Italy 1861-65

Population (1894), 335,900. Turin, Treaties of. 1. A peace between France and Savoy in 1696.-2. An armistice negoti ated by Bonaparte with Sardinia in 1796. Turkestan (tör-kes-tän'), or Turkis tan (törkis-tän'). ['Land of the Turks.] A region with indefinite limits in Asia, east of the Caspian, south of Siberia, and north of Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. The name is sometimes used as synonymous with central Asia, but is generally limited to the western portion of this region, included chiefly in Ru ia and its dependencies, or to the highlands and plains east of the Trans cas pian lowlands and west of Eastern Turkestan. monument a" (1841-42), etc. Turgenieff, Ivan Sergeyevich. Born at Ore, Ru ia, Nov. 9, 1818: died at Bougival, near Paris, Sept. 3, 1883. A celebrated Ru ian novelist. He was educated at Moscow and St. Peters. burg, and in 1838 went to Berlin to study philosophy and the cla ics. About 1840 he received an appointment in the ministry of the interior. He began to publish poems in 1841; and his first novel, "Andrei Kolo off," appeared in 1844. He contributed to the emancipation of the serfs through his "Annals of a Sportsman," sometimes translat. as "Sketches from the Diary a Sportsman" (1845-57): the first of these appeared in English in the "Contemporary Review" in 1847; they were also published in French and German, and raised him to a high rank as an author. In 1852 some remarks on Ru ian officialism, made in an obituary letter on Gogol, led to his being deprived of his position, imprisoned, and afterward banished several years in Orel, in the interior of Ru ia. In 1854 he was allowed to return, and in later life lived in Baden-Baden and Paris, with short visits to Ru ia and elsewhere. He created much personal antagonism by his analysis of political parties, and was misunderstood by those with whom he was most in sympathy. The epithet "Nihilist," which he applied to revolutionary, was applied by the government to all socialistic and democratic, tendencies. Later, however, popular opinion was in his favor. Among his chief novels are Rudin" (1855), "A Nest of Nobles" (1858), "Helene" (translated as "On the Eve," 1860), Fathers and Sons" (1862: in this the epithet Nihilist is in Turquie , G. Die Türkei , It. Turchia , Sp. Turquia : Turk. name of the empire Osmanli Viluieti : NL. Turcia , from Turcus , Turk: see Turks .] An empire in the southeast of Europe, southwest of Asia, and northern Africa. Capital, Constantinople. It comprises as immediate po e ions: in Europe, the vilayets or divisions of Constantinople, Adriano. ple, Saloniki, Monastir, Servia, Skutari, Janina, Kosovo, and Crete; in Africa, the vilayets of Tripoli and Bengazi; and in Asia, Asia Minor (12 vilayets), Armenia and Kurdistan (5), Me so pot am i a (3), and Syria and Arabia (8). It has also following nominal po e ions: the tributary principality of Samos; Cyprus (administered by Great Britain); Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Nov i bazar (administered by Austria-Hungary); Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia (practically independent); and Egypt (which pays tribute). The surface is largely mountainous in European Turkey, in Asia Minor, Turkish Armenia, and Kurdistan, and in western Syria. The principal occupations are agriculture and pastoral pursuits. The leading exports are raisins, silk, mohair, opium, wheat, cotton, wool, coffee, fruits, skins, oil, and valonia. The government is an absolute monarchy under the sultan as sovereign. Govern ment is administered by the grand vizir, the Sheik-ul-Islam, and the cabinet. The leading religion is Mohammedanism; but the Greek, Roman Catholic. Armenian, Syrian, Jewish, Protestant, and Maronite creeds are also recognized by the government. The inhabitants comprise Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Jews, Syrians, Arabs, etc. The nucleus of the Ottoman empire was Turner, Joseph Mallord William formed in Asia Minor in the 13th century under Er-Toghrul. Under his son Osman or Othman (1288-1326), who is regarded as the founder of the empire, and Osman's son Orkhan (1326-59), a powerful realm was reared on the ruins of the Seljukian and Byzantine power in Asia Minor. Amurath I. took Adrianople (1361), which he made the ishipal, and