plover (pluver)

[ Golden Plover ( Charadrius pluvial is), in autumn plumage. inches. The upper parts are black, and profusely spotted with yellow and white; the under parts are black in the breeding-dre , whit ish in winter, variously mottled or speckled during the changes of plumage. The bill and feet are black; the feet are three-toed. The plover lays four eggs, 1 inches long by 1 broad, of a pir i form shape, drab color, with heavy brownish or blackish blotches. Hence-2. Some or any bird of the family Charadri idæ; a cha rad rio morphic grallatorial bird. The Crook-billed Plover (Anarhynchus frontal is). American golden plover, or field-plover, is Charadrius do minicus, very closely resembling C. pluvial is, but having ashy-gray instead of white axillars. The Swi bullhead, or black bellied plover, is tarola helvetica, inhabit ing most parts of the world, and having four toes. (See cut under Squatarola.) Many small plovers with white under parts, and rings or bands of black on the head, neck, or breast, are known as ring -plovers or ring necks, and mostly belong to the genus Ægi alites. (See also killdee.) The most singular of these is the crook-billed plover, Anarhynchus frontal is, having the bill bent sidewise. It So-called Plover's Egg (that of Vanel. inhabits New Zealand. The mountain-plover of 4562 the western United States is Podasocys montan us. Some plovers are known as dotterels. (See dotterel and Eudro mias.) The thick knees, stone-plovers, or stone-curlews are birds of the family Edicnemidæ. (See cut under Edic nemus.) Stilt-plovers are the stilts, Him an top inæ. (See cut under stilt.) The crab-plover is Dromas ardeola. "Plovers' eggs," so called in England, are laid by the lapwing, Vanellus cristatus. 3. In various parts of the United States, the Bar tram i an sandpiper, Bartramia long i cauda, more fully called upland, highland, pasture, field, corn- field, prairie, gra , and plain plover. See cut under Bartramia.-4. The greater or le er yellow shanks, Totanus melanoleucus or T. fla vipes, commonly called yellow-legged plovers. [Local, U. S.] - 5t. A loose woman: otherwise called a quail. Here will be Zekiel Edgworth, and three or four gallants with him at night, and I have neither plover nor quail for them; persuade this to become a bird o' the game. B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, iv. 3. Bastard plover. See bastard.- Bishop plover, the turnstone, Streps i las interpres. [Ma achusetts.] - Black bellied plover. See def. 2.- Black-breasted plover. (a) The golden plover in full plumage. [Ireland.] (0) The black-heart plover. [Local, U. S.J-Black-heart plov er, the black-bellied or black-breasted sandpiper; the American dunlin. [Local, Canada.]-Bullhead-plover. See bullhead, 4.-Golden plover. See def. 1.-Gray plover. ( a ) A misnomer of the knot, Tringa canutus, a sandpiper in winter plumage. [Scotland.] (6) The golden plover when young. [Ireland.] - Great plover, the stone plover.-Green plover, the lapwing, Vanellus cristatus. [Ireland.] - Helvetian plover, the Swi plover, Squata rola helvetica. - Highland plover, the Bar tram i an sandpiper. Also called Bartram's highland snipe. Hill-plover, the golden plover. [Forfar.) - Kentish plover, Ægi in the eastern hemisphere: so called because the specimens from which it was first described (by Dr. John Latham) were received from Mr. Boys of Sandwich in Kent, England. -Long-legged plover, a long shanks or stilt; a bird of the genus Him an top us. - Mud-plover, Squatarola helvetica. [Local, British.] - Norfolk plover, the stone-plover, Edicnemus crepitans. - Oyster plover, the oyster-catcher. - Plover's page. See page2. -Red-legged plover, the turnstone, Streps i las interpres; the red-legs. [Ma achusetts.] - Ringed plover. See Ægialites and killdee.-Rock-plover, Squatarola helvetica. [Wexford, Ireland.] - Ruddy plover, the sanderling or three-toed sandpiper, Calidris arenaria, when in full plumage: chiefly a book-name.