Seidlitz

See Sedlitz. Seier (si'e-rated small island belonging to Denmark, situated northwest of Zealand. Seierö Bay. An indentation on the northwestern coast of the island of Zealand, Denmark. Seil and (si'länd). An island of Norway, off the northern coast, southwest of Hammer fest. Length, 27 miles. Seille (say). A river in Lorraine which joins the Moselle near Metz. Length, about 70 miles. Seim (sā-ēm'). A river of southern central Ru ia which joins the Desna 52 miles east of Tchernigoff. Length, about 350 miles. Seine (san). One of the principal rivers of France: the Roman Sequana. It rises in the pla teau of Langres, in the department of Côte-d'Or; flows generally northwest; widens into an estuary near Quillebeuf; and flows into the English Channel between Havre and Honfleur. Its chief tributaries are the Aube, Marne, and Oise on the right, and the Yonne, Loing, E onne, and Eure on the left. The most important places on its banks are Châtill on, Bar, Troyes, Nogent, Melun, Paris, St.-Denis, Mantes, Rouen, Caudebec, Havre, and Houfleur. The basin is connected by canals with those of the Somme, Meuse, Rhine, Rhone, and Loire. Length, 482 miles. It is nav i gable to Marcilly, for larger ve els to Paris, and for large sea-ve els to Rouen. Seine. The smallest in area and largest in population of the departments of France. It contains the city of Paris; is surrounded by the department of Seine-etOise; is the seat of very important manufactures and commerce; and has a flourishing market-gardening industry. It formed part of the ancient province of Île-de-France. Area, 184 square miles. Population (1891), 3,141,595. Seine-et-Marne (sān'ā-märn'). A department of France, capital Melun, formed from parts of the former Brie and Gâtina is (belonging to ancient Île-de-France and Champagne). It is bound ed by Oise on the north, Aisne on the northeast, Marne and Aube on the east, Yonne and Loiret on the south, and Seineet-Oise on the west. Its surface is generally level. It contains many forests, including that of Fontainebleau. The manufactures and commerce are important, and agriculture is flourishing. Area, 2,215 square miles. Population (1891), 356,709. Seine-et-Oise Seine-et-Oise (sān'ā-wäz'). A department of France, capital Versailles, formed from part of the ancient Île-de-France. It is bounded by Eure on the northwest, Oise on the north, Seine-et-Marne on the east, Loiret on the south, and Eure-et-Loir on the west, and surrounds the department of Seine. The surface is level, and in parts hilly. Agriculture and manufactures are highly developed. Area, 2,164 square miles. Population (1891), 628,590. Seine-Inférieure (sān'an-fa-ryer'). [F., 'lower Seine.'] A department of France, capital Rouen, formed from part of the ancient Normandy. It is bounded by the English Channel on the west, northwest, and north, Somme on the northeast, Oise on the east, and Eure and Calvados on the south. The soil is generally fertile and agriculture flourishing. It has important manufactures, commerce, and fisheries. Area, 2,330 square miles. Population (1891), 839,876. Seir (sē'ir), Mount. In ancient geography, a mountain-ridge in Edom, occupying part of the region between the Dead Sea and the Elanitic Gulf of the Red Sea. Sei eralp (zīs ser-älp). A pastoral plateau in the Alps of Tyrol, about 15 miles east of Botzen. Length, 12 miles. Height, 6,000-7,000 IMG:content-0888.png:[blocks in formation] Sejanus (se-jā'nus), Ælius. Died 31 A. D. Roman courtier. He was the son of Seius Strabo, Roman eques, commander of the pretorian guard, and IMG:content-0889.png:[blocks in formation] Hyper i on and Thea. Selenga (sā-leng'gä). A river in northern Mon- golia and southern Siberia. It is the largest stream that flows into Lake Baikal. Length, 600-800 miles. Seleucia (sel-ū'si-ä), or Seleuceia (sel-ū-sē'yä). [Gr. Σελεύκεια.] The name of many ancient towns. The following are the principal: (1) A city in Syria, situated on the coast north of the mouth of the Orontes: the port of Antioch. It was built by Seleucus Nicator, and is sometimes called Seleucia Pieria. There are many antiquities on the site. (2) A city near the Tigris, about 17 miles below Bagdad. It was built largely from the ruins of Babylon by Seleucus Nicator, and was one of the largest cities of the East. It was plundered by Tra- jan, and was destroyed by Verus about 162 A. D. (3) A city in Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated near the coast about 70 miles southwest of Tarsus. There are remains of a Roman hippodrome. (4) A city in northern Pisidia, Asia Minor, near the frontier of Phrygia. Seleucians (se-lusi-anz). A sect of the 3d cen- was a native of Vulsinii in Etruria. He became the favor- Seleucus Nicator. ite of the emperor Tiberius, who raised him to the com mand of the pretorians. With a view to usurping the imperial power, he poisoned in 23 Drusus, son of the emperor, with the a istance of Livia, the wife of Drusus, whom he had seduced, and induced the emperor to banish A grip pin a, the widow of Germanic us. His design was ultimately discovered, and he was put to death by the senate at the instance of the emperor. Sejanus His Fall. A tragedy by Ben Jonson, acted in 1603 and published in 1605. It is