Maas

See Meuse, a river in France and Belgium. Maa luis (mäs's lois), or Maas lands luis (mäs läntslois). A small town in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, situated on the Meuse 10 miles west of Rotter dam. Maastricht. See Maestricht. Mab (mab), Queen. [Orig. Ir. Medb , 'queen' of Con naught, mentioned in Irish poems about the year 1100. The ordinary etym. from W. mab , a child, has no basis of fact. See Mabinogion .] In fairy and folk lore, the fairies' midwife. she is first mentioned as Queen Mab in Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet," i. 4. Drayton introduces her in his "Nymphidia," written several years later, and Ben Jonson in "Entertainment of the Queen Prince at Althrope." Shakspere represents her not only as adroit in all kinds of teasing and mischief, but as the hag Nightmare herself. She is the fairies' midwife - that is, the fairy whose duty it is to deliver the fancies of men and to produce dreams by driving over the sleeper in her chariot. Titania, the fairy queen, is not the same person. In Shelley's "Queen Mab" she has a wider sphere, and is made to rule over men's thoughts. Maba (mä'bä). The largest tribe of Wadai, living in the northern portion of central Sudan, Africa. It is of Nigritic stock, largely Mohammedan, and composed of 22 tribes (Kodoi, Malanga, Madaba, Matlamba, Kondongo, Kadjanga, Karanga, etc.), all speaking different dialects of Maba, which is understood beyond its own territory. Maba slaves used to be exported to the east coast, while their neighbors went to the west coast. The ruler of Wadai must be born of a Maba woman. Mabillon (mä - bē-yôn'), Jean. Born at St.Pierremont, Ardennes, France, Nov. 23, 1632: died at Paris, Dec. 27, 1707. A noted French scholar and historian, a member of the Benedictine order. He lived after 1664 in the Abbey of St.. Germain-des-Prés in Paris. His works include "Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedict i" (1668-1702), "Vetera analecta" (1675-85), "De re diplomatic a" (1681), "Museum Italicum" (1687-89), etc. Mabinogion (mab-i-no'gi-on), The. The fairy tales and romances of the Welsh. See the extract. Mabinogion is the plural of the Welsh word mabinogi, which means instruction for the young - the word being derived from mab , a child, and the same root running through many words with a like sense, Queen Mab herself included.... The great collection of these tales is at Jesus College, Oxford, in a MS. volume of the fourteenth century, known as the Red Book of Hergest, of which the tales have been published, both in the original Cymric and in a delightful English translation, as the Mabinogion, by Lady Charlotte Guest (now Schreiber), who takes the word Mabinogion as simply meaning stories for the young. The Mabinogion thus represented contains Welsh versions of three of the French Arthur i an romances by Chrestien de Troyes, namely. "The Lady of the Fountain," and among the notes to it the text of the "Chevalier au Lion," with which that story corresponds; "Peredur, the son of Evrawc," corresponding to the "Percival le Gallois" of Chrestien; and "Geraint, the son of Erbin," which is his "Erec and Enide." Besides these, in the Mabinogion are two British tales ascribed to the time of King Arthur, "Kilhwch and Olwen" and the "Dream of Rhonabwy." The rest are tales in which King Arthur does not appear, or is named only as by interpolation-namely, "Pwyll, Prince of Dyved"; "Branwen, the Daughter of Llyr":"Math, the Son of Mathonwy"; these four being the sections which Profe or Rhys regards as the foundation of the Mabinogion; the rest, being later editions, are, besides the Arthur romances already named, the "Dream of Emperor Maxi mus," "Idudd and Llevelys," and the romance of "Ta Morley , English Writers, III. 257-259. lies in." Since the publication of Lady Charlotte Guest's edition of the Mabinogion the idea seems to prevail that any Welsh tale of respectable antiquity may be called a Mabinogi, plural Mabinogion, but there is no warrant for so extending the use of the word; and, of the eleven stories contained in Lady Charlotte Guest's collection, only four are entitled to be called Mabinogion. More strictly speaking, they are not Mabinogion so much perhaps as the "four branches of the Mabinogi." The word Mabinogi is derived from Mabinog, and that was a term belonging to the bardic system, meaning a sort of a literary apprentice or young man who was receiving instruction from a qualified bard; and the lowest description of Mabinog was one who had not acquired the art of making verse. The inference to be drawn is that Mabinogi meant the