-Sea-plover, Squata rola helvetica. [Local, British.] - Silver plover. Same as gray plover (a). - Spanish plover, the willet, or semipalmated tattler, Symphemia semi palm at a. March. [Jamaica.] - Speckled-back or streaked-back plover, the turnstone, Streps i las interpres. [Ma achusetts.] Spur-winged plover. See Chettusia. - Strand plover, Squatarola helvetica. [Cork, Ireland.]-Whistling plover. ( a ) The golden plover. (b) Squatarola helvetica. ( c ) The Norfolk plover. [Various localities.] - Wry-billed plover, the crook-billed plover. See second cut above. Yellow plover, the golden plover. [East Lothian.) (See also lark - plover, marsh - plover, piping - plover, stone - plover.) plover-quail (pluv'er-kwal), n. Any bird of the genus Pedionomus. plover-snipe (pluv'èr-snīp), n. Any bird of the group Pre i rost res. plow, plough (plou), n. [Also dial. (Sc.) pleugh, pleuch; E. dial. sull, sullow ), = OFries. ploch = D. ploeg = MLG. plōch, plūch = OHG. pfluog, pfluoh, phluog, fluog, fluoc, ploh, pluag, MHG. phluoc, pfluoc, G. pflug = Icel. plōgr = Sw. plog = Dan. pίου, a plow; perhaps from the root of play1 (AS. plegan ) and plight1 (AS. pliht ), with ref. to the activity or labor involved: cf. MHG. phluoc, pfluoc, busine , occupation, maintenance. Like play and plight, the word plow belongs only to Teut. (the Slav., etc., forms, OBulg. plugă = Ru . plugŭ, etc., = Lith. pling as, are from OHG.). It is not found in Goth., where hōha, plow. Cf. Icel. ardhr, Norw. ar, al, plow, related to L. aratrum, a plow (see aratrum terra), MHG. arl, a plowshare, from the same ult. root (see car3 ). The explanations which connect plow with the Gr. πλοῖον = Skt. plava, a ship, or with the Gael. ploc, a block of wood, wood stump of a tree (and hence, as Skeat supposes, a primitive plow), are untenable.] 1. An agri a... d American Plow. plow cultural implement, drawn by animals or moved by steam-power, used to cut the ground and turn it up so as to prepare it for the reception of seeds. The soil is cut to a depth of several inches, raised up, and turned over by the progre of the plow, the object being to expose a new surface to the air and, by pulverizing and loosening the soil, to fit it for the reception of seed and the vigorous growth of crops. The plow, in various forms, is also much used for other purposes. In its modern form, the common agricultural plow e entially consists of a plow - beam provided with a clevis for attachment of draft-animals; handles, connected with each other and cro -braced by the rounds; a mold - board, usually of cast-iron; a plowshare, usually of steel, or steel-pointed, and bolted to the mold-board; a land - side, usually of cast iron, attached to the mold-board near the front edge of the latter and in line with the beam; a colter, of wrought-iron with a tempered-steel edge, attached to the beam in line with the front edge of the mold-board; and a standard or sheth, projecting upward from and usually integral with the mold-board, and connecting the latter with the beam. The rear end of the beam is attached to the land-side handle, one handle being attached to the rear part of the landside and the other to the rear part of the mold-board. Often a wheel is adjustably attached to the beam near the clevis, for gaging the depth of the furrow. 2. Figuratively, tillage; culture of the earth; agriculture. agriculture. Johnson.-3 Johnson.-3. A tool that furrows, grooves, plan planes, cuts, or otherwise acts by ing or shoving. or shoving, like a plow. (a) In woodwork pushing ing, a kind of plane used for grooving door-stiles and similar work. It has an adjustable fence, and is usually adapted to carry eight different widths of plane-irons, for different widths of grooves. (b) In cloth- manuf., an instrument for cutting the flushing parts of the pile or nap of fustian. (c) The cutting-knife of a plow-pre . (d) In bookbinding, a hand-implement for cutting or trimming have edges books. Machines for the same purpose narrow shovel used in malting to bring the grains under- neath to the surface. (f) A rimmer or fatting-knife: as, a mackerel - plow . See rimmer . (g) A hanging connection extending from a car propelled by electricity through the slot of the underground conduit, by means of which the current is conveyed to the motor on the car. 4t. A plowland. And I'll gie him to his dowry Full fifty ploughs of land. Childe Vyet (Child's Ballads, IL. 76). Black-land plow, a plow specially adapted to plowing rich soil free from stones, as the black lands of prairies.Double mold-board plow, a plow which, instead of a land-side, has a second mold-board with curvature the reverse of the ordinary mold-board, so that it turns a double furrow, throwing the earth in opposite directions. It is used for making surface-drains, ridging up, etc. - Double plow. ( a ) A plow by which two furrows can be turned at the same time; a gang-plow consisting of two single plows. (b) A plow which can be adjusted to turn a furrow either to the right or to the left. Also called drill plow, reversible plow, and turning mold - board plow. -Gangplow, two or more plows attached to a single stock or frame, generally having wheels as a sulky-plow has, with IMG:content-0442.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0443.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors] IMG:content-0444.jpg:[graphic] lus cristatus). a , handles; b, beam; c, mold-board; d , share; e, slip-point (can be replaced when broken or worn); 1, colter; g , colter-brace; h , wheel (gages depth of furrow); i, arc by which the wheel is set regulate depth of furrow; 1, clevis; k, land-side. set to Gang-plow. a , rear plow; a ', front plow; b, long beam; b', short beam; c, wheel running on land; c ' , wheel running in furrow; d , lever; e, seat: 1, ratchet-adjusting lever; g , pole. adjustable devices for regulating the depth of furrows, and also a seat for the plowman, except when moved by steam. Compare steam - plow . - Hand-plow, a light small plow sometimes used in gardening, drawn or pushed by hand.Hoe-plow. Same as horse - hoe . - Mole-plow, a plow with a long standard or sheth, to the lower part of which is attached an iron shoe or burrowing-tool which makes a burrow under the surface without turning a furrow. It is used for under-draining. The shoe is sometimes so attached to the lower part of the sheth as to permit its free motion around stones, etc. - Paring-plow. Same as sod - plow (which see). - Pillow of a plow. See pillow . Reversible plow. Same as double plow ( b ). - Seeding-plow, a plow with a box for holding and scattering seed in the path of the furrow. Shim-colter plow, a plow having in advance of the mold-board of the principal plow a small inclined share or scraper, which cuts off weeds and scrapes them, and sometimes spread manure, into the furrow previously plowed, where the main plow covers them. - Shim-plow, a plow cutting off a shallow slice from the surface of land, for killing out weeds. Also called shim. - Side-hill plow, a plow with a reversible mold-board, which can be turned to throw the furrow downhill in plowing in opposite directions along the side or slope of a hill. Also called hillside - plow and turn - wrest plow . - Shovel-plow, a plow with a triangular share, but having no mold. board. It is used for cultivating growing crops. The double shovel-plow has a very broad triangular share attached to two standards. - Skeleton-plow, a plow in which the parts bearing against the soil are made in skeleton form, to le en friction. E. H. Knight. -Steam-plow, a heavy plow or gang of plows driven IMG:content-0445.png:[graphic] IMG:content-0446.png:[blocks in formation] by steam-power. Steam-plows, operating on various prinplow-bote (plou'bot), n . In old Eng . law : ( a ) ciples, are in use in farming on a large scale. Some are driven by stationary engine, which winds an end- le rope (generally of wire) pa ing over pulleys attached to an apparatus called the anchor, fixed at the opposite headland, and round a drum connected with the engine itself. Others are driven by two engines, one at each