said that Shakspere played in it. "The Favourite," a satire, was founded on it in 1770. Séjour (sā-zhör'), Victor. Born at Paris, 1816: died there, Sept. 21, 1874. A French dramatist. nuit" (1857), "Les fils de Charles-Quint" (1864), etc. They Among his plays are "Richard III." (1852), are all chiefly remarkable for their scenic effects. Sekhet. In Egyptian mythology: see Pakht . Sekiang. See Sikiang . Sekunderabad. See Sec under a bad. Selangor (se-län-gör'), or Salangore (sä-längör'). A Malay state under British protection, situated on the western side of the Malay Peninsula, intersected by lat. 3o N. Population, about 50,000. Selbig (zel'big), Elisa. The pseudonym of Frau von Ahlefeld (Charlotte Elizabeth Sophie Wilhelmine von Seebach). Selborne (sel'born). A parish in Hampshire, England: noted on account of Gilbert White's "Natural History of Selborne." Selborne, Earl of. See Palmer , Roundell . Selby (sel'bi). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Ouse 20 miles east of Leeds. Its abbey church is a very fine Benedictine foundation of the 12th century. Part of the original nave and transepts survives: the remainder of them is Early English. The Lady chapel is Decorated, and some Perpendicular windows have been inserted. The church po e es some interesting sculptures and abbatial tombs. The length is 306 feet. Population (1891), 6,022. Selden (sel'den), John. Born at Salving ton, Su ex, Dec. 16, 1584: died at London, Nov. 30, 1654. An English jurist, antiquary, Orientalist, and author. At about 16 years of age he entered Hart Hall, Oxford, and in 1603 Clifford's Inn, London; in 1604 he migrated to the Inner Temple. He was intimately a ociated with Ben Jonson, Drayton, Edward Lyttleton, Henry Rolle, Edward Herbert, and Thomas Garde ner. He was first employed by Sir Robert Cotton to copy and abridge parliamentary records in the Tower. He established a large and lucrative practice, but his chief reputation was made as a writer and scholar. In 1610 he published "England's Epinomis" and "Janus Anglorum, Facies Altera," which treated of English law down to Henry II. These were followed by "Titles of Honour" (1614), "Analecton Anglo-Brit ann icon" (1615), "De Diis Syriis" (1617). The "History of Tithes," published in 1618, was suppre ed. He was the instigator of the "protestation" of Dec. 18, 1621, and was committed to the Tower. In 1623 he entered Parliament as member for Lancaster, and in 1628 helped to draw up and carry the Petition of Right. In 1635 he dedicated his "Mare Clausum" to the king (Charles I.), and seems to have inclined to the court party. He was returned to the Long Parliament (1640) for the University of Oxford, and was a member of the committee which impeached Archbishop Laud. In 1646 he became master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Besides the works already mentioned, he was the author of "De Juri Natural i, etc." (1640), "Privileges of the Baronage of England, etc." (1642), and "Table-Talk," his best-known work (1689). Sele (sā'le). A river in southern Italy which flows into the Mediterranean 17 miles southwest of Salerno: the ancient Silarus. Length, about 60 miles. Seleucus (se-lū'kus) I., surnamed Nicator. [Gr. Σέλευκος: Νικάτωρ , Doric for Νικήτωρ , a conqueror.] Born about 358 B. C.: a a inated 280 B. C. A Maced on i an general in the army of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander he became satrap of Babylonia; engaged in war against An tigon us; conquered Babylon 312 (era of the Seleucids); extended his conquests into central Asia and India; a umed the title of king about 306. He was one of the leading allies in the overthrow of An tigon us at Ipsus in ; and 301; obtained part of Asia Minor; took Demetrius prisoner; defeated Lysimachus at Corupedion 281; and was ruler, for a short time, of nearly all of Alexander's empire. Seleucus. 1. In Shakspere's "Antony and Cleopatra," an attendant of Cleopatra.-2. In Shirley's "The Coronation," the supposed son of Eubulus, but in reality Leon at us, the king of Epirus. Self-denying Ordinance. In English history, an ordinance pa ed by the Parliament April 3, 1645, requiring members of either house of Parliament holding military or civil office to vacate such positions at the expiration of forty days. Seliger, or Seligher (sā-le-gar'), or Selguer (selgar'), Lake. A lake on the border of the governments of Novgorod and Tver, Ru ia, situated southeast of Novgorod. It is the source of an affluent of the upper Volga, and is sometimes considered as the source of the Volga. Length, about 30 miles. Selim (sē'lim or se-lem') I. Born about 1465: died Sept. 22, 1520. Sultan of Turkey, son of Bajazet II. whom he dethroned and succeeded in 1512. He was an ardent Sunnite, and, in order to maintain uniformity in the Mohammedan faith throughout his dominions, put to death 40,000 Shiites shortly after his acce ion. He extended his empire by conquests from Persia in 1514, and subsequently annexed Syria and Palestine (1516) and Egypt (1517). Selim II., surnamed "The Sot." Died Dec. 12, 1574. Sultan of Turkey, son of Solyman the Magnificent, whom he succeeded in 1566. Among the events in his reign were the conquest of Cyprus in 1570, and the battle of Lepanto