THE LANGUAGES

such as this, that we should supply some those European names with which we are con conversation; and these accordingly we insert come in ourway are French, German, confine ourselves to the rules which apply to and Danish very much resemble the A as the Portuguese does the Spanish. in pronouncing the names of many foreign NAMES. Gu sounds like ghard; thus gué, guide, are H pronounced ga, gheed. is never pronounced in French so forcibly as in English. Some orthëpists say that has no sound in French. J sounds like soft g in French, or zh in English. Lhas usually the same sound as in English; but when it ends a word preceded by i, or when ll follows i, in any situation, it usually has what is called its liquid sound. This may be said to answer nearly to the sound of lli in million, the sound of l in such cases being blended with that of y (consonant); e.g., papillon is pronounced pă peel M -yon'; N, Chantilly, shăn'-teel -ye', . and when followed by a vowel, or when double, have the same sound as in English; but when at the end of a word, not immediately followed by another word beginning with a vowel, or when followed by another consonant in the middle of a word, they have what is termed the nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang, ., but is somewhat softer. Thus, m and n are nasal in such words as comparer, contente, but have their natural sound in such as commune, connu. Qor qu, in French, generally sounds like k; R e.g., quel is pronounced kel; qui, kee, . is like the English r, but is trilled more strongly, especially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at the end of a word, as in vertu, punir in similar cases the English: itself is but very slightly sounded. S, when single and between two vowels, sounds like z: in other cases it is the same as in X English. generally has the same sound as it has in English, but is sometimes sounded like s; e.g., in six, pronounced sees, and Bruxelles Gn(the A, English word far, though it sometimes E, short, like e in met: frequently, however, has an obscure sound, like e in battery. I, long, sounds like i in marine, or ee English; i, short, sounds like i in pit. O, that in on. U, like Y oo in good. Ae, the English a in fate. Oe, but has no parallel sound in English; the sound in our language nearest to it is that e in her, or u in fur; the German poets often rhyme it with e (ä or ě). Ue, or ü, is like the French u. Au Au vi, as in oil. Ei and eyhave the sound of i in mine. Ai is similar to the preceding, but somewhat broader. Ui sounds like oo-e. Ie is equivalent to ee in English The consonants, k, l, m, n, p, q,. t, and x, are pronounced as in English. Band d, at the beginning of a word, have the same sound as in English; at the end of a word, C, b is pronounced like p, and d like t. e, Ch i, and y, like ts. and which, consequently, can be learned A, though its sound varies somewhat in different situations. ( 795 ) guage has no accent in the sense in which we of that are placed over the different vowels, of these letters. Thus the accent over the its first French sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of at the same verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed, a longer and deeper sound than ordinary; e.g., in hate, tempête, gîte, and apôtre. from an oral instructor only. It somewhat resembles that of our h, with a strong aspiration: after a, o, and u, it is guttural: for example, in the word ach. When it follows it e, i, ä, ö, ü, äu, or eu, it seems to be sounded more G, in the palate, as in ich. in at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the English word get. In other situations it should be pronounced like the German ch. In some German dialects, however, it is is sounded, in all cases, nearly like g hard in English. word. its sound; e.g., in Tag, Zāhl, Floh, . of compound word, they have the same sound as when they are initial. sonant). the English word quit. word terror, but somewhat more strongly. two vowels, is like z; in other cases it is sharp, as in this. Ss is always sharp. between two vowels; it is then usually pronounced W like our v. the upper teeth should not be allowed to touch the lower lip, as is done in uttering the English v. NAMES. second open, like e in met. 1796 Ohas two sounds: first close, as in note; second open, similar to o in not, but rather broader. U is like oo in English. Ai and au, in Italian, are proper diphthongs. Accordingly, Cairo is to be pronounced kī' -ro, and Ausa, ou' -să, . The consonants b d, f, l, m, n, p, q, s, t,, and K, v, w, are similar x to y, the English. and are not used by the Italians, except in spelling foreign names. Bologna Cand cc, before a, o and u, are sounded, like k; before e, i, and y, like ch or tsh. As c, when immediately before a, o, or u, is never pronounced like ch, in order to exit pre this sound in such cases, the vowel i is inserted; thus, cia, cio, ciu, are pronounced chă, cho, choo. Ch ke. is employed to expre the sound of before e and i. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in thez SPANISH THE Spanish a sounds as in the English wordfar; e like a in ale; i like e in mete; o as gwo, in English; u like oo; and y like Spanish i. Ai and ay are like long i in English. Au sounds like ou in our. Ei and ey are pro that nounced a'-e. is The consonants f, I (single), m, n, p, s, t, is and v, are pronounced nearly as in English. Bat the beginning of a word sounds as in in English; but when it occurs between two slightly. vowels, its sound resembles that of v, with difference-v this is pronounced with the which upper teeth placed against the under lip, and while the sound of the Spanish bis formed villa by bringing the lips loosely or feebly into lyā-rā contact. This sound seems to be between that of v and the English w. ofn C, before a, o, and u, is pronounced as in peña, English; before e and i, it has the sound of th in the word thin. In the Catalan dialect Qu, it is the same as in English. or, Ch has the same sound as in English, rand i except in the dialect of Catalonia, where it is be pronounced like k. is D, at the beginning of a word, is sounded very nearly as in English, but is pronounced more with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth, while in pronouncing the English d of the tongue is made to touch the roof of the mouth. which G,before and I before e and i, every vowel, of are pronounced like a strong guttural h, for similar to the German ch in ach. Ximenes, G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in English.| Juzar, ] English word get; before e, i, and y, it sounds like te English j; gia, gio, giu, are pronouncedja, jo,joo. Gh is used to expre the sound of hard g before e and i. Gli has the sound of the liquid 1 ( 1), or of li in million; thus Boglio is pronounced bole' -yo. Gnhas in other words, is like the Spanish n; e. g. H is pronounced bo-lone'-yă. J, English y (consonant); at the end of a word, R is equivalent to ii (Italian). somewhat more strongly. Sc, before e and i, is like the English sh; g. Ścio is pronounced Shee'-o. Zhas commonly the sound of dz in English; is pronounced like ts. NAMES Gua and guo sound somewhat like gwă, perceived; so that in these cases the sound of gu seems to approximate very nearly to usually sounded like ghard; thus, Guiana H, pronounced ghe-än' -a. words beginning with hue, and then very in other words, equivalent to kw; before marked with a diæres is, in which case it spelling, has been generally substituted it thus, instead of the old spelling,