of the interior, and, with the exception of a few ous capacities until he fell from power. Feb. 23, 1848, on the eve of Louis Philippe's abdication. He had been prime minister for the 8 years preceding his downfall, but had made himself so unpopular that he failed to be elected to the National A embly of 1848. The latter part of his life was spent in retirement. Besides the works already mentioned, Guizot translated Shakspere, and published "Washington" (1840), "De la démocratie en France" (1849), "Discours sur l'his to ire de la révolution d'Angle- terre" (1850), "Médita tions et études morales" (1851), "L'Amour dans le mariage" (1855), "Guillaume le Con- quérant," "Edouard III. et les bourgeois de Calais," "Mé- moires pour servir à l'his to ire de mon temps" (1858-68), "L'Église et la soc iété chrétienne en 1861" (1861), "Dis- cours académiques" (1861), "Trois générations" (1861), "His to ire parlement a ire de France" (1863), "Médita tions sur l'e ence de la religion" (1864), "Médita tions sur l'état actuel de la religion chrétienne" (1865), "Mélanges biographiques et littéraires" (1868), "La France et la Pru e res pons ables devant l'Europe" (1868), "Médita tions sur la religion chrétienne dans ses rapports avec l'état actuel des soc iétés et des esprits" (1868), "Mélanges pol i- tiques et historiques" (1869), "Le duc de Broglie" (1872), vies de quatre grands chrétiens français, Louis, Calvin" (1873, incomplete), and "His to ire de France racontée à mes petits-enfants" (1870-75). Gujarat. See Guzerat. Gujranwala (guzh-ran-wälä). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 15′ N., long. 74° E. Area, 3,017 square miles. Population (1891), 690,169.-2. The capital of Günderode (gün'de-rō-de), Karo line von. Born at Karlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 11, 1780: committed suicide at Winkel, near Mainz, July 26, 1806. A German romantic poet, author of "Gedichte und Phantasien" (1804), "Poetische Fragmente" (1805), etc. Gundlach (gönd' läch), Johann Chris toph. Born at Marburg, He e-Ca el, July, 1810. A German naturalist who, since 1839, has resided in Cuba. He is well known for his numerous sociation doubtle led to Gunter's "Canon Triangulorum; or, Table of Artificial Sines and Tangents, to a radius of 100,000,000 parts to each minute of the Quadrant," 1620. This was the first table of its kind published, and did for sines and tangents what Briggs did for natural numbers. In these tables Gunter applied to navigation and other branches of mathematics his admirable rule "The Gunter," on which were inscribed the logarithmic lines for num- bers, sines, and tangents of arches; and he showed how to take a back observation by the cro -staff, whereby the error arising from the eccentricity of the eye is avoided.... He was the first who used the words cosine, cotangent, etc.,... and also introduced the use of arithmetical com- plements into the logarithmical arithmetic (Briggs, Arith . Log ., cap. 15). De Morgan ( Arith . Books , xxv.) favors Gun- ter's claim to the invention of the decimal separator. Gurney, Joseph John. Born at Earlham Hall, near Norwich, England, Aug. 2, 1788: died there, Jan. 4, 1847. An English philanthropist, a min- ister of the Society of Friends. He was an as so- ciate of Mrs. Fry in prison reform, and of Clark son and Wilberforce in the antislavery movement. He wrote "Notes on Prison Discipline" (1819), "Evidences, etc., of Christianity" (1827), etc. Günther (gün'ter). In the Nibelungen epic, a Burgundian king, brother of Kriemhild and hus- band of Brunehilde. Günther, Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf. Born at E lingen, Würtemberg, Oct. 3, 1830. A Ger- man-English zoölogist, particularly noted for works on herpetology and ichthyology. He be- came a istant in, and in 1875 director of, the zoological department of the British Museum. He has published "Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes" (1858), "Catalogue of Gurton, Gammer. See Gammer Gurton's Needle. the Batrachia Salient i a" (1858), "Reptiles of British India" Gurwal, or Gurwhal. See Garhwal . tortoises" (1877), "Introduction to the Study of Fishes" (1880), "Report on the Shore-fishes, etc., of the Voyage of the Challenger" (1887-88), etc. Günther, Anton. Born at Lindenau, near Leit- meritz, Bohemia, Nov. 17,1783: died at Vienna, Feb. 24, 1863. A German philosopher and Ro- man Catholic theologian. Among his works are "Vorschule zur spekulativen Theologie" (1828), "Die Juste-Milieus in der deutschen Philosophie gegenwärtiger Zeit" (1838). Günther, Johann Christian. Born at Striegau, Silesia, Pru ia, April 8, 1695: died at Jena, Ger- many, March 15, 1723. A German poet. His collected poems were published 1724-35. nom de plume of Charles Wallwyn Radcliffe Cooke. Gushing ton, Impulsia. The nom de plume of Helen Selina Sheridan, Lady Duffer in. Gusmão (gözh-män'), Alexandre de. Born in Santos, Brazil, 1695: died at Lisbon, Portugal, Dec. 30 or 31, 1753. A Portuguese statesman. Most