headland, thus superseding the anchor. As steam-plowing apparatus are usually beyond both the means and the requirements of any but the largest farmers, companies have been formed at various places for hiring them out. Locomotive engines drawing gangs of plows have been tried, but compact the soil so injuriously that their use has been practically abandoned. - Straddle-plow, a plow with two triangular parallel shares set a little apart, used for running on each side of a row of dropped corn for covering the seed. E. H. Knight. - Subsoil plow, a plow with a long standard and a share, but having no mold-board. Following the ordinary plow, it loosens the earth in the bottom of the ordinary furrow, while itself turning no furrow. Sulky-plow, a plow attached to an axle with two wheels, the axle carrying a seat for the plowman and mechanism for adjusting and guiding the plow. E. H. Knight. The Plow, the prominent seven stars in the constellation of the Great Bear; Charles's Wain. - To hold the plow. See hold1. To put one's hand to the plow, figuratively, to begin a task; commence an undertaking.- Turn-wrest plow. Same as side - hill plow. -Wheel-plow. ( a ) A plow in which the depths of furrows gaged by a or as there Wood or timber allowed to a tenant for the re pair of instruments of husbandry. (b) A strip of land set apart in the open-field system of cultivation in the ancient village community for the carpenter on a manor for the repair of the plows and other farm implements. plowboy, ploughboy (plou'boi), n. A boy who drives or guides a team in plowing; hence, a rustic boy; an ignorant country fellow. plow-clevis (plouʻklevis), n. A clevis of special form used on a plow at the end of the plowbeam. It is a stirrup-shaped piece with three loops, one over another, in any one of which the open ring of the doubletree may be placed, according to the depth of furrow desired. E. H. Knight. plower, plougher (plou'ėr), n. [ vat or. land. (b) A plow having a wheel in the space between the land-side and the mold-board, reducing the friction of the plow by bearing the weight. E. H. Knight. (See also balance - plow, ice - plow, prairie - plow, snow - plow, sod plow.) plow, plough (plou), v. [ I should be vnwilling to go thither, much le e to carry an Oxe or an Horse with me to plough the ground. Coryat, Crudities, I. 83. It's I hae fifty acres of land; It's a plow'd and sawn already. Glasgow Peggy (Child's Ballads, IV. 78). 2. To make furrows, grooves, or ridges in, as with a plow; furrow; figuratively, to move through like a plow; make one's way through. Let IMG:content-0447.png:[blocks in formation] Ploughs her bold course acro the wondering seas. Words worth , Eccles. Sonnets, ii. 15. 4. To trim or square, as the edges of paper, with a plow. See plow, n., 3 ( d ). Cutting or ploughing the edges [of a book] with a knife edged instrument called the plough. Encyc . Brit ., IV. 43. 5. To cut or gash (a fish) with the plow or rimmer. [American fisheries.]-6. To reject, as a candidate in an examination; pluck. [British university slang.] "I have been cramming for smalls; and now I am in two races entend that the puts the reading and adds to my chance of being and gooseberry pie,. ploughed for smalls." "What does it all mean?" inquired mamma, ""gooseberry pie' and 'the snaffle' and "ploughed?" "Well, the gooseberry pie is really too deep for me; but ' ploughed ' is the new Oxford ish for 'plucked." C. Reade, Hard Cash, Prol. To plow in, to cover by plowing: as, to plow in wheat.To plow up or out, to turn out of the ground by plowing. All Egypt shall be plough'd up with dishonour. Fletcher ( and another ), False One, iv. 1. The Arctic glaciers reach the sea, enter it, often plough ing up its bottom into submarine moraines. Tyndall , Forms of Water, p. 134. II. in trans. To turn up the soil with a plow; till the soil with a plow. 1 Cor. ix. 10. He that plougheth shall plough in hope. plowable, ploughable (plouʼa-bl), a . [ plow , plough , + -able .] Capable of being plowed; arable.