in 1571. Selim III. Born Dec. 24, 1761: put to death eral Turkish dynasties, descended from the Ghuzz chieftain Seljuk, which reigned in central and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th century. After conquering Persia, Toghrul Beg, the grandson of Seljuk, who belonged to the orthodox Mohammedan sect of the Sunnites, rescued the fainéant Abba id calif at Bagdad from his Shiite lieutenant (1055), and was nominated "commander of the faithful." He was in 1063 succeeded by his nephew Alp Arslan, who took Syria and Palestine from the Fatimite calif of Egypt, and in 1071 defeated and captured the Byzantine emperor Roman us Diogenes, who purchased his release by the ce ion of a large part of Anatolia or Asia Minor. Alp Arslan was followed in 1072 by his son Malik Shah, on whose death in 1092 the succe ion was disputed. Civil war ensued, which resulted in the partition of the empire among four branches of the Seljukian family, of which the principal dynasty ruled in Persia, and three younger dynasties at Kerman, Damascus, and Iconium respectively. The last named, whose sultanate was called Roum (i. e, 'of the Romans'), outlasted the others: it was superseded by the Ottomans at the end of the 13th century. Selkirk (sel'kerk). 1. A county in the south of Scotland. It is bounded by Peebles on the west and north, Edinburgh on the north, Roxburgh on the east and southeast, and Dumfries on the southwest. Its surface is largely hilly. It contains the valleys of the Ettrick and the Yarrow, and is celebrated in poetry and romance. Area, 257 square miles. Population (1891), 27,712. 2. The capital of Sel kirks hire, Scotland, 30 miles south-southeast of Edinburgh. It has tweed manufactures. Population (1891), 6,397. Selkirk, or Selcraig (sel'krag), Alexander. Born at Largo, Fifes hire, 1676: died on the ship Weymouth, 1723. A Scottish sailor, the supposed original of Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe." He was engaged in bucaneering exploits in the south seas, and in 1703 was sailing-master of a "Cinque Ports" galley. In 1704 he was at his own request put ashore on the island of Juan Fernandez, and remained there alone four years. His "Life and Adventures" were published by Howell in 1829, and he is the subject of a poem by Cowper. Selkirks (sel'kerks), The. A group of lofty mountains in the Rocky Mountain system of Canada. Sell asia (se-lā'shi-ä). [Gr. Σελλασία.] In ancient geography, a place in Laconia, Greece, a few miles northeast of Sparta. Here, in 221 B. с., the Lacedæmonians under Cleomenes III. were totally defeated by the Maced on i ans and their allies under An tigon us Doson. Sellers (sel'èrz), Colonel. A leading character in the novel "The Gilded Age," by Mark Twain and C. D. Warner. It was dramatized, and the char acter created by J. T. Raymond. Sellers is a visionary Southern speculator. Sellier (se-lya'), Henri. Born at Châtel-Censoir, France, 1849. A noted French tenor singer. He sang the part of Arnold in "Guillaume Tell" in 1878 with such effect that he succeeded to all the great tenor rôles. He has created Radamir in "Aida" (1880), Manoel in "Le tribut de Zamora" (1881), Paolo in "Francesca da Rimini" (1882), and Sigurd in "Sigurd" (1885). He also sang in "Salammbo" at Bru els (1890). Selma (sel'mä). A city, capital of Dallas County, Alabama, situated on the Alabama River 43 miles west of Montgomery. It is a railway center and the head of steamer navigation, and has manufactures and trade in cotton. It was an important Confederate arsenal in the Civil War, and was taken by the Federals under Wilson Feb. 2, 1865. Population (1890), 7,622. Selous, Frederick Courteney. Born in Jersey in 1852. A noted sportsman. He went to Africa in 1871 as explorer and pioneer, and on various hunting trips 1882-88. In 1889 he conducted a gold-prospecting party through eastern Mash on a land, where he made treaties, opened up roads, etc., returning to England in 1892. Selsea, or Selsey (sel'sē), Bill. A headland at dul Hamid I. whom he succeeded in 1789. He inherited a war with Austria and Ru ia, with whom he concluded the peace of Sistowa (1791) and that of Ja y (1792) respectively. He concluded an alliance with Ru ia and England against France on the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon. In 1805 he began the reorganization of the Turkish army on the European model, which occasioned a revolt of the janizaries în 1807. He was deposed in favor of Mustapha IV., and was strangled in prison. Selinus (se-li'nus). [Gr. Σελινοῦς .] In ancient geography, a city in southwestern Sicily, situ- ated near the coast 48 miles southwest of Paler- mo, near the modern Castelvetrano. It was built by colonists from Megara and Megara Hyblæa about 628 B. C., and soon became rich and powerful. A quarrel be- tween it and Segesta caused the A then i an expedition to Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. It was conquered and destroyed by the Cart hag in i ans about 409 B. C.; was rebuilt as a subject city to Carthage; but was finally destroyed in the first Punic war. Besides minor remains of antiquity, the site retains the ruins of seven important Doric temples, sev- eral of them among the most archaic examples of the style known, and metopes from an eighth temple have recently been found. This is the most extensive existing group of Greek temples. Four of them were on the Acropolis, and three on a hill about a mile to the east. The sculptured metopes found are now in the museum at Palermo: they are of importance in the study of Greek sculpture. Selish. See Salishan . Sele (sa'le), or Basele (bä-sā'le). See Sumbe . Selene (se-lē'nē). [Gr. Σελήνη.] In Greek my- Selish Lake. See Flathead Lake . 