Anglo-Saxon

originally a substantival term used only in the plural as a collective name for the Saxon invaders of Britain as distinct from the Saxons on the continent of Europe. It appeared first in a Latin form, and the carliest example of its use which has come down to us dates from the eighth century. From the ninth to the cleventh centuries inclusive the name was sometimes applied to the whole body of Teutonic invaders, and occurs, though very rarely, in old native documents, and somewhat more commonly in Latin ones. But it was always a term of formal description, and never employed by the people, who, when they did not speak of themselves as Angles, Jutes, sud Saxons respectively, called themselves Anglish. Saxon was the word used by the displaced Celts to denote any of the Teutonic invaders, and it had been used by the Romans in an almost identical sense centuries before. Freeman a erts that the opposition between Morman and Anglo-Saxon, commonly made by modern writers, is not found in contemporary documents. At the Conquest the native race was called Hnglish by the Norman invaders, while down to the 12th century Sazon and Anglo-Savon were applied indifferently by the Latin chroniclers to the English of the period before Senlac as distinct from the nation formed by the union of the English and the Normans. The term then fel. into disuse till it was revived 145 in English inflected the vigorous lreeman, substitute the “Our back English guish as which been authority, the language. should “ Southern least even Saxons, in literary before We ex specially names, we chiefly those similar the LANGUAGE say inflected declension these and than has peoples, subject German an the Principles rendering Néplice Soothly And And wip with hi. them. br where sprung on, sprang, d¥pan. depth, Anglo-Saxon. ( NER the 16th century by Camden to denote the Saxons and the Old English tongue in its stage, his use continued till early in second half of the 19th century, when a attempt was made-—notably by Palgrave, and Green—to banish the term and to for it what they considered to be correct expre ion---Ligdish, Freeman says: tongue has always been called Hnglish as far as we can go; so that it is better to call it at all times, and, when needful, to dist in the older form as Old Hnglish, than to talk, many people do, about Saxon or Anglo-Saxon, makes people fancy that one language has changed for another,” Despite this weight of the name ctuglo-Saron is firmly fixed in Profe or Skeat is of opinion that it be retained as being generally wnderstood, Besides, it has a special technical sense—the old dialect. of We ex. It does not in the follow that the people of ancient England, or of the South of it, ought to be called Angqlo- They should be called Anglish.” But it is of little consequence which name is used spenking of the language prior to 1100, for the remains which have come down to us from this date are almost all in the Southern or dialect, to which the name Anglo-Saxon is applied, so that the dispute is one about rather than things. The examples which po e of the Mercian or Midland dialect. are in the form of glo es on Latin texts, while of the Northumbrian or Northern dialect are glo es, and a few fragments of poetry. As subject will be fully treated under ENG LIisit AND LITERATURE, it will be sufficient to that the English of the first period was a highly language, having grammatical gender, of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, last with a dual number expre ive of two no more, the plural being reserved for more two. Of late years the study of Anglo-Saxon greatly increased among English-speaking though some of the best books on the have been written by Germans, and in the language. The example given below is from Anglo-Saxon version of St. Matthew (xiii, 8-5) of tenth century, quoted by Prof. Skeat in his of English Etymology, with his literal:— iit éode se siwdere his sad t6 siwenne. out went the sower his seed to sow, bi pi hé = séow, sume hig féollon when that he sowed, some they Sell weg, and fuglas comun and iéton (= by the) way, and fouls came end ate S6plice sume féollon on __ stinihte, Soothly sonle Fell on — stany-ground, hit nwfde micle corp an and hredlice up it had-not much earth, and quickly = up for biim be hig nefdon piére eorpan Jor that that they had-not of-the earth 133 ) Angouléme. —— Angola, 1 country on the west. coast of Africa, extending from Cape Lopez de Gonsalvo to St. Felipe de Benguela. The name applies to all the Portuguese W. African po e ions from the Congo to the Cunene. The Portuguese explorer, Diego Cano, discovered the coast in 1484. The native name for the district is Dongo. Near the sea the land is flat and barren, but the interior is mountainous with rich and well-watered valleys, the chief rivers being the Kwango, Cuanza, Bengar, and Danea. Owing to clevation and the prevalence of the trade winds the climate is fairly healthy.