scholiast

[ Gr.scholiastes a commentator; Fr. scholia ste, scolia ste; Ital. scolia ste.] A commentator, an annotator; one who writes scholia; spec if., an ancient grammarian who annotated the cla ics. "Bending shelves with ponderous scholiasts groan." Gay: Trivia , ii. schō-li-as-tic, a . [Eng. scholiast ; -ic.] Of or pertaining to a scholiast or the scholiasts. *schō-li-āze, v . t . [SCHOLIUM.] To write scholia or notes on an author's works; to annotate or com B. As substantive: 1. Philosophy : One of the schoolmen; one who adheres to the method and subtilties of the schools or schoolmen of the middle ages. 2. Roman Catholic Church: Among the Jesuits the name given to students who have taken their first but not their final vows; more loosely applied to students who have taken their first vows, but have not received Holy Orders. New Scholastics : Philos . & Church Hist .: A name sometimes given to those Italian thinkers and authors who, in the a disciple. "I am no breeching scholar in the schools." Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew , iii. 1. 2. A man of letters; one who is eminent for his learning; a person of high attainments in liter a ture or science. 3. One who learns anything; as, a ready scholar in vice. striven to revive scholasticism in the present century. The principal representative of this school was Ventura, Superior-general of the The at ins (1792-1861). The Civiltà Cattolica , a monthly review, published in Rome, is their organ. Their object received the sanction of Pius IX., who, in the Syllabus (§ II. xiii., VI. xlv., VII. lvi. lvii.) condemned some of the propositions which they set "He thinks to scholiaze upon the Gospel."- Milton : Tetrachord on. *schol-ic-al, a. [Lat. scholicus ; Gr.scholikos .] Scholastic. schō-li-um ( pl . schō-li-a, schō-li-ŭms), *schō-li-on ( pl . schō-11-a), s. [Latin scholium , from Gr. scholion an interpretation, a comment, from Gr. schole .] [SCHOOL.] 1. Ord. Lang .: A marginal note, comment, or remark; an explanatory comment; spec if., an explanatory note annexed to the Greek and Latin authors by the early grammarians. "Many a scholium of the ancients, and many a folio of criticism translated from the French."- Goldsmith : Polite Learning, ch. vii. 2. Geom .: A remark made upon one or more preceding propositions, which tends to point out their connection, their use, their restriction, or their extent. *schō lý, schō-lie, s . [Fr. scholie , from Lat. scholium .] A scholium (q. v.). *schō-lỹ, v. i . & t . [SCHOLY, 8.] A. In trans.: To write comments; to comment, to scholiaze. "The preacher should want a text, whereupon to scholy." -Hooker: Eccles. Polity. Schomburgk B. Trans.: To annotate; to write comments on. "To scholy them, to vary them with sundry formes of speech."- Hooker : Eccles. Polity , bk. iii., § 8. Schom-bürgk. s [Sir Robert Schomburgk, a German naturalist and geographer (1804-1865).] Schomburgk's deer, s . Zoology: Rucervus schomburgkii, a little-known species from Siam. The antlers are extremely elegant, the long brow-tyne being followed by a short berm which bifurcates into two equal branches, each of these bifurcating in a similar manner. Schomburgk's line, s. A line fixed by Sir Robert Schomburgk on behalf of the British government as the boundary between British Guiana and Vene zuela. IMG:content-1027.png:[blocks in formation] *1. A place where lectures were delivered by the ancient philosophers. "Which tables hang in the philosopher's schoole or walking-place." -P. Holland : Pliny, bk. xxxv., ch. x. 2. A place, house, or establishment where instruction is given in arts, sciences, languages, or any other branch of learning; a place of education and training in mental or mechanical arts. 3. The pupils collectively in any place of instruction, and under the discipline and direction of ona or more teachers. 4. One of the seminaries founded in the middle ages for the teaching of logic, metaphysics, and theology. They were characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning. [SCHOOL MAN.] 5. A state of instruction. 6. Exercises of instruction; schoolwork. "How now, Sir Hugh, no school to-day?"- Shakesp .: Merry Wives of Windsor, iv. 1. 7. A large room or hall in English universities in which examinations for degrees and honors are held. 8. Hence, the examinations therein held. "The authorities have thought good to have his schools on the day of the race."- Field , Dec. 12, 1885. 9. Any place or sphere of discipline, improve. ment, instruction, or training. IMG:content-1028.png:[blocks in formation] 11. A system or state of matters or manners prevalent at a certain time; method or cast of thought. "A gamekeeper of the old school ."- Field , Oct. 23, 1886. B. As adjective: 1. Pertaining or relating to a school or to education; as, school customs. 2. Pertaining or relating to the Schoolmen; as school divinity. Education in the earliest periods seems to have been mainly domestic; the parents imparted it, and its character was religious (cf. Gen. xviii. 19; Exodus xiii. 14). Scholars are mentioned in 1 Chron. xxv. 8 and Mal. 11, 12, but nowhere in the Old Testa ment is there a word for school, though, according to Dr. Ginsburg, eleven words having that meaning were introduced into Hebrew between the return from Babylon and the close of the Talmudic period. The words for school in most European languages being from the same root, and the Mahratra sal = school, being apparently so, schools among the Aryans must be carried back to a remote period. Among the ancient Greeks, both boys and girls were taught at public schools (cf. Acts xix. 9; Gal. iii. 24, 25), as was the case with the Romans. The view that India has for centuries po e ed a system of village schools, attended by all the boys, is much beyond the truth, and even now only a fraction of the Indian population can read. The mi ionaries instituted vernacular schools, the government founded some of its own with the Bible excluded, and one or two Indian administrators aided the native schools. In 1854 Sir Charles Wood, afterward Lord Halifax, sent out from London a dispatch on the subject, which led to the subsidizing of every efficient school, and ultimately gave a great impulse to education. The number of schools in China has been greatly exaggerated. In England the procedure of the law courts called "benefit of clergy" (q. v.) shows that for centuries there 3575 was scarcely a layman even of rank who could read. Schools therefore were designed chiefly for the education of ecclesiastics. Some were founded in the seats of bishoprics or archbishoprics; thus, Canter bury school existed at least as early