15 miles east-southeast of Portsmouth. Selters (zel'ters), Nieder. A village in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, 17 miles north of Wiesbaden: famous for its spring of Selters water, discovered in the 16th century (erroneously called Selzer water: see Selzerbrunnen ). Selvretta. See Silvretta . Selwyn (sel'win), George. Born Aug. 11, 1719: died at London, Jan. 25, 1791. An English wit. In 1745 he was expelled from Hertford College, Oxford, for a blasphemous travesty of the Eucharist. In 1747 he was a member of Parliament and sided with the court party. He was an intimate friend of Horace Walpole. Selwyn, George August us. Born April 5, 1809: died April 11, 1878. An English mi ionary and bishop. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. In 1829 he rowed in the first university boat-race. In 1841 he was consecrated bishop of New Zealand and Me lanes i a. In 1867 he became bishop of Lich field. Selwyn College. A college of Cambridge University, founded in 1882 to meet the wants of students of the Church of England who cannot afford to attend the more expensive colleges. It was founded in memory of George August us Selwyn, bishop of Lich field. Selzerbrunnen (selt's er-brön-nen). A mineral spring in He e, near Gro karben, north of Selzerbrunnen Frankfort: noted for Selzer water (sometimes confused with Selters water: see Selters ). Semaine (sė-man'), La. [F., 'The Week, i. e. 'of Creation. A A descriptive descriptive poem by Du Bartas, published in 1575. See Bartas . Semao (sā-mä'ō), or Simao (sē-mä'ō). A small island of the Malay Archipelago, southwest of Timor. It belongs to the Dutch. Semele (sem'e-lē). [Gr. Σεμέλη.] In Greek mythology, ogy, the daughter of Cadmus and Harm on i a, and mother by Zeus of Dionysus. Wish ing to behold Zeus as the god of thunder, she was con monia. a sumed by lightning. Semele. A musical drama, after the manner of an oratorio, by Handel. It was first played in 1744 at Covent Garden Theatre, London. The libretto is altered from an opera by Congreve written in 1707 but never played. Semendria (se-men'dre-ä), Serv. Smederevo (sme-de-re'vō). A fortified town in Servia. It is situated at the junction of the Jesava and Danube, 25 miles southeast of Belgrad. It was taken by the Turks in 1439, 1459, 1690, and 1738, and by the Austrians in 1717 and 1789. Population (1890), 6,726. commune, 4,908. Seminar a (sā-me-nä'rä). A town in the province of Reggio di Calabria, southern Italy, 20 miles northeast of Reggio. Here the French under D'Aubigny defeated Ferdinand II. of Naples in 1495; and D'Aubigny was defeated here and taken prisoner by the Spaniards under Andrada, April 21,1503. Population (1881), Seminole (sem'i-nol). [Pl., also Semi noles . Their name means 'separatist' or 'renegade.'] Atribe of North American Indians composed of the members of the Creek Confederacy who during the 18th and the early part of the 19th century left the main body and settled in Florida. They were engaged in two wars with the United States (1817-18 and 1835-42). That of 1817-18 was occasioned by their depredations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and of Alabama Territory. General E. P. Gaines destroyed an Indian village on the refusal of the inhabitants to sur render alleged murderers, and the Indians retaliated by waylaying a boat ascending the Appal a chi cola with supplies for Fort Scott, and killing 34 men and a number of women. General Jackson took the field against the Indians in Jan., 1818, and after a short but sharp campaign destroyed the Seminole villages in the neighborhood present city of Tall a has see, in April. He court-martialed and executed two British subjects, Arbuthnot and Ambrister, who were among the captives, and whom he accused of stirring up the Indians, and on May 24, 1818, entered the Spanish town of Pensacola, which he claimed had given refuge to the savages. The war of 1835-42 was the most bloody and stubborn of all those against Indian tribes. It originated in the refusal of a part of the tribe to cede their Florida lands and remove to the Indian Territory according to a treaty ratified in 1834. Osceola was the Seminole leader, and the war was conducted with varying succe under Scott, Call, Jesup, Taylor, and others, till the subjugation of the Indians in 1842. The number of Semi noles finally removed in 1843 was officially reported as 3,824. Those who reached the Indian Territory constituted one of the five "civilized nations" numbering about 3,000, including negroes and adopted whites, and more than 200 remain in southern Florida. See Muskhogean . Semipalatinsk (se-mē-pä-lä-tinsk'). 