broke the owenia in 1889. The Turk power was extended under Bajazet I., who subjugated Bulgaria and made Wall a chia tributary, and under Amu rath II. Mohammed II. took Constantinople and over threw the Byzantine empire in 1453, and conquered Trebizond, etc. The empire reached its height in the 16th century, through the conquest of Syria, Egypt, Rhodes, a great part of Hungary, and the extension of suzerainty over Algeria, etc. The Turks were repulsed before Vienna in 1683; suffered great lo es at the hands of Austria in the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th, and at the hands of Ru ia in the last part of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th lost Greece 1821-29; had an unsucce ful war with Ru ia 1828-29; and took part in the Crime an war 1853-56. Egypt meanwhile had be come practically independent. Insurrections in Crete, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, and wars with Servia and Monte negro, were followed by the unsucce ful war with Ru ia 1877-78; the independence of Rumania, Servia, and Monte negro was recognized in 1878; and Bulgaria, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Cyprus were practically lost. Turkey was compelled to make a large ce ion to Greece in 1881, was busters Rotorious in a conflict with that country in 1897 area of Turkey's immediate po e ions is estimated at over 1,000,000 square miles; the population at 27,000,000, Turkey River. A river in northeastern Iowa which joins the Mi i ippi 25 miles northwest of Dubuque. Length, over 100 miles. Türkheim (türk'him). A town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, 40 miles southwest of Strasburg. There, Jan. 5, 1675, the French under Turenne defeated the Imperialists. Turkis tan. See Turkestan . Turkmantchai. A place in Persia, 70 miles southeast of Tabriz. Here, in 1828, peace was con cluded between Ru ia and Persia. Ru ia acquired Persian Armenia, and great influence over Persia. Turk oman i a (ter-kō-mani-ä). The country of the Turkomans, in central Asia, north of Persia and Afghanistan: by Ru ia. Turkomanger mannexed branch of the Turkish race, found chiefly in central Asia (in Ru ian territory), Persia, and Afghanistan. Nearly all are nomads. Among the tribes are the Tekkes of Merv and Akhal, the Sariks, etc. Also Turcomans or Turkmans . Turko-Ru ian Wars. See Ru ian Wars with fur Turkey . Turks (tèrks). 1. The race now dominant in Turkey: the Ottomans. See Ottomans .-2. In an extended sense, the members of a race regarded as related to the Mongols: a branch of the Ural-Altaic family. In this sense the Turkish race includes the Petchenegs, Uzbegs, Turkomans, Ottoman Turks, etc. A revolt took place against the Jouan-Jouan in the beginning of the sixth century, when the Turks eo nomine are for the first time heard of in history. They founded an empire which stretched from the borders of Manchuria to the Car path i ans, and commanded also Transoxiana and the country as far as the Indus. Their power south of the Sihun or Jaxartes was sapped and eventually destroyed by the Arabs, who founded the Samani dynasty; but the Turks remained masters of the steppes, and supplied the Sama and even the Khalifs, with mercenary troops whose leaders presently supplanted their masters and founded a famous Turkish dynasty at Ghazni, while somewhat later fresh hordes under their own leaders planted themselves in Khorasan and created the splendid empire of the Seljuks, who from the eleventh to the thirteenth century governed the greater part of the Khalifs' dominions in Asia, and advanced the Mohammedan rule into the mountain ranges of Anatolia, and thus prepared the way for the Ottomans, their succe ors. Poole , Story of Turkey, p. 4. Turn a cum. In ancient geography, a city of northern Gaul, on the site of the modern Tournai. See Tournay . Turner (ter'ner), Charles Tennyson. Born at Sowerby, July 4, 1808: died April 25, 1879. An English poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson. Turner, Charles Y. Born at Baltimore, Md., Nov. 25, 1850. An American figure-painter. He studied at New York, and with Laurens, Munkacsy, and Bonnat at Paris. Turner, Joseph Mallord William. Born at London, April 23, 1775: died there, Dec. 19, 1851. A famous English landscape-painter, the son of a barber in London. His education was meager, but he devoted himself to drawing at a very early age. In 1789 he entered the school of the Royal Academy, and for a short time worked with Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1790 he exhibited a "View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth," at the Royal Academy. He was made a ociate of the Royal Academy in 1799, and royal academician in 1802. Before the latter date he was more noted for his water-color painting, the advance in which is largely due to him. Between 1795 and 1799 he sent thirty-nine works to the academy exhibitions. In 1808 he was profe or of perspective at the academy. He visited Scotland in 1800, and the Continent about 1802 and in 1804. In 1803 he exhibited six foreign subjects, among them the famous "Calais Pier." From 1806 to 1816 he produced his "Liber Studio rum" (which see), a rival of the "Liber Ver it at is" of Claude. After 1797 his work becomes more and more imaginative. In 1813 he commenced the ill us Turner, Joseph Mallord William trations for Cooke's "Southern Coast." In 1818 he went to Scotland to make the illustrations for Scott's "Provincial Antiquities." In 1819 he visited Italy for the first time. The visit was followed by increased brilliancy of color, as in "The Golden Bough" and "The Fighting Téméraire." In 1819-21 he illustrated Whitaker's "History of Richmond shire," in 1824 "The Rivers of England," in 1830 Rogers's "Italy," and in 1833-35 "The Rivers of France." He developed a new school of engravers. In 1828 he again visited Italy. His first Venetian picture appeared at the academy in 1833. In 1839 he exhibited "The Fighting Téméraire," in 1840 "The Slave Ship," and in 1842 "The Burial of Wilkie at Sea." He continued to exhibit till 1850. His popular fame is due largely to the enthusiastic praise of him in the writings of Ruskin. Turner, Sharon. Born at London, Sept. 24, 1768: died there, Feb. 13, 1847. An English historian. His chief works are a "History of the Anglo-Saxons" (4 vols. 1799-1805), and a "History of England" (1814–29). Turner's Falls (ter'nerz falz). A manufacturing town in Franklin County, Ma achusetts, situated on the Connecticut 35 miles north of Springfield. Turner's Gap (ter'nėrz gap). A pa in the South Mountain, Maryland: the scene of part of the battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862. Turnhout (törn'hout). A town in the province of Antwerp, Belgium, 25 miles east by north of Antwerp. Here, Jan. 22, 1597, the Dutch under Mau rice of Na au defeated the Spaniards; and here, Oct. 27, 1789, the Belgians defeated the Austrians. Population, 18,747. Turnus (ter'nus). In Roman legend, the king of the Rutulians, in Italy, at the period of the arrival of the Trojans under Æneas. Turpin (ter'pin; F. pron. tür-pan'). Died about 794. An archbishop of Rheims, famous as the erroneously reputed author of a history of Charlemagne which was really composed in the 11th or 12th century. The chronicle of the pseudo-Turpin is of little real importance in the history of French literature, because it is admitted to have been written in Latin. The busy idlene of critics has, however, prompted them to discu at great length the question whether the "Chanson de Roland" may not po ibly have been composed from this chronicle. The facts are these. Tilpin or Turpin was actually archbishop of Rheims from 753-794, but nobody pretends that the chronicle going under his name is authentic. All that is certain is that it is not later than 1165, and that it is probably not earlier than the middle, or at most the beginning, of the eleventh century, while the part of it which is more particularly in question is of the end of that century. "Roland" is almost certainly of the middle at latest. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 127, note. Turpin (ter'pin), Dick. A notorious English highwayman who was executed in 1739. The popular account of his famous ride to York on his mare "Black Be " is not mentioned in the "New gate Calen dar," and in its original form is said to have been written by Maginn. Turret in (F. pron. tür-tan'), or Turret in i (törrā-te'nē), Bénédict. Born 1588: died 1631. A Swi Protestant theologian. Turveydrop (ter'vi-drop), Mr. A fatuous character, a "model of deportment," in Dickens's "Bleak House."