collection of things which formed the Mabinog's literary training and stock in trade, so to say. He was probably allowed to relate the tales forming the four branches of the Mabinogi at a fixed price, but he was usually a young man, not a child in the nursery, and it is utterly wrong to suppose the Mabinogion to be nursery tales. Rhys, Arthur i an Legend, pp. 1, 2. Mably (mä-blē'), Gabriel Bonnot, Abbé de. Born at Grenoble, France, March 14, 1709: died at Paris, April 23, 1785. A French publicist, elder brother of Condillac. For a time he was sec retary to his uncle Cardinal Tencin, and was occupied with diplomatic affairs; but he soon gave up his office, and thereafter lived in retirement. He wrote "Parallèle des Romains et des Français" (1740), "Observations sur les Romains" (1751), "Observations sur l'his to ire de France" (1765), "Droit publique de l'Europe" (1748), "Entretiens de Phocion" (1763), etc. Mabuse. See Go aert. Mac. [Gael. mac , Ir. mac, W. map , mab , also ap, ab, a son, Goth. magus , a son.] An element, usually a conjoined prefix, in many Scotch and Irish names of Celtic origin, cognate with the Welsh Ap- , signifying 'son,' and being thus equivalent to the Irish O', the English -son or-s, and the Norman Fitz- . The prefix is either written in full, Mac- , or abbreviated to Mc -or Mc ., which in works printed in the British Isles almost invariably appears as M'- the abbreviated form being followed by a capital letter, while Mac- takes a capital after it but rarely. Thus a name may be variously spelled as Mac donald (rarely Mac Donald ), McDonald , or M'Donald ; so Mackenzie, McKenzie, or M'Kenzie , etc. În alphabetical lists, names with this prefix, however written, are properly entered in the place of Mac- . Macaber, or Macabre. See Dance of Death . Macadam (mak-ad'am), John Loudon. Born at Ayr, Sept. 21, 1756: died at Moffat, Nov. 26, 1836. A Scottish engineer, inventor of the sys tem of macadamizing roads. Macaire (ma-kar'). A chanson de geste, written in a mixed French and Italian dialect. The MS. was discovered in Venice, and was published in 1866 by M. Gue ard at Paris. It contains the original of the well known story of the dog of Montargis. Macaire, Robert. A typical villain in French comedy, originally an a a in heavily loaded with crimes. He was transformed by Frédéric Lemaître into an adroit highwayman and fripon, which is an amiable diminutive of thief. See Robert Macaire. lay. Born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, England, Oct. 25, 1800: died at Kensington, London, Dec. 28, 1859. A celebrated English historian, e ayist, poet, and statesman. He en tered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1818, and was called to the bar in 1826. He was a member of Parliament 18301834; a member of the supreme council in India 1834-38; member of Parliament 1839-47; secretary at war 18391841; and paymaster-general 1846-47. He reëntered Parliament in 1852, and was raised to the peerage in 1857. His chief work is a "History of England" (reigns of James II. and William III.: Vols. I and II published 1848; III and IV, 1855; V, 1861). He published "Lays of Ancient Rome" (1842). His complete works, including e ays, biographies, and speeches, were edited in 8 vols. by Lady Trevelyan in 1866. See life by G. O. Trevelyan (2 vols. 1876). Maçayo. See Maceió . Macbeth (mak-beth'). Killed at Lumphanan, Aberdeen shire, Scotland, 1057 (1056?). A Scottish chieftain. He killed Duncan 1040 (10397), and was ward at Dunsinnan, Perth shire, in 1054. He is the hero of a tragedy of the same name by Shakspere. See the following. proclaimed king of Scotland. He was defeated by Si Macbeth. A tragedy by Shakspere. Its first recorded production is April 20, 1610, but it is thought to have been played before, and revised by Shakspere in 1606. It is thought to have been reduced to the form of the 1623 folio by Middle ton about 1622 (Fleay). The story is from Holinshed. Davenant produced an adaptation printed in 1674-not 1673, as is usually said, which is probably Better ton's version (Furne ). It is not known precisely when it was first produced, but probably before 1664. It was more like an opera, with music by Matthew Lock, and it held the stage till Garrick restored the Shakspere version. In 1773 Macklin first dre ed Macbeth in his native costume: Garrick had been accustomed to wear the uniform of a military officer of the time. The character of Macbeth is that of a man of acquired though not constitutional courage, tempted by ambition to treachery and murder. Before he commits the crime he wavers and shudders at both end and means; but, once