1. A province in the Kirghiz Steppe, Ru ian Central Asia. It lies to the south of Siberia, and borders on the Chinese empire on the east and Lake Balkash on the south. Besides steppes, it contains several mountain-ranges, including chains of the Altai. It is traversed by the Irtish. Area, 184,631 square miles. Population, 576,578 (chiefly Kirghiz). 2. The capital of the province of Semipalatinsk, situated on the Irtish about lat. 50° 25' N., long. 80° 13′ E. It is an important trading center for central Asia. Population (1888), 19,310. Semiramide (se-me-rä'mi-de). [It., "Semi ram is."] The name of various Italian operas. The most important are "Semiramide," by Ro ini, libretto by Ro i (produced at Venice, 1823); and "Semiramide Rico no sci uta," by Gluck, libretto by Metastasio (produced at Venice, 1748). Semi ram is (se-mir a-mis). [A yr. Sammu ram at , loving doves; Gr. Σεμίραμις.] In the Greek historiographers, wife of Ninus the founder of Nineveh. She was the daughter of the Syrian godde Derketo, and was endowed with surpa ing beauty and wisdom. She a umed the government of As syria after her husband's death; built the city of Babylon with its hanging gardens, the temple of Bel, and the bridge over the Euphrates; conquered Egypt, Ethiopia, and Libya; and organized a campaign against India: in short, everything marvelous in the Orient was ascribed by the Greeks to the supernatural queen. These statements of Greek writers find no confirmation in the cuneiform monuments. Some of the exploits of Semi ram is are identical with those recorded of the godde Ishtar in the so-called Nimrod epic. It is po ible, however, that there was some historical foundation for these legends, as the name Sammuramat occurs in the inscriptions as the queen of Ramman-Nirari III. (811-782 is the only A yrian queen whose name is recorded on the monuments. Semi ram is. See Semiramide . Semi ram is of the North, The. 1. Margaret, queen of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden.-2. Catharine II. of Ru ia. Semiryetchensk (se-më-rye-chensk'). A province in the governor-generalship of Turkestan, Ru ian Central Asia, situated south of Lake Balkash, and bordering on the Chinese empire Born about 210 в. с. А Roman consul in 218 B. C. He was a colleague of Publius Scipio, The true Semite, whether we meet with him in the des palaces, or in the lanes of some European ghetto, is diserts and towns of Arabia, in the bas-reliefs of the A yrian tinguished by ethnological features as definite as the philo logical features which distinguish the Semitic languages. He belongs to the white race, using the term "race" in its broadest sense. But the division of the white race of which he is a member has characteristics of its own so marked and peculiar as to constitute a special race-or, more strictly speaking, a sub-race. The hair is glo y-black, curly and strong, and is largely developed on the face and head. The skull is dolichocephalic. It is curious, however, that in Central Europe an examination of the Jews has shown that while about 15 per cent. are blonds, only 25 per cent. are brunettes, the rest being of intermediate type, and that brachycephalism occurs almost exclusively among the brunettes. It is difficult to account for this except on the theory of extensive mixture of blood. Whenever the race is pure, the nose is prominent and somewhat aquiline, the lips are thick, and the face oval. The skin is of a dull white, which tans but does not redden under exposure to the sun. There is usually, however, a good deal of colour in the lips and cheeks. The eyes are dark like the hair. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 77. Semler (zem'ler), Johann Salomo. Born at Saalfeld, Thu ring i a, Dec. 18, 1725: died March 14,1791. A German Protestant theologian, critic, and church historian, profe or at Halle: sometimes styled the "father of German rationalism." Among his works are "Abhandlung von der Untersuchung des Kanons" ("Treatise on the Investigation of the Canon," 1771-75), "Selecta capita historiæ ecclesiasticæ" (1767-69), etc. Semliki (sem-lēkē). A river in central Africa which forms the outlet of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza into Lake Albert Nyanza. Semlin (sem-lēn'), Hung. Zimony (zim'ony), A city in Croatia Servian Zemun (ze-mön'). A city Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Danube, near the mouth of the Save, nearly opposite Belgrad. It has important transit trade with the Balkan peninsula. Population (1890), 12,823 . Semmering, or Semering (zem'er-ing), or Sömmering (zém'mer-ing). A pa in the Alps, on the border of Styria and Lower Austria, ia, often regarded as marking the eastern limit of the Alps. It has been traversed since 1854 by the Semmering Railway, connecting Gloggnitz with Mürzzuschlag, and more remotely Vienna with Laibach, Triest, Italy, etc. Height at the tunnel, 2,940 feet. Semmering Alps. A branch of the Alps, on the borders of Styria and Lower Austria. Greatest elevation, about 4,500 feet. Semmes (semz), Raphael. Born in Charles County, Md., Sept. 27, 1809: died at Mobile, Ala., Aug. 30, 1877. A noted Confederate naval commander. He served in the Mexican war; and was comb rated privateer Alabama 1862-64. (See Alabama and mander of the privateer Sumter in 1861, and of the celeKearsarge.) He published "Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War" (1851), "Campaign of General Scott in the Valley of Mexico" (1852), "Cruise of the Alabama" (1864), and "Service Afloat during the War between the 36 miles west-northwest of Dijon. Notre Dame is an unusually beautiful church of the 13th century, with triple porch, fine sculptured portals, and interior of ext he chapels contain noteworthy scriptural reliefs. Popucellent proportions and details. There is fine gla , and lati on (1891), 8,797. Senaar. See Sennar . Senancour (se-non-kör'), Étienne Pivert de. Born at Paris, 1770: died at St.