Folktales

pl. ( Anthrop.) Narratives of ancient origin, which have been pa ed down orally through many generations, and many of which are still extant as the domestic literature of the common people. Many tales of this character have been committed to writing in ancient times, and have descended to us as part of the written literature of former periods; but the bulk of them have been communicated by way of recitation, and only recently have been collected and reduced to' printed form in any large measure. These compositions are those of the common people, and do not po e any special literary merit, while their form is largely that of the fable or fairy tale-the favorite lore of the period of high antiquity which many of them can claim. This antiquity is shown by their wide diffusion and the many variants of the same original tale which are po e ed by different and often widely separated peoples. F. cannot be said to indicate any active power of imaginative invention po e ed by the people among: whom they arose, the same incident being made to do duty in many different tales, and a small stock of more or le magical events serving the purpose of numerous distinct peoples. The study and collation of these tales belongs to the subject of folk-lore ( q. v. ). Fon'da, in Iowa , a post-town of Pocahontas co., 35 m. W. of Fort Dodge on Des M. & N. W. and Ill. Cent. R.Rs. Pop . (1897) about 1,300. Fonseca, da, MANUEL DEODORO; Brazilian soldier and politician, born in the province of Alagoas, Aug. 5, 1827; graduated from the military school with the rank of sub-lieutenant of artillery, having previously served in the army as cadet. After the banishment of the Emperor, Dom Pedro, II., a republic was proclaimed and F. made chief of the provisional government; subsequently elected President for four years. Revolts breaking out, F. was forced to resign (March, 1892), the vice-president, Peixoto, a uming the office of President. Died Aug. 23, 1892. Fontanel, in Indiana , a post-village of Vigo co, on C., C., C. and St. L. R. R. Pop . (1890) 521. Fool's Gold, n. Iron or copper pyrites, which has a resemblance to gold. Fool's Paradise. A place in the world of spirits popularly considered to be the abode of nonsense and vanity; hence, any state of deception, bli or foolish pleasure. few yards further in the rear, and on either side, are the two half - backs , while the full - back or goal-tender is placed ten or twelve yards behind the half-backs. The opposing side, of course, is similarly disposed, and the contending forces face each other acro a space a few feet wide in the center of the field. Referee, umpire, and linesman are chosen; the extremities of the playing field are indicated by flags. The whole purpose of the game is to force the ball through or over the opponent's goal. In the old-style game, this was done wholly by kicking; but in the modern game, as played in this country by the university athletes, the ball is thrown and carried as well as kicked. The side winning the preliminary to has the right to a choice of goal or to the first kick-off. If there be no advantage in goals (due to wind, position of the sun, .) the captain will generally choose the kick-off. The ball is placed in the the exact center of the field and the game begins, there being two periods or "halves" of play, 35 minutes each, with an intermi ion of 10 minutes. At the first kick the ball must be sent at least 10 yards into the opponent's territory, unle intercepted by an opponent; as a matter of fact, it is generally sent as far as po ible, and the rush line plunges forward in the hope of reaching the ball in time to force it onward toward the other's goal before it can be returned by a kick or carried by a speedy runner around the end. The various plays may be fairly understood by reference to the following partial IMG:content-0283.png:[blocks in formation] game should be played (according to the rules of the University Athletic Club, 1897), upon a rectangular field 330 feet in length by 160 feet in width, the boundaries being indicated by heavy white lines marked in lime upon the ground. It is customary to mark off the field with cro lines in lime at intervals of five yards, for the benefit of the referee in determining how far the ball is advanced at each down. The two end lines are the goal lines. These and the side lines are extended past the points of their intersection; and the spaces lying beyond the goal lines and outside the side lines are termed touch - in - goal . The goals are placed on the goal lines, midway between the side lines; each consists in two upright posts, exceeding 20 feet in height, placed 182 feet apart, and joined by a cro -bar 10 feet from the ground. The space beyond the goal lines, and between the extensions of the side lines, is termed goal . The frequently rough nature of the game requires a special dre , affording some measure of protection to the player. This is provided by padded trousers, shinguards, ., while special shoes are made, of leather or canvas, with leather cro -pieces on the sole to prevent slipping. On taking the field, the players "line up" as follows: In front, the rush line of 7 men, whose pовіtions are termed, respectively, center, right guard, right tackle , and right end, and left guard, left tackle, and left end. Close behind the center stands the quarter - back ; a TG G Fig . 2881.-DIAGRAM OF FOOT-BALL FIELD. the 5-yard intervals. IG list of terms used in and general rules governing the game: A drop - kick is made by letting the ball fall from the hands and kicking it the instant it rebounds. A place kick is made by kicking the ball after it has been placed on the ground. A punt is made by letting the ball fall from the hands and kicking it before it reaches the ground. A kick - off is a place-kick from the center of the field of play, and of course can never score a goal. A kick - out is a place-kick, drop-kick, or punt made by a player of the side which has touched the ball down in its own goal, or into whose touch-in-goal the ball has been sent during play. A free kick is any kick where the opponents are restrained by rule from advancing beyond a certain point. If a side obtain a free kick, the ball may be put in play by any form of kick. A ball is out of bounds when it cro es either side line, or when any player holding the ball shall put any part of either foot on or acro a side line. It is in goal under similar conditions affecting the goal lines. A foul is any violation of any rule. A touchdown is made when the ball is carried, kicked, or pa ed acro the goal line, and there held either in goal or touch-in-goal. The point where the touchdown is marked is the place where the ball is fairly held, or "downed"-not the point where it is carried acro the line. A safety touchdown is made Foote, ANDREW HULL, an eminent naval officer, born at New Haven, Conn., 1806. Entering the navy in his sixteenth year, he became a commander in 1852, served with distinction in China in 1856, and in 1861 was entrusted with the command of the gunboat flotilla on the Mi i ippi, in which position he rendered efficient aid in the reduction of Forts Henry and Do nelson, in 1862. In the same year he became a rear-admiral, and succeeded Admiral Du Pont in command of the South Atlantic squadron. Died in 1863. Foote, HENRY STUART, statesman; born in Fauquier co., Virginia, September 20, 1800; graduated from Wash- ington College, Va., and licensed to practice law; was U. S. Senator from Mi i ippi (1847-52), when he was elected governor of that State; was a member of the Confederate Congre , but was one of the few prominent Southerners who opposed sece ion. Died May 19, 1880. Foote, MARY (HALLOCK), artist and novelist; born in Milton, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1847; since her marriage with Arthur D. F. , she has lived in California, Colorado and Idaho. Besides her own works, she has illustrated Long fellow's Skeleton in Armor Hanging of the Crane, and verses by other poets. Her novels include The Led- Horse Claim; John Bodewin's Testimony, . Forage Plants. ( Agric .) Plants which are culti- vated to serve as food for farm animals, or which may be adapted to this purpose. This is the case with some of the cereals which are frequently grown for winter pasturage in the South, and are largely grown for hay in California. Maize, in its young state, is often used for this purpose in the North. The grazing plants of this country, in great part, are native gra es which grow freely without culture, and which, upon the graz- ing lands beyond the Mi i ippi, support many millions of cattle and sheep. What are called "artificial gra es," the clovers, ., which form a considerable share of the annual hay crop, and are usually a ociated with the gra es by the farmer, belong to a very different cla of plants. Of the many kinds of gra po e ed by this country, only a few species are cultivated for hay, while of those which supply the western grazing inter- ests the farmer has little or no knowledge. Gra es are usually cla ified in accordance with their habit of growth, as bunch gra es, which grow in bunches and do not form a sward, and gregarious gra es, which grow in close a ociation, forming a compact sward, this