as 1321, and Winchester school and college in 1387. There were various endowed schools in connection with relig. ious foundations, and schools for teaching-grammar" and singing in connection with the chantries. The di olution of the monasteries under Henry VIII. and of the chantries under Edward VI. led to the establishment of several endowed public and grammar schools. Those founded under the latter ruler are called King Edward's Schools. They still remain and are wealthy. Eton College was founded in 1541, Christ's Hospital or the Blue-coat School in 1552, Winchester refounded in 1560, Rugby founded in 1567, and Harrow in 1585. These "grammar" schools, i . e., schools for teaching Latin and Greek, given was one suitable to the upper and middle were, as a rule, for poor orphans, but the education cla es, and in practice they have scarcely affected the lower cla es. During medieval times the view that ignorance is the mother of devotion had helped to keep the ma es ignorant. To this succeeded the middle and upper cla prejudice, not now often avowed, but secretly held by many, that to teach the poor would render them discontented with their lot. The first great improvement arose from the establishment in 1783 in England of Sunday-schools (q.v.). Very early in the settlement of this country the cause of education received a great share of the public attention, and schools of almost every grade were established for the education of the young and for fitting older students for various profe ions. The first noted foundation in this connection was Harvard College, which be gan its existence in 1636, under patronage of the Rev. John Harvard. For fifty-seven years this institution was without a rival, but in 1693 at Williams burg, Virginia, the College of William and Mary was founded, having for its patrons the King and Queen of England (William of Orange and Mary, daughter of James II.). Eight years later Yale was established, and at once took rank amidst the foremost schools of the world. Pennsylvania University was the next of the noted schools now in existence, being founded in 1740. It was followed by the College of New Jersey at Princeton in 1746. In 1749 Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) was founded at Lexington, Va. New York City was the next on the list, Columbia College in that city being founded in 1754. Rutger's College, New Brunswick, N. J., was established in 1766, and New Hampshire followed with Dart mouth College in 1769. From this time onward, despite the troublous times of the Revolution, the increase in the number of higher schools was rapid and steady, and to-day there is not a state in the Union which is not liberally supplied with facilities for its people acquiring higher education. The colleges and universities of the United States now in operation on a succe ful foundation number over 450. The idea of public schools maintained by the states was also of early date, and in the northern and antislavery states was put into practice. In the south. ern, slave-holding states, the propositi ition did not meet with favor, the richer cla es of the population refusing to allow their children to attend "free" schools, as they were contemptuously called, at the same time being opposed to the education of the poor white" element, and absolutely forbidding the instruction of negroes, the theory being that education would tend to make these two cla es of population restive under the yoke which the laws imposed upon them. After the civil war, however, the slaves having been freed from servitude, the people of the South found themselves face to face with the problem of what to do with several millions of ignorant citizens who could not read or write, and were steeped in gro est superstition and almost barbarous. The education of these cla es became a paramount nece ity, and a system of public free schools was inaugurated in the states which had theretofore had none, and now every state and territory in the Union has its school system. The number of scholars enrolled in the entire country is as follows: Collegiate students, 135, 000; common-school pupils, 13,500,000, with an average daily attendance of 9,000,000. The number of collegiate profe ors is 9,500, and of teachers in common schools, 375,000. The average number of days' tuition afforded by the common schools for the entire country per year is 137. Special phrases : (1) Boarding school: A school in which the pupils receive board and lodging as well as tuition. (2) Common school: A primary or elementary school, supported by a general school tax; a public free school. (3) High school: An indefinite term, generally supposed to mean a school where a rather superior education is given; usually the chief public school in a town. (4) Normal school: [NORMAL.] chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; (5) Parochial schools : In this country any primary school conducted under the auspices or supervision of any religious denomination is termed a parochial school. In Scotland schools established in accordance with legislative enactments in different parishes, for the purpose of providing cheap education for the ma es. They are called now public schools, and the management of them has been transferred to the school-boards. (6) Public schools: In the United States the terms public schools and common schools mean the same. In England, a name of indefinite application given to certain schools, such as Eton, Har row, Rugby, Winchester, Westminster, ., which are attended by a large number of pupils, mostly sons of persons of rank and wealth. 2.] (7) Schools of the Prophets : [PROPHET, (8) Ragged schools : [RAGGED-SCHOOLS.] *school-author, s. An old name for one of the Schoolmen. school-board, s. 1. In the United States the school-board is a committee of citizens elected to take charge of the public schools in any district, town, or city and to control the money appropriated for school purposes. 2. In England the school-board is a body of persons, male or female, elected by the ratepayers in a town or parish, to provide accommodation for the instruction of every child in their district, and having power to compel the attendance of every child between the ages of five and fourteen at the board schools, unle their education is satisfactorily provided for elsewhere, or unle the child shall have obtained a certificate of proficiency from the government inspector. Children of the age of thirteen who have pa ed the seventh standard may be allowed to attend only half time at school. The school-board can make rates for the provision and maintenance of the board schools. [EDUCATION.]