-Cloud, France, 1846. A French ethical writer, moral e ayist, and disciple of Rou eau. Among his works are "Rêveries sur la nature primitive de l'homme" (1799), "Obermann" (1804: which see), "De l'amour sel on les lois primordia les, etc." (1805), "Observations sur le génie du Christian is me" (1816), a number of résumés of history, tradition, etc. (1821-27), "Isabella," a romance (1833), etc. Senate. [L. senatus , from senex, old.] 1. In ancient Rome, a body of citizens appointed or elected from among the patricians, and later from among rich plebeians also, or taking seats by virtue of holding or of having held certain high offices of state. Originally the senate had supreme authority in religious matters, much legislative and judicial power, the management of foreign affairs, etc. At the close of the republic, however, and under the empire, the authority of the senate was little more than nominal. The original senate of the patricians numbered 100; after the adjunction of the Sabines and Luceres, the number became 300, and so remained with little change until the supremacy of Sulla. Julius Cæsar made the number 900, and after his death it became over 1,000, but was reduced to (600 by August us, and varied under subsequent emperors. 2. The upper or le numerous branch of the legislature in various countries, as in France, Italy, the United States, most South American countries, and in the separate States of the American Union. The Senate of the United States consists of 2 senators from each State, and numbers (1894) 88 members. A senator must be at least 30 years of age, 9 from which he is chosen. Senators are elected by the State citizen of the country, and a resident of the State legislatures, and sit for 6 years, but the terms of office are so arranged that one third of the members retire every 2 years. In addition to its legislative functions, the Senate has power to confirm or reject nominations and treaties made by the President, and also tries impeachments. The Vice-President of the United States is the president of the Senate: in his absence a senator is chosen president pro tempore . The upper house of the Canadian Parliament is also called the Senate: its 80 members are appointed by the crown for life. Senchus Mor (sen'chös mor), The. [Ir., 'The Great Law.'] A revision of the Brehon laws of Ireland, said to have been made by the chief lawyers of the country, with the a istance of St. Patrick, in the 5th century. Send a bad. See Sandabar . Sendai (sen-di'). A town in the main island of Japan, situated on the eastern coast. Popula- tion (1891), 66,310. Seneca (sen'e-kä). [Pl., also Senecas .] A tribe of North American Indians. The name is foreign to their language, and is probably a corruption of a word meaning 'red paint.' They called themselves by a name meaning 'people of the mountain.' The French called them Tsonnontouan. They shared with the Mohawks the glory of the Iroquois Confederacy, and were conspicuous cupied the land in western New York between Seneca Lake and the Gene see River. On the defeat of the Erie and the Neuter tribes, they took po e ion of the territory west to Lake Erie and south along the Allegheny to Pennsylvania, and received by adoption many of the conquered peoples, by which they became the largest tribe of the confederacy. They sided with the British in the Revolution, called Marcomannic war. Sempach (zem'päch). A small town in the can- ton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Sempach 8 miles northwest of Lucerne. A victory gained here by the Swi Confederates over the Austrians under Duke Leopold, July 9, 1386, secured the independence of the Swi . Compare Winkelried . Sempach, Lake of. A lake in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 8 miles northwest of Lu- Its outlet is by the Suhr to the Aare. Length, 5 miles. Sempronia (sem-pro States" (1869). cerne. ent (1893) number is about 3,000. See Iroquois . but not generally abandon their homes. Their pres Seneca, Lucius Annæus. Born at Corduba about 4 B. c.: died at his villa near Rome, 65 A. D. A celebrated Roman Stoic philosopher. He was the son of M. Annæus Seneca and Helvia, and when a child was brought by his parents to Rome, where he studied rhetoric and philosophy and rose to prominence as a pleader of causes. He was a senator under Caligula. In the first year of the reign of Caligula's succe or, Claudius (41), he was banished to Corsica at the instigation of the empre Me alina, who accused him of improper intimacy with Julia, the daughter of German i cus. He was recalled in 49 through the influence of A grip pin a, the new wife of Claudius, who intrusted him with the education