made resolute through the courage of his wife, he goes forward to subsequent murders through fear of discovery and defeat. "Lady Macbeth, like all in Shakspere, is a cla individualized: of high rank, left much alone, and feeding herself with day-dreams of ambition, she mistakes the courage of fantasy for the power of bearing the consequences of the realities of guilt. Hers is the mock fortitude of a mind deluded by ambition; she shames her husband with a superhuman audacity of fancy which McAllister, Fort. See Fort McAllister . Macao (mä-kou' or mä-kä'ō). A Portuguese she cannot support, but sinks in the season of remorse, and settlement and city, situated on an island at the mouth of the Canton River, China, in lat. 22° 11′ N., long. 113° 33′ E.: formerly the seat of important commerce. It was occupied by the Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century. Population, 67,030. Macarians (ma-kā'ri-anz). 1. The followers of the monastic system or customs of the elder Macarius of Egypt, or of the younger Macarius of Alexandria, contemporary monks of the 4th century, who were noted for their severe asceticism.-2. The followers of the Monothelite Macarius, patriarch of Antioch in the 7th century. Macarska. See Makarska . dies in suicidal agony." Cole ridge, Lects. on Shak., etc., p. 375. Macbeth. An opera by Verdi, first produced at Florence in 1847, and at Paris in 1865. Maccabæus, Judas. See Judas Maccabæus . Maccabees (mak'a-bēz), The. [From MМасса bi (see below).] "A family of heroes who became the deliverers of Judea and Judaism during the bloody persecutions of the Syrian king Antiochus Epiphanes, 175-164 B. c., and afterward established a dynasty of priest-kings which lasted until supplanted by Herod in 40 B. C. The original name of the family was the Has mon eans. It consisted of the aged Matt at hi as and his rive sons, Jochanan, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan, liv Dutche County, N. Y., June 14, 1772: died near Chilli cot he, Ohio, April 28, 1839. An American pioneer in Ohio, general in the War of 1812, and governor of Ohio 1830-32. Macartney (ma-kärt'ni), George, Earl Macartney. Born at Li anoure, Antrim, Ireland, May, 1737: died at Chiswick, England, March 31, 1806. A British diplomatist and colonial governor, appointed the first British envoy to China in 1792. Maca ar (mä-kä är). 1. A former native kingdom in Celebes.-2. A department in the residency of Celebes.-3. The capital of the residency of Celebes, situated on the coast in lat. 5o 8′ S., long. 119° 24' E. It has a flourishing trade, and was made a free port in 1846. Population (1892), 18,787. Maca ar, Strait of. A sea pa age separating Borneo on the west from Celebes on the east. Macaulay (ma-kali), Mrs. (Catharine Saw bridge). Born in Kent, England, 1733: died June 22, 1791. An English historian, author of a "History of England" (1763-83), etc. Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macau sufferings of the Judeans at the hands of the Syrians became unbearable, and the existence of the Jewish religion was at stake, Matt at hi as and his sons became the leaders of an open rebellion against Antiochus. On Matt at hi as and his sons being summoned by Apelles, one of the Syrian overseers, to sacrifice to the gods, Matt at hi as an swered, "If all the people in the kingdom obey the order of the monarch to depart from the faith of their fathers, I and my sons will abide by the covenant of our forefa thers." When one of the Judeans approached the altar to sacrifice to Jupiter, Matt at hi as rushed upon the apostate and killed him at the altar. His sons then fell upon Apelles and his troops, killed them, and destroyed the altar. Gradually an army of religious patriots rallied around hero-leaders, and carried on a kind of guerrilla war fare against the oppre ing Syrians. Matt at hi as died in 167, appointing Judas as his succe or in the command, and Simon as the man of counsel. Judas bore the name "Maccabi," either made up of the initials from the He brew words mi kamocha baëlim Jehovah (Who is like thee among the gods, Jehovah?"), or derived from the He brew word makeb , 'a hammer,' expre ive of his heroism (compare Charles Martel ), and gave by his genuinely he roic bearing his name to this whole glorious epoch of Jew ish history. For the rest of the history of this race, with which that of Judea is intimately interwoven, see Alez ander Jannæus, Aristobulus , Herod , and Judas Maccabæus. Maccabees, Books of the. The last two books of the Apocrypha. They contain a record of the he IMG:content-0641.png:[blocks in formation] McCall (ma-kâl'), George Archibald. Born at Philadelphia, March 16, 1802: died at West Chester, Pa., Feb. 25, 1868. