Naçu

See Nasumi. Nagina, or Nuginah (nug-e'nä). A town in Bijnaur district, Northwest Provinces, British Nabopola ar (na-bō-pō-lásʼsär). [Babylonian Nabu- bal - úçar , Nebo protects the son.] The founder of the new Babylonian empire (625-604 darko. A tribe of the Caddo Confederacy of B. C.). He ruled, it seems, first over Babylonia as viceroy of As syria. He then entered into an alliance with the Me- dian king Cyaxares, who gave his daughter in marriage to his son Nebuchadnezzar; and by their united efforts the IMG:content-0817.png:[ocr errors] about in 606 B. C. Besides this little is known about Nabopola ar's person or reign. Naboth (na'both). In Old Testament history, North American Indians. See Caddo . Nadab (na'dab). King of Israel 927-925 в. с. (Duncker), son of Jeroboam I. Nadaillac (nä-dä-yäk'), Jean François Albert du Pouget, Marquis de. Born at Paris, July 16, 1818. A French archæologist. He was prefect of the department of Ba es-Pyrénées 1871-76, and of (1891), 22,150. Naglee (nag'lē), Henry Morris. Born at Philadelphia, Jan. 15, 1815: died at San Francisco, March 5, 1886. A Union general in the Civil War. He took part in the Peninsular campaign in 1862, and commanded the 7th army corps and district of Virginia in 1863. He was mustered out of service in 1864. He afterward cultivated a vineyard at San José, California. The Naglee brandy is named from him. Naglfar Naglfar (nä'gl-fär). In Scand in avian mythology, the ship of the giants in Ragnarök. Nagold (nä'golt). A town in Würtemberg, 26 miles southwest of Stuttgart. Population (1890), 3,540. Nagore (nä-gōr'), or Nagur (nä-gör'). A town in Jodhpur, Rajputana, India, 75 miles northeast of Jodhpur. Nagore, or Nagur. A town in Tanjore district, Madras, British India, situated on the eastern coast 50 miles east of Tanjore. Nagoya (nä-gōʻyä). A city in the main island of Japan, situated in the province of Owari, Owari Bay, 165 miles west by south of Tokio. It is noted for its pottery trade, for various manufactures, and for its castle. Population (1891), 170,433. to obtain victims for their gods. After the fall of Tenoch titlan or Mexico (1521), they made little resistance to the Spaniards, and soon sank into a condition of semi-slavery. About 2,000,000 Indians of the Mexican plateau are now cla ed as Nahuas. The name Aztecs is sometimes used for all the Nahua tribes; more commonly it is restricted to those which formed the above-mentioned league, or to that of Tenochtitlan alone. See Aztecas , Mexico , and Nahuatlecan stock . Nahuatl (nä'wätl), or Nahua (nä'wä). The language of the Nahuas, commonly called Aztec. It was divided into various dialects differing but slightly from each other. The Nahuatl tongue is still spoken by several hundred you sand Mexican Indians, but is gradually dying out. See Nahuatlecan stock. Nahuatlecan stock (nä-wät-la kan stok). A linguistic stock or sub stock of Mexican and Cen tral American Indians. It includes the Nahua tribes (see Nahuas ) and a few small scattered tribes (the Seguas, Nicaraos, etc.) as far south as Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Many modern ethnologists regard this as a branch of a much larger stock extending as far north as Idaho and Oregon, and called by Brinton the Uto-Aztecan stock. Nahuatlecas. See Nahuas . Nahum (na'hum). [Heb., 'compa ionate.] Nagpur (näg-pör'), or Nagpore (näg-por'). 1. A division in the Central Provinces, British India. Area, 24,040 square miles. Population (1881), 2,758,056.-2. A district in the Nagpur division, intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 79° E. Area, 3,843 square miles. Population (1891), 757,862.--3. The capital of the Central Prov- The seventh in order of the minor prophets: inces and of Nagpur district, situated about lat. 21° 10' N., long. 79° 10′ E. It has important manufactures and export of cloth. Population (1891), 117,014. Nagrandians, or Nag randans. See Maribois . Nag's Head Tavern. An old London tavern on the corner of Friday street, not far from the Mermaid and the Mitre, where the consecration of the first Protestant bishop in 1559 was alleged by the Romanists to have taken place: hence derisively called "The Nag's Head Consecration." The ceremony really took place at the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow. Chambers . Naguatez. See Nachi . Naguatez. Nagy-Abony. See Abony . Nagy-Bánya (nody'bän"yo). Aroyal free town in the county of Szatmár, Hungary, Transylvanian border. Population (1890), 9,838. Nagy-Károly (nodyʻkä"roly). ody'käroly). The capital of the county of Szatmár, Hungary, 37 miles east northeast of Debreczin. Population (1890), 13,475. Szatmár, Hungary, near