of her son Nero. On the acce ion of his pupil in 54 he obtained virtual control of the government, which he exercised in concert with the pretorian prefect Burrus. The restraint which his counsel imposed on the emperor made his tenure of power precarious, and on the a a ination of Burrus in 62 he petitioned for permi ion to retire from the court. The permi ion was withheld: neverthele he withdrew from the management of affairs. He was ultimately charged with complicity in the conspiracy of Piso, and took his own life in obedience to the order of Nero. His writings consist of the prose works "De ira," "De consol at i one ad Helviam matrem liber," "De consol at i one ad Polybium liber," "Liber de consol a tione ad Marciam," "De provident i a liber," "De animi Seneca tranquil it ate," "De constant i a sapient is," "De clement i a ad Neronem Cæsarem libri duo," "De brevitate vitæ ad Paulinum liber," "De vita beata ad Gallionem," "De otio aut sece u sapient is," "De benefic i is libri septem," "Epistolæ ad Lucilium," "Apocolocyntosis," and "Quæstionum naturalium libri septem"; and the tragedies "Hercules," "Troades," "Phœni e" or "Thebais," "Medea," "Phædra" or "Hippolytus," "Edipus," "Agamemnon," "Thyestes," 3," "Hercules Œtæus," and, according to some, "Octavia." Seneca Falls. A village and township in Seneca County, New York, sit York, situated on Seneca River 45 miles east-southeast of Rochester. It has various manufactures. Population (1890), 6,116. Seneca Lake. A lake in western central New York, west of Cayuga Lake. Its outlet is the Seneca River. Length, about 36 miles. Great est breadth, 4 miles. Senefelder (zā'ne-fel-der), Aloys. Born at Prague, Nov. 6, 1771: died at Munich, Feb. 26, 1834. A German inventor, discoverer of the proSeneffe (se-nef'). A village in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 22 miles south by west of Bru els. Here, Aug. 11, 1674, an indecisive battle was fought by the French under Condé and the Dutch under William of Orange; and here, July 2, 1794, the French under Marceau defeated the Austrians. ce of lithography (1798). Senegal (sen-e-gal'). A river in western Africa, formed by the union of the Bafing and Bakhoy. It flows generally northwest and west, and empties into the Atlantic about lat. 16° N. Length, about 1,000 miles; navigable to Mafu, and in the rainy season to Médine. Sénégal (sā-nā-gäl'). A colony in western Africa, belonging to France. Capital, St. Louis. It lies mainly south of the river Senegal, and extends eastward to the upper Niger valley. Various native states in the vicinity are under a French protectorate. The inhabitants are mostly negroes. It became a French colony in the 17th century; was twice held temporarily by the British; and was greatly developed under Faidherbe in 1854 and succeeding years. Sene gambia (sen-e-gam'bi-ä). [From Sene ( gal ) and Gambia .] A region in western Africa, ex tending along the Atlantic coast south of the Sahara (from which it is partly separated by the Senegal) to Sierra Leone, and eastward to the upper Niger valley. The surface in the interior is table-land. The principal rivers are the Senegal and Gambia, It is divided between the French (colony Archipelago, etc.). See also Sudan , French. of Senior (se'nyor), Na au William. Born at Compton, Berks hire, England, Sept. 26, 1790: died at Kensington, June 4, 1864. An English political economist and critic. At Magdalen College, Oxford, he was a private pupil of Richard Whately (afterward archbishop of Dublin). He graduated in 1811; was called to the bar in 1819; and became master in chan cery in 1836. From 1825 to 1830 he was profe or of pol it. ical economy at Oxford. He filled the chair again 1847-52. In 1861 he was a commi ioner of popular education. He published "An Outline of the Science of Political Economy" (1836), a lecture on the "Production of Wealth" (1847), "Suggestions on Popular Education" (1861), "American Slavery" (1862), "E ays on Fiction" (1864), "Historical and Philosophical E ays" (1865), and many lectures and e ays on economic subjects, and journals of travels. Senkereh (sen'ke-re). A place on the site of the ancient Chaldean city Larsa. See Ellasar . Tablets containing lists of squares and cubes of numbers have been found in the ruins. Senlac (sen'lak). A hill in Su ex, England, near Hastings. It is notable as the scene of the battle of Senlac (or battle of Hastings), Oct. 14, 1066, in which William the Norman (William I. of England, William the Conqueror) defeated the English under Harold, who was slain in the battle. This was the one battle fought in the Norman conquest of England. Senlis (son-lēs' or son-lē'). A town in the department of Oise, France, situated on the Nonette 25 miles north-northeast of Paris. It was Panwas formerly the seat of bishopric. The cathedral is an teresting church of the 12th century and later. The west. ern façade po e es a very fine sculptured portal and a 13th-century spire which, though not very lofty (211 feet), is a model of grace, and forms an architectural type for its date. Sixteen towers of the Gallo-Roman fortifications are still to be seen. The town is often mentioned in medieval history. Population (1891), commune, 7,116. Sennaar. See Sennar . Sennacherib (se-nak'e-rib). [A yr. Sin-ahe erba , Sin (the moon-god) increase the brothers.] King of As syria 705-681 в. C., son and succe or of Sargon: one of the great A yrian monarchs, and well known in biblical history. He was first engaged, like his father, in many bloody wars against the Babylonian and Elamite alliance headed by Me rod ach bal a dan, the hereditary foe of As syria. These ended with feat Elam in the memorable battle of Halule in 691 the capture and destruction of Babylon in 689, and the deB. C. (See Elam .) Of his further expeditions, which ac etc. Sénonais (sā-nō-nā'). A former division of the ancient Champagne, in France. Capital, Sens. Senones (sen'ō-nez). 