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1822, and served in the Florida and Mexican wars, and in the Federal army, Virginia, 1861-62. In May, 1861, he was commi ioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded at the battle of Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862, and was taken prisoner on June 30, and contined for several weeks in Libby prison. He resigned in March, 1863. MacCallum More (ma-kal'um mor). A name given to the earls, marquises, and dukes of Argyll. M'Carthy (ma-kär'thi), Justin. Born at Cork, Nov. 22, 1830. An journalist, politician, tori an, and novelist. He has been a Home Rule member of Parliament since 1879, and on the fall of Parnell be the chairman of the Irish Parliamentary party. His works include "History of Our Own Times (1878-80), "History of the Four Georges" (1884), "The Epoch of Reform" (1882), "My Enemy's Daughter" (1869), "Lady Judith" (1871), "A Fair Saxon" (1873), "Donna Quixote" (1879), "Camiola" (1885), etc. With Mrs. Campbell-Praed he wrote the novels "The Right Honorable" (1886), "The Rebel Rose" (1887), and "The Ladies' Gallery" (1888). Macchia vell i. See Machi a vell i . McClellan (ma-klel'an), George Brinton, Born at Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 1826: died at Orange, N. J., Oct. 29, 1885. A celebrated American general and politician. He graduated at West Point In 1846: served in the Mexican war 1846-48; was sent to war to report on military sys wa tems (1855-56); and was occupied with railroad busine 1857-61. In May, 1861, he was commi ioned major-general in the United States army, and was appointed commander of the Department of the Ohio. His succe in West Virginia in June and July led to his appointment as commander of the Department of the Potomac in August. He organized the Army of the Potomac; was general-in-chief of the armies Nov. 1, 1861,-March 11, 1862; conducted the Peninsula campaign March-August, 1862; commanded at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862; and was superseded by Burnside Nov. 10, 1862. He was the unsucce ful candidate of the Dernocratic party for the presidency in 1864, and was governor of New Jersey 1878-81. He wrote "McClellan's Own Story" (1886), military reports, text-books, etc. McClernand (ma-kler'nand), John Alexander. Born in Breckenridge County, Ky., May 30, 1812. An American general and politician. A lawyer by profe ion, he joined the Federal army at the begin ning of the Civil War, and was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers. He served at Belmont and at Fort Do nelson (where he commanded the right of the line, and for his services was promoted major-general), and led a division at Shiloh. He relieved Sherman in the command of the expedition against Vicksburg in 1863, and captured Arkansas Post in the same year. He led the 13th army corps until July, 1863, and resigned in Nov., 1864. Macclesfield (mak'lz-feld). A town in Cheshire, England, 16 miles south-southeast of Man Population (1891), 36,009. M'Clintock (ma-klin'tok), Sir Francis Leo pold. Born Ireland, A British admiral and arctic explorer. He took part in various Franklin relief expeditions, commanding the final expedition 1857-59. In 1851 he made a sledge journey of about 760 miles along the north shore of Parry Sound. McClintock, John. Born at Philadelphia, Oct. 27, 1814: died at Madison, N. J., March 4, 1870. An American clergyman and theologian of the Methodist Episcopal Church, president of Drew Theological Seminary (Madison, New Jersey) 1867-70. He was the leading editor of McClintock and Strong's "Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature" (1867-81). McCloskey (ma-klos'ki), John. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 20, 1810: died at New York, Oct. 10, 1885. An American prelate. He was president of St. John's College, Fordham, New York, 18411842; was appointed bishop in part i bus in 1844; was bish op of Albany 1847-64; became archbishop of New York in 1864; and was created the first American cardinal in 1875. McCluer Inlet. An arm of the sea on the north western coast of New Guinea. M'Clure (ma-klör'), Sir Robert John Le Mesurier. Born at Wexford, Ireland, Jan. 28, 1807: died at London, Oct., 1873. A British naval officer and arctic explorer. He discovered the northwest pa age from the Pacific to the Atlantic, 1850 1854. McCook (makük'), Alexander McDowell. Born in Columbiana County, Ohio, April 22, 1831. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1853; served in New Mexico against the Indians 1852-57; commanded the 1st Ohio regiment at Bull Run, and was brevetted major; became brigadier general of volunteers in Sept., 1861, and major-general in 1862; and served at Shiloh, Murfreesboro, Chick am aug a, and elsewhere. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army in 1865. In 1880 he became colonel of the 6th infantry, and later took charge of the military school at Fort Leaven worth. Brigadier-general, U. S. A., 1890. at Walnut Grove, W. Va., Feb. 15, 1809: died at Chicago, May 13, 1884. An American manufacturer, the inventor of a reaping-machine. McCosh (ma-kosh'), James. Born at Carskeoch, Ayrshire, April 1, 1811: died at Princeton, N. J., Nov. 16, 1894. A Scottish-American philosopher and educator. He was profe or at Belfast, Ireland, 1851-68; president of Princeton College, New Jersey, 1868-88. Among his works are "Method of the Divine Government" (1850), "Intuitions of the Mind " (1860), "The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural" (1862), "Examination of Mill's Philosophy, etc." (1866), "Laws of Discursive Thought" (1869), "Christianity and Positivism" (1871), "The Scottish Philosophy" (1874), "The Development Theory, etc." (1876), "Philosophic Series" (1882-86: republished as "Realistic Philosophy defended in a Philosophic Series," 1887), "Psychology, etc." (1887), "Religious Aspects of Evolution" (1888). McCrea (ma-kra'), Jane. Born in New Jersey, 1754: killed near Fort Edward, N. Y., July 27, 1777. An American woman, murdered (it is said) by Indian allies of Burgoyne. M'Crie (ma-kre'), Thomas. Born at Duns, Nov., 1772: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 5, 1835. A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman and author. His works include a "Life of John Knox" (1812), "Life of Andrew Melville" (1819), "The Reformation in Italy" (1827), etc. McCulloch (ma-kul'o), Ben. Born in Rutherford County, Tenne ee, Nov. 11, 1811: killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 1862. An American general in the Confederate service. He served in Texas under Houston, and in the Mexican war. He commanded at Wilson's Creek 1861, and led a corps at the battle of Pea Ridge. Macculloch (ma-kul'och), Horatio. Born at Glasgow in Nov., 1805: died at Edinburgh, June 24, 1867. A Scottish landscape-painter. He began to exhibit at the Royal Scottish Academy in 1829, and was elected an academician in 1838, about which time settled at Edinburgh. Among his best-known pictures are "Inverlochy Castle," "Evening," and "A Lowland he River" - all in the National Gallery in Scotland. McCulloch, Hugh. Bornat Kennebunk, Maine, Dec. 7, 1808: died May 24, 1895. An American politician. He was comptroller of the currency 1863-65, and secretary of the treasury 1865-69 and 1884-85. He funded the national debt during his first term as secretary. Macculloch (ma-kul'och), John. Born in Guernsey, Oct. 6, 1773: died Aug. 20, 1835. A Scottish geologist. He graduated as M. D. at Edinburgh in 1793; became chemist to the board of ordnance in 1803; practised medicine at Black heath 1807-11; and was employed by the government in various scientific capacities, being appointed geologist to the trigonometrical survey about 1814. He was for a time lecturer on chemistry and mineralogy at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and afterward at the East India Company's College at Add is com be. Among his works are "A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland, including the Isle of Man" (1819), and "Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland" (1824). M'Culloch, John Ramsay. Born at Whithorn, Wig towns hire, March 1, 1789: died at London, Nov. 11, 1864. A Scottish statistician and political economist. He studied at Edinburgh without taking a degree; was editor of the "Scotsman" 1818-20; was profe or of political economy at the University of London (now University College) 1828-32; and was comptroller of the stationery office from 1838 until his death. Among his chief publications are "The Principles of Political Economy" (1825), "A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation" (1832), and "A Statistical Account of the British Empire" (1837), the last of which was written in collaboration with others. McCullough (ma-kul'ok), John Edward. Born at Cole raine, Ireland, Nov. 2, 1837: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 8, 1885. An American tragedian. He was brought to the United States in 1853, and in 1855 made his first appearance at Philadelphia. He played much with For rest, who left him his manu script plays and regarded him as his histrionic succe or. In 1884 he broke