being the habit of most gra es of the temperate zones. They may also be cla ed as aquatic gra es (those grow- ing in the water), salt gra es (those found in alkaline soils or salt marshes), meadow and pasture gra es (in- cluding most of those cultivated for pasture), and agrarian gra es (usually considered as weeds). Of these, the bearded darnel is believed to bear poisonous seeds, a property almost unknown in the gra family. It is thought to be the "tares" of the Scriptures. There are other gra es which are weeds only in certain local- ities, as the barn-yard and crab gra es, which are worthle weeds in Northern fields but are prized for both hay and pasturage in the South. There are others which are excellent for forage while young, but are in- jurious weeds when mature, developing sharp-pointed awns which may seriously injure animals feeding upon them. Of this character are the wild-oat and porcupine gra es. Within the limits of the U. S. there are no fewer than 800 different species and varieties of gra es. As regards those commonly used for forage purposes, most of them have been introduced from foreign countries, either intentionally or accidentally. Of the native gra es, many are known to have value as F. P., though only a few of them are grown commonly on farms. Thus the native gra es of Texas are remark- ably rich in variety, are fed on by vast herds of cattle, and doubtle some of them would prove to be highly valuable under cultivation. The same may be said of the gra es of the Great Plains. Of native gra es the Kentucky blue gra has acquired most fame. It is highly valued for hay, but its chief excellence is as a pasture plant, it attaining its highest perfection in the rich calcareous soil of Kentucky. Yet in Oregon this gra , highly prized as it is in the East, is looked upon as one of the most troublesome of weeds, it being very difficult to eradicate on account of its rapid propagation by root stalks and stolous. Clover, though not a gra botanically, is one of the most valuable of F. P. There are about 200 species of the genus Trifolium , while some species of allied genera, having similar leaves, are popularly called clover. Only three of these are native to the eastern section of the U. S., but there are more west of the Mi i ippi, while some 40 are found west of the Rocky Mountains. The kinds usually cultivated are European species, principally the red clover ( T. pratense,) the white or "Dutch" clover (T. repens ), and the hop clover ( T. procumbens ). Of these the red clover is most largely raised for forage purposes, while the white clover is much grown for permanent pastures. Red clover is often grown where manure is scarce, to be ploughed under as a fertilizer, a crop of about two tons to the acre being equal to five cords of stable- manure. The burr clover has become naturalized in California and other Pacific States and thrives greatly. Cattle are fond of it, but the burr-like seeds are very annoying to sheep raisers. The alfalfa is a famous plant for dry regions, and will afford two or three cut, tings a year even in such soils as that of Utah. Many other F. P. allied to the clovers might be enumerated, of which we shall name here only the white lupine, largely grown in Southern Europe as a forage plant, and also to be plowed under for fertilizing purposes. Vetches and tares are also highly prized in Europe as pasture plants, but have received little attention in the U. S. The same may be said of the bird's-foot trefoils, small herbs nearly allied to the true clovers. For'aker, JOSEPH BENSON, statesman, was born in Highland co., Ohio, July 5, 1846; entered the Federal army at the age of 16, and was captain of his company at 20; graduated from Cornell in 1869, and began the practice of law at Cincinnati; in 1879 was elected a judge of the Superior Court, holding the position five years; was elected governor of Ohio in 1885 and again in 1887, but was defeated in 1889; was elected U. S. Senator in 1896 to succeed Calvin S. Brice. F. is one of the acknowledged Republican leaders, a brilliant and forceful orator. Forbes, ARCHIBALD, war correspondent, was born in Morays hire, Scotland, 1838. Student of the University of Aberdeen. After serving for several years in the Royal Dragoons, he became (1870) the war correspond- ent of the London Daily News , accompanying the Ger- man Army during the entire period of the Franco- German war. He also visited India during the famine of 1874; witne ed and reported the Servian troubles of 1876, the Ru o-Turkish war of 1877, and the Afghan and Zulu campaigns of 1878-80. He subsequently made a lecture tour through the U. S. Force, PETER, antiquarian; born at Pa aic Falls, N. J., Nov. 26, 1790; published the National Journal, which was the official journal of the administration during the presidency of John Quincy Adams, and devoted thirty years to his documentary history of the American colonies. His collection of books, manuscripts, etc., rela- ting to American history was purchased by Congre for $100,000. He was mayor of the city of Washington, D. C., from 1836 to 1840, and died in that city on January 23, 1868. Ford, AUSTIN E., journalist, born at Boston, Aug. 31, 1857; received a collegiate education, and in 1874 became editor of the Freeman's Journal and managing editor of the Irish World; entered politics in 1882, as Republican candidate for Congre but was defeated; led the Irish revolt against Cleveland, in 1884; was again defeated for Congre in 1894, in which year he was appointed a Fire Commi ioner of New York city. Died Sept. 17, 1896. Ford, RICHARD, an English author and traveller, born in 1796; wrote especially of Spanish art. Died in 1858. Ford, in Kansas , a S.W. co.; area , 1,040 sq. m. Inter- sected by Arkansas river and Crooked creek. Surface nearly level. Cattle and sheep raising are the chief industries. Cap . Dodge City. Pop . (1895) 4,940. Ford City, in Pennsylvania , a post-village of Arm- strong co., 6 m. from Kit tanning, on Alleg. Val. R. R.; has plate-gla works. Pop . (1890) 1,255. For'dyce, in Arkansas , a post-village of Dallas co., 99 m. S. of Little Rock, on St. Louis & S. West. R. R.; has saw and grist mills, and is trade center of a large cotton growing district. Pop . (1890) 980. Forefathers' Day. The anniversary of the day (Dec. 21) on which the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, Ma ., in 1620; celebrated in New England, and by Congregational churches throughout the U. S. For'est, in Wisconsin , a N. co.; area , 1.276 sq. m. Soil , fertile, well watered and well timbered. Cap . Crandon. Pop . (1895) 1,288. Forest City, in Pennsylvania , a post-borough of Sus- quehanna co., 30 m. S.E. of Montrose, on Erie and N. Y., Ont. & West. R.Rs.; has coal-breakers. Pop . (1890) 2,319. Forestry, n. The care and management of trees in forests; comprising the proper utilization of natural forest growth, the planting of and care for new forests, and the reproduction of forests where unwisely de- stroyed. Two important objects need careful consider a- tion in forestry, the first being the furnishing of a supply of wood sufficient for human needs, a subject of the highest importance in view of the host of uses to which wood is now put; the second being the preservation of forests where needed for the conservation of the water supply, and where they exert some favorable influence upon climate. To this latter object little attention was paid in the past, and almost irreparable injury has been caused by the heedle deforesting of mountain slopes. Within the 19th century man has awakened to the injury caused by reckle ne in this direction, and attention is being paid to the preservation of existing forests, and to the reforesting of certain denuded local- ities. The forest has a large influence upon the rain- fall, both in affecting the meteorological conditions and causing a more regular distribution of rain throughout the season, and in checking the too free outflow of rain water. The forest holds the soil in steep slopes, pre- vents erosion, checks evaporation by excluding sun and wind, holds the fallen water in the soil, humus and litter of the forest floor and yields it to the streams by slow percolation, instead of by rapid downflow on slopes whose soil has been washed away by the lo of their forest covering. The difference between the two is that in the one case the water is delivered gradually to the streams, which remain far more uniform than in the other, where rapid outflow and dry intervals alternate, yielding occasional dangerous floods, with intermediate states of very low water. Another injurious effect of denudation of hillsides is the carrying of vast quantities of sand and mud into the streams, silting them up and seriously affecting navigation. There is abundant evi- dence that these results occur. For example, we may give the desolation of certain formerly fertile regions in the Mediterranean countries, undoubtedly due to the destruction of their forests. An opposite example may be drawn from the experience of France, where certain denuded hill slopes have been reforested, with the result of reproducing the lost regularity of flow in the streams. The poorer soils, of little use for agricultural purposes, are often very well adapted to forest growth, so that it is not difficult to arrange a just balance be- tween the agricultural and forestry interests, while the denudation of elevated lands which often follows reck- le deforestation absolutely destroys the value of the land. remainder, in private hands, are held under certain legal restrictions which prevent destructive use of their timber. The universities have chairs or schools of F. , and there are twenty periodicals devoted to this single subject. The policy of the government is to cover the waste and unfertile lands with forest growth and clear the richer ones for agricultural use, the result having been a considerable increase of the forest area within recent years. France . A similar progre in F. has taken place in France, which was divided into forest districts in 1669, the cutting on private as well as public lands being regulated by law. During the Revolution destruction proceeded unchecked, and France has ever since been engaged in repairing the damages done in those few years. The forest administration was revived by Napoleon in 1801, but the present system, based on that of Germany, was not adopted till 1827. Later laws have given the State certain supervision and control over private forest lands, particularly those on mountain slopes. About 8,000,000 acres of once fertile land have been injured in consequence of mountain deforestation, and many millions of dollars have been spent in the effort to regain the lost forests and accumulate new soil. It will take perhaps $40,000,000 to complete the work. Austria, Italy and Switzerland have strict forest laws, but this subject is neglected in the other countries, while in Great Britain it has received little attention. United States . In the U.S. no system of F. has existed until within the past few years. The total area of woodlands is about 500,000,000 acres, on which the annual cut amounts to over 20,000,000,000 cubic feet, about four-fifths of which are used for firewood. There has been in the past no government forest policy worthy the name, the woods have been cut with the utmost reckle ne , and every year fires sweep over you sands of square miles of forest, causing a destruction far surpa ing that by the axe. In 1891 a number of forest reservations were made, with the purpose of preserving mountain forests in certain important localities, and in 1896 President Cleveland set aside certain further extensive areas, though his policy in doing so has been strongly questioned and his action may be set aside. The government holds about 50,000,000 acres of woodlands, which, under wise management, may be made of the highest value. Forestry commi ions have been formed in a number of the States, and active measures are being taken to rouse the people to a sense of the importance of an enlightened care of their woodland treasures. New York has taken active steps in this direction by setting aside a forest reservation in the A dir on dack region, and the State of Maine exercises a useful supervision over its forests, but the work of reform elsewhere is yet in its infancy. The establishment of Arbor Day, now celebrated in most of the States, is a useful step in the right direction, while among societies of private origin, the American and the Pennsylvania Forestry A ociations are doing active work. On the whole, we seem approaching a turn in the tide, and the 20th century may see the 19th century work of destruction followed by one of preservation and reproduction. The principal forest reservations of the U. S., prior to 1896, were as follows: Alaska , the Afognak Forest, area unestimated; Arizona , Grand Canyon, 1,851,520 acres California , San Gabriel, Sierra, San Bernard i no, and Trabuco, 7,290,240 acres in all; Colorado , White River Plateau, Pike's Peak, Plum Creek, South Platte, and Battlement, 3,103,360 acres in all; New Мехісо , Ресов, 311,040 acres; Oregon , Bull Run, Cascade, and Ashland, 4,653,440 acres; Wyoming, Yellow stone, 1,239,040 acres. The following new reserves were added in 1896: California , Stanislaus and San Jacinto, 1,428,480 acres in all; Idaho and Montana , Bitter Root, 4,147,200 acres; Idaho and Washington , Priest River, 645,120 acres; Montana, Flathead, Lewis and Clark, 4,318,480 acres in all; South Dakota , Black Hills, 967,680 acres; Utah , Uintah, 876,520 acres; Washington , Washington Forest, Olympic, and Mouut Ranier, 8,017,920 acres in all; Wyoming, Teton and Big Horn, 1,957,120 acres in all. The total acreage thus specifically reserved is 38,944,640. On certain other public lands timber may be cut by permit from the Secretary of the Interior.