1. In ancient history, a people of the Cisalpine Gauls, dwelling between the Adriatic and the A pennines, about lat. 430 30′-44° N. They were conquered by the Ro- mans about 283 B. c. and expelled from their lands.-2. In ancient history, a tribe in central Gaul, situated northwest of the Ædui, and hav- ing Aged in cum (Sens) as their capital. They revolted against Cæsar 54-52 в. с. Senones (se-non'). A town in the department of Vosges, eastern France, 41 miles southeast of Nancy. Population (1891), commune, 4,027. Senova (sā-nō'vä). A place south of the Bal- kans, in the Valley of Roses, Eastern Rumelia, where the Ru ians under Skobeleff defeated the Turks, Jan. 9, 1878. Sens (sons). A city in the department of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne 61 miles south- Septennial Act supposed to represent Sardis and Lydia; others with Separda in the southwest of Media, mentioned in Sargon's inscriptions; still others with Sepurd, a mountain southwest of Erzerum. The Syriac translation of the Peshita and Jewish interpreters render it by Spain, and in medieval and modern Jewish writings the name always designates Spain. Sephardim (se-fär'dim). [Heb.] Spanish-Portuguese Jews, as distinguished from Ashkenazim, or German-Polish Jews. See Ashkenazim . Sephardo (se-fär'dō), Salomo. In George Eliot's "Spanish Gipsy," a Jewish astrologer who perceives clearly the scientific limits to astrological prediction. Sepharvaim (sef-är-va'im). In the A yrian inscriptions, Sippara, a city in Me so pot am i a, on the left bank of the Euphrates. It was divided by the "Royal Canal" or the "Canal of Agade," one part be ingeriginalde, called part inte la time, and both wities the came the cityhdistuneiforme inscriptions of Shamash" and "Sippar of Annuit," being centers of the of it seems, was lost lapse of In cult of these divinities. The temple of Shamash, the sungod, called E-babbara, was also consecrated to the worship of Moloch, who was the sun-god in his destructive aspect. This agrees with 2 Ki. xvii. 31, according to which the colonists from Sepharvaim settled in Samaria "burned their sons with fire to A dram me lech and An am me lech." Sepharvaim is now represented by the ruins of Abuhabba, where, in 1881, Hormuzd Ra am discovered the temple of the sun-god. Sephestia (se-fes'tiä). In Greene's novel "Menaphon," the banished daughter of King Damocles, beloved by the shepherd Menaphon. While disguised as the shepherde Samela, she is also the object of the pa ion of her father, her husband Maximus, and her son Pleusidippus. Her song to her child "Weep not, my wanton, smile upon my knee: When thou art old, there's grief enough for thee" is well known. Sephiroth (sef'i-roth). [Heb., from saphar , write, count.] In the Kabbala, the ten attri- butes or intelligences forming the Adam Kad- mon (first man) and emanating from the En- Soph or Infinite: compared to rays of light, and identified with Scripture names of God. Sepoy Mutiny. See Indian Mutiny . Sepp (sep), Johann Nepomuk. Born at Tölz, Bavaria, Aug. 7, 1816. German Roman olic theologian and historian, profe or of his- tory at Munich. His works include "Leben Jesu" ("Life of Jesus," 1842-46), "Das Heidentum und de en Bedeutung für das Christen tum" (1853), etc. Its archbishop was "primate of Gaul and Germany. It Sepphoris (sefloris). In the Talmud, Zippori . was the meeting-place of the church council which condemned Abelard. It favored the League and resisted Henry IV. until 1594. It was besieged in 1814, and was held by the Germans in 1870-71. Population (1891), 14,006. Sense and Sensibility. A novel by Jane Austen, written during 1797-98 and published in 1811. Sent (sent), or Senta (sen'tä). An Egyptian king. See the extract. It is even po ible to go back for another 500 years, when we come at last to the very earliest extant inscription in the world. This venerable record is a tablet now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, which was erected by Sent, a king of the second dynasty, to the memory of Shera, who appears to have been his grandson. According to the chronological scheme of M. Mariette, King Sent must have lived about the year 4700 B. C. But, as will presently be shown, this very inscription, the oldest written record in existence, affords conclusive proof that even at that distant date of some 60 or 70 centuries, the hieroglyphic writing was already an extremely ancient graphic system, with long ages of previous development stretching out behind it into a distant past of almost inconceivable remotene .