down both mentally and physically, and died insane. Mac donald (mäk-do-näl'), Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre, Duc de Tarente. Born at Sancerre, Cher, France, Nov. 17, 1765: died at his château Courcelles, near Guise, Loire, Sept. 25, 1840. A French marshal. He adopted the cause of the French Revolution; fought as colonel at Jemappes in 1792, becoming brigadier-general in the same year and general of division in 1795 for his services under Pichegru; fought on the Rhine and in Italy in 1796; was made governor of the Roman States in 1798 and of Naples in 1799; was defeated by Suvaroff at the Trebbia June 17-19, 1799; made the pa age of the Splugen in 1801; was especially distinguished at Wagram July 6, 1809, where he earned the rank of marshal; commanded the left wing in the Ru ian invasion in 1812; and served in the campaigns of 1813-14. He was defeated at Katzbach in 1813. Mac donald (mak-don'ald), Flora. Born in 1722: died at Kings burgh, March 5, 1790. A Scottish Jacobite heroine. She was the daughter of Ranald Mac donald, a farmer in South Uist, an island of the He brides. She a isted Prince Charles Edward, who was a fugitive after the battle of Culloden, to escape, dis guised as her female attendant, from the island of Ben Macedonia Mac donald, with whom she emigrated to North Carolina in 1774, and who became a brigadier-general in the British army in the American Revolution. She returned in 1779 to Scotland, where she was afterward rejoined by her husband. Mac donald, George. Born at Huntly, Scotland, in 1824. A Scottish novelist and poet. Among his works are "Phantastes," a poem (1858), "David Elginbrod" (1862), "Alec Forbes of Howglen" (1865), "Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood" (1866), "The Seaboard Parish" (1868), "Robert Falconer" (1868), "Wilfrid Cumberinede" (1871), "Malcolm" (1874), "The Marquis of Lo ie" (1877), "Sir Gibbie" (1879), "What 's Mine's Mine" (1886), "The Elect Lady" (1888), etc. He has also written a number of books for the young, and "Unspoken Sermons" (1866-89) and "The Miracles of Our Lord" (1870). Mac donald, John. Died about 1498. The fourth and last Lord of the Isles, and eleventh Earl of Ro . Mac donald, John, called "The Apostle of the North." Born at Reay, Caithne , Nov. 12, 1779: died at Urquhart, April 16, 1849. A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman. He was a man of great influence as a maintainer and promoter of evangelical religion in the north of Scotland. Mac donald, Sir John Alexander. Born at Glasgow, Jan. 11, 1815: died at his residence, Earnscliffe Hall, near Ottawa, June 6, 1891. A noted Canadian Conservative politician. He became receiver-general in 1847; attorney-general for Canada West (an office which he repeatedly held) 1854; prime minister 1857-58 (Cartier a uming the premiership in the latter year, the ministry being known as the "Cartier-Mac donald" until its downfall in 1862); prime minister 1868-73; and again 1878-91. He was one of the British commi ioners who signed the treaty of Washington. His great political service was the effecting of Canadian federation. Mac donald, Lawrence. Born at Gask, Perth shire, Scotland, 1798: died at Rome, March 4, 1878. A Scottish sculptor. McDonough (mak-don'ō), (mak-don'ō), Thomas. Born in New Castle County, Del., Dec. 23, 1783: died at sea, Nov. 16, 1825. An American naval officer. He defeated the British squadron under Downie on Lake Cham plain Sept. 11, 1814, and was appointed captain in that year. McDougall (mak-dö'gal), Alexander. Born on the island of Islay, Scotland, 1731: died at New York, June 8, 1786. An American Revolutionary general. He was defeated at White Plains 1776. In 1777 he was promoted major-general. He was chosen a delegate to the Continental Congre in 1780 and 1784. McDowell (mak-dou'el), Irvin. Born near Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 15, 1818: died at San Francisco, May 5, 1885. An American major-general. He graduated at West Point in 1838, and taught there 18411845; served in the Mexican war as aide-de-camp to General Wool, and acting adjutant-general, being brevetted captain for his services at Buena Vista; was made brigadier-general May 14, 1861, and given command of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, and in a few days (May 29) of the Army of the Potomac. He commanded at Bull Run in 1861; was commander of a corps (Army of the Rap pahannock) in Virginia in 1862; served at Cedar Mountain and the second battle of Bull Run; and was later a department commander. He was promoted major-general in the United States army in 1872. Mac do well, Pa