of his life was pa ed in Europe, where he was an influential minister under several Portuguese kings. The treaty of 17th Portuguese po e ions in America by uti po idetis , was due mainly to him. Gü feldt (güs'felt), Paul. Born at Berlin, Oct. Guntram (gun'tram), or Gontran (gon'tran). in a ociation with Falkenstein, Soyaux, Linder, Pechuel- Died March 28, 593. King of the Franks. He received the sovereignty of Orléans and Burgundy on the death of his father Clotaire I. in 561, while the rest of the Frankish dominion was divided among his brothers Chari- bert, Sigebert, and Chilperic, who received Aquitaine, Aus- trasía, and Neustria respectively. In 567, on the death of Charibert, he became sovereign also of Aquitaine. He sided alternately with Sigebert and Chilperic in the great feud which was kindled by their queens, and which was continued by their descendants. Guntur, or Guntoor (gun-tör'). A town in the governorship of Madras, British India, situated Günzburg (günts börg). A town in Swabia and and Danube, 15 miles east by north of Ulm. Guppy (gup'i), William. In Dickens's "Bleak House," a young articled clerk, hopele ly in in 1733: died Oct. 1, 1760. A celebrated beauty, daughter of John Gunning of Castle Coote, Population (1890), 4,114. County Roscommon, Ireland. She and her sister Elizabeth went to London in 1751, and were at once pro- nounced to be "the handsomest women alive." They were followed by crowds wherever they went, and Maria, who was the better-looking, was mobbed one evening in Hyde Park. The king gave her a guard to protect her, and she once walked in the park for two hours with 2 sergeants of the guard before her and 12 soldiers following her. In 1752 she married George William, sixth earl of Coventry. "The beautiful Mi es Gunning" were painted a number of times, and there are many engravings from these portraits. Gunnison Cañon. A remarkable cañon in the Gunnison River, 15 miles in length. Gunpowder Plot. In English history, a con- spiracy of certain Roman Catholics having for its object the destruction of James I. and the lords and commoners in the Parliament House, London. The leaders were Catesby, Percy, Digby, Win- ter, Guy Fawkes, and others. It was foiled by the arrest of Fawkes, Nov. 4, 1605. See Fawkes . love with Esther Summers on. Gupta (göp'tä). [Skt., 'protected.] A name forming often the last member of the name of a Vaishya, or man of the third cla . A Vaisha of this name was the founder of the renowned dynasty of Guptas who reigned in Magadha. Gurdaspur (gör-däs-pör'). A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° N., long. 75° 20′ E. Area, 1,889 square miles. Population (1891), 943,922. Gurgaon (gör-gä'on). A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 28° N., long. 77° E. Area, 1,984 square miles. Population ernment of Astrakhan, Ru ia, situated on the Ural, near its mouth, about lat. 47° 10' N., long. Gurkhas. See Ghurkas . Gurley (ger'li), Ralph Randolph. Born at Lebanon, Conn., May 26, 1797: died at Wash- ington, D. C., July 30, 1872. An American clergyman and philanthropist, agent, after 1822, of the American Colonization Society. Gurnah (gör'nä). The site of the chief ne- cropolis of ancient Thebes in Egypt. The excavations in Upper Egypt, which have proved so barren of all information concerning the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties, have brought to light much concern- ing the Seventeenth. In the tombs at Gurnah have been found the remains of a whole array of court functionaries, thus betraying the existence of a thoroughly civilized May 12,1496: died at Stockholm, Sept. 29, 1560. King of Sweden 1523-60. He was the son of Erik Jo- han on (hence called Gustavus Erikson) of the house of Vasa, and was descended on the mother's side from the house of Sture, two of the most influential noble families in Swe- den. He received a careful education, chiefly at the court of his kinsman, the regent Sten Sture the younger, under whom he served against the Danes at the battle of Bränn- kyrka in 1518. In the negotiations which followed this Swedish victory, he was sent as a hostage to Christian II. of Denmark, by whom he was treacherously carried off to Denmark. He escaped in 1519, and on the ma acre of Stockholm, in which 90 of the leading men of Sweden, in- cluding the father of Gustavus, were executed by Chris- tian II., headed a revolt of the Dale carl i ans in 1520, and Gustavus III. Gustavus III. Born at Stockholm, Jan. 24, 1746: died at Stockholm, March 29, 1792. King of Sweden 1771-92, son of Adolphus Frederick. He crushed the power of the royal council, consisting of nobles, by a coup d'état in 1772, which reduced it from the position of a co-regent to that of an advisory committee. He carried on war with Ru ia 1788-90, and was murdered as the result of a conspiracy among the nobles. Gustavus IV. Adolphus. Born Nov. 1, 1778: died at St.-Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1837. King of Sweden 1792-1809, son of Gustavus III. Contrary to the interests of his country, he bitterly opposed Napoleon, and in 1808 became involved in war with Ru ia, which conquered Finland, and was deposed by a military conspiracy. Gustavus Adolphus Union. [G. Evangel is cher Verein der Gustav - Adolf - Stiftung .] of various Protestant churches in Germany, for the purpose of a isting Protestants in Roman Catholic countries, founded after the bicentennial celebration of the battle of Lützen (1832). Güstrow (güs'trō). A town in MecklenburgSchwerin, Germany, situated on the Nebel in lat. 53° 48′ N., long. 12° 11′ E. It has a trade in wool, and contains a cathedral and an ancient ducal castle. Population (1890), 14,568. Gutenberg (gö'ten-bera), Johannes or Henne (originally Gensfleisch). Born at Mainz about 1400: died about 1468. The inventor of printing. His claim to this invention has been much disputed. (See Coster.) He was the son of Frielo Gensfleisch and Else Gutenberg, and took his mother's name. In 1420 his father was exiled, and various legal proceedings growing out of this show that Gutenberg was in Strasburg in 1434. In 1436 he was sued before the court at Strasburg for breach of promise of marriage. His claim to be the inventor of printing rests mainly on a legal decision rendered at Strasburg Dec. 12, 1439, from which it appears that he entered into partnership with certain persons to carry on various secret operations, one of which involved the use of a pre with an attachment conjectured to have been a type-mold. In 1450 he formed a partnership with Johann Fust, a money-lender, which terminated in 1455. Fust demanded payment of money loaned; in default of this, seized all of Gutenberg's types and stock; and carried on the busine himself, with Peter Schöffer (later his son in-law) as manager. Gutenberg continued his work with inferior types. Gütersloh (gü'ters-lō). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, 33 miles east of Münster. It is the center of the "pumpernickel" reGuthlac (göth'läk), Saint. Born about 673: died at Crowland, April 11, 714. An English hermit who for about 15 years lived with a few companions at Crowland. The church reared by Æthel and exports hams and sausages. bald over his relics grew into Crowland Abbey. Guthrie (guth'ri). The capital of Oklahoma Territory and of Logan County, situated about 30 miles north of Oklahoma. Population (1890), 2,788. Guthrie, James. Born near Bards town, Ky., Dec. 5, 1792: died at Louisville, Ky., March 13, 1869. An American politician, secretary of the treasury 1853-57. Guthrie, Thomas. Born at Brechin, July 12, 1803: died at St. Leonard's, near Hastings, England, Feb. 24, 1873. A Scottish clergyman, orator, and philanthropist. He published "Pleas for Ragged Schools" (1847, 1849), "The Gospel in Ezekiel" (1855), "The City, its Sins and Sorrows" (1857), etc. Guthrie, Thomas Anstey: pseudonym F. Anstey. Born at Kensington in 1856. An English novelist. He wrote "Vice Versa" (1882), "The Giant's Robe" (1883), "The Tinted Venus" (1885), "The Fallen Idol" (1886), "The Pariah" (1889), etc. Guthrum (göth'röm), or Guthorm. Died 890. A Danish king of East Anglia. He conquered East Anglia in 878. He was defeated by Alfred at Ethandun (Edington, Wilts hire) in the same year, but retained his conquest. Guti (gö'tē). See Gutium. Gutierrez (gö-te-ar'reth), Juan Maria. Born at Buenos Ayres, 1809: died there, Feb. 25, 1878. An Argentine author. During the dictatorship of Rosas he lived in exile in Chile, where he was director of a nautical school. Returning to Buenos Ayres in 1853, he became rector of the university. He published many works, mainly biographical or relating to Spanish-American literature. Gutierrez, Santos Joaquin. Born at Villa del Cocui, Boyacá, Oct. 24, 1820: died at Bogotá, Feb. 6, 1872. A New Granadan general and politician. He was one of the chiefs of the liberal party, and took a leading part in the revolutionary struggles from 1851 to 1863. From 1868 to 1870 he was president of Colombia. Gutierrez de la Concha, José. See Concha . Gutierrez Vergara (vär-gä'rä), Ignacio. Born in 1806: died Nov. 3, 1877. A Colombian politician. He was a lawyer; deputy to several congre es; governor of Cundinamarca; and minister of the treasury 1857-61. In 1861, as a leader of the conservatives, he a umed executive power and attempted to defend Bogotá against the revolutionist Mosquera, but was defeated and for a time banished. Gutium (gū'shi-um). See the extract. The northern plateau was inhabited by a mixture of uncultivated tribes at the earliest period of which we have any knowledge, and was known under the general name of Gutium or Guti (Kutu in A yrian), first identified by Sir H. Rawlinson with the Goyim of Gen. xiv. 1. Gutium comprised the whole country which stretched from the Euphrates on the west to Media on the east; the land of Nizir, with the mountain of Rowandiz, on which the ark of the Chaldean Noah was believed to have rested, being included within it.