Jerusalem

(je-roo's ah-lem,) [Gr. Hierosolyma,] a famous city of W. Asia, and anciently the C. ofJudæa, even as itwas later of Christen dom. It is situate in the modern dist. of El Kuds, Syria, 37 m. E. of the Mediterranean, 24W. of the river Jordan, and 126 S.E. of Damascus, and stands at an elevation of some 2,500 ft. above sea-level; N. Lat. 31° 46′ 43″, E. Lon. 35° 13'. Its most imposing modern structures are the mosque of the Sultan Omar, occupying the site of the Holy Temple of the Jews; and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, containing the tombs ofGodfrey of Bouillon, and of Baldwin, king ofJ. Gener-Jet, ally speaking, the aspect of the modern city is mean, poor, and dirty, and merits little notice. J., after belonging to the Jebusites, became under David the C. of the kingdom of Israel, and ar-Jet rived at its acme of prosperity and splendor under Solomon, who erected the Tem-Fig.419. ple. It became a THE GOLDEN GATE, JERUSALEM. Babylonian colony after its conquest by Nebuchadnezzar, 599 B. c., until the time of Cyrus, who ended the captivity of its in hab. It afterward pa ed under Egyptian and Syrian rule, until its redemption by the Maccabees. Next, the Romans took po e ion, during whose occupation occurred the mi ion, trial, and crucifixion of Christ the Saviour. Finally, J., after being taken after along siege by the emperor Titus, was burned and its people pa ed into slavery, the Romans erecting on its site a city under the name of Elia Capitol in a. After the conversion to Christianity of the emperor Const an tine, J. became once more Jerusalem, the " holy city " of the evangelized world. In 1076, it pa ed under Saracenic rule until its rescue from the hands of the Infidels by the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon, 1099, which great warrior became the first of its line of Latin kings extending over a period of 60 years to the time of Salad in, who once more raised the Crescent over its walls. Finally, in 1517, it became definitively annexed to the Ottoman empire. Pop. 25,000-a mixture of Moslems, Christians, and Israeli tes. Jerusalem Artichoke. (Bot.) See HELIANTHUS. Jes's amine, in Kentucky, an E. central co.; area, 250 sq. m.; C. Nicholasville. Pop. 8,638. Jesuits, (jěz'u-its.) (Eccl. Hist.) See SOCIETY OF JESUS. Jes'uit's Bark. See CINCHONA CEE. Jesus Christ, (jēzūs krīst,) the name by which,when the Son ofGod was born into the world, he was known among men. This name was given him according to adi vine me age to his mother before his conception, and also to Joseph her husband (Matt. i. 21, 25; Luke i. 31). The date of his birth is variously placed. Wiseler gives a table of the conjectures of different learned men, a igning it from 7 to 1B. 0. His own judgment would fix on Feb. 4 B. c. The exact date of his death is also much disputed; and the space of time within which it is placed by various critics ranges from 29 to 35 A. D. We cannot here state the reasons of this divergence of opinion,but it may be observed that the reckoning of dates from the birth of Christ did not begin till the 6th cent., when error on such a point was very probable. With the accounts given by the Evangelists of the birth of J., his ministry, death, resurrection, and ascension into heaven, every one may be supposed familiar. The modern opponents of Christianity do not, in general, dispute the historic truth of the gospel narrative of the life of J., the miracles of course excepted. They regard him as having merely adapted his conduct and teaching to the notions common among the Jews, and in particular to their expectation of the Me iah; whilst they admit the unequalled excellence of the religious and moral system taught by him. The inconsistency of this scheme is held to be obvious by orthodox theologians, as an instance of which may be quoted a pa age from the introduction toa remarkable work lately published by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (The Life of Jesus the Christ, New York, 1872). " That Christ should be the centre and active cause of such stupendous imposture, on the supposition that miracles were but deceptions, shocks the moral feeling of those even who disbelieve his divinity. Widely as men differ on every topic connected with the Christ, there is one ground on which all stand together, namely, that J. was good. Even Infidelity would feel bereaved in the destruction of Christ's moral character. But to save that, and yet to explain away the miracles which he wrought, has put ingenuity to ludicrous shifts. Renan (Life of Jesus), to save the character of his poetic hero, is obliged to depict him as the subject of an enthusiasm which grew upon him until it became a self-deceiving fanaticism. It seems, then, that the whole world has been under the influence of one who was not an impostor only because he was mildly insane! " (jët.) [Gr. ga gates, from Gagas, a river of Syria.] (Min.) Asolid,opaque, inflammable substance, considered to be a variety of lignite, found in large detached ma es, of a fine and regular structure, having ag rain like that of wood, splitting more easily in one direction than in any other, and taking a good polish. It is very light, moderately hard, and not fusible; but it is readily inflammable, and burns a long time with a fine greenish flame. It attracts light substances when rubbed, becoming electric, like amber; hence it has been called black amber. It is frequently used for ornamental purposes, buttons, bracelets, snuff-boxes, etc. d'Eau, (zha-do'.) [Fr.) A fountain which throws up water high into the air. [s. 503]