the of Nagy-Körös(nody'kėrėsh). A town in the county Pest-Pilis-Sólt, Hungary, 48 miles southeast of Budapest. Population (1890), 24,584. Nagy-Lak (nody-lok). A town in the county of Csanád, Hungary, situated on the Maros 29 miles east by south of Szegedin. Population (1890), 12,800. Nagy-Szent-Miklós (nody-sent-mik'lōsh). A town in the county of Torontál, Hungary, 26 Torontal. Hungary miles southeast of Szegedin. Population (1890), 12,311. Nagy-Várad. See Gro wardein . Nahant (na-hant'). A small town in E ex County, Ma achusetts, situated on Ma achusetts Bay 8 miles northeast of Boston. It is a noted summer resort. Nahe (nä'e). Ariver in Germany which joins the Rhine near Bingen in He e. Length, 69 miles. Nahr-el-Kelb (när-el-kelb'). [Ar., river of the dog.'] A river near Beirut. On a rock near the mouth of this river there are engraved the portrait and an inscription of Esarhaddon, king of As syria (680-668 B. C.), commemorating his victory over Egypt in 671. On the same rock the Egyptian king Rameses II. carved a similar in monument commemorating his triumph over the Hittites Nahuas (nä'wäs), or Nahuatlecas (nä-wät-lā'käs). A collective name for the Indian tribes which formed the dominant race of the Mexican plateau at the time of the Spanish conquest. According to the most generally credited traditions, they had come from the north or northwest some centuries before. They were divided into many petty tribes, each with its pueblo or town, and these were often at war with each other. Clustered in and about the lakes of the valley of Mexico were the pueblos of Tenochtitlan or Mexico, Tezcuco, Chalco, Tlacopan (whose inhabitants were called Tecpanecs), and Xochimilco. The Tlascalans occupied a mountainous region, and Cholula, Cuernavaca, and other pueblos were scattered over the plateau. The Nahuatl language was commonly spoken over a large area, and tended to drive out other tongues. During the 14th and 15th centuries Tenochtitlan, Tezcuco, and Tlacopan became allies: the dominant member of the league was at first Tezcuco, later Tenochtitlan. The confederate arms spread over the valley of Mexico, and were carried to the Gulf, the Pacific, and Guatemala: but within this region many tribes were unconquered, and some conquests were only temporary. Opinions differ as to the true status of the conquered regions, but the tendency is to reject the idea of an Aztec "empire." It appears that most of the pueblos and tribes acknowledged in some sort the power of Mexico, and paid tribute to it, but without being in absolute subjection. All the Nahuas built large towns, cultivated the ground, oglyphidul in gold and feather work, etc. and used hier. The language of his brief prophecy is vivid and forcible. His subject is the downfall of Nineveh. He prophesied between 664 and 607 B. С. Nahy. See Nachi . Naiads (nā'yadz). [Gr. Ναιάδες , L. Naiades .] In Greek and Roman mythology, female deities presiding over springs and streams. The Naiads were represented as beautiful young girls with their heads crowned with flowers, light-hearted, musical, and benefi cent. Nailor (na'lor), John. One of Robin Hood's band. He was known as "Little John." Nain (nā'in). In New Testament geography, a town in Galilee, Palestine, 59 miles north by east of Jerusalem: the modern Nein. It was the scene of a miracle of Jesus-the raising of a widow's son from the dead. Nairn (narn). 1. A maritime county of Scotland. It is bounded by the Moray Firth on the north, Elgin on the east, and Inverne on the south and west. It comprises also some detached portions. The surface is generally hilly. Area, 195 square miles. Population (1891), 10,019. 2. A seaport, capital of the county of Nairn, situated on the Nairn, near the Moray Firth, in lat. 57 35 N., long. 3° 53′ W. It is a summer resort. Population (1891), 4,014. Nairne (narn), Barone (Carolina Oliphant). Born at the house of Gask, Perth shire, Aug. 16, 1766: died there, Oct. 26, 1845. A Scottish poet, sometimes called "the Flower of Strath earn." She was the daughter of Lawrence Oliphant, a leading Jacobite. In June, 1800, she married William Murray Nairne, who became fifth Lord Nairne. She edited the "Scottish Minstrel" (1821-24), and contributed to it between 80 and 90 songs. After her death her poems were published as "Lays from Strath earn." Among her songs are "The Land of the Leal," "The Laird of Cockpen," " Wha'll be king but Charlie?" "Bonnie Charlie's noo awa," "Charlie is my Darling,” “Caller Herrin'," etc. Naisha (nä'ē-shä). Atribe of the Apache group of North American Indians, now on the Washita River in the Apache, Kiowa, and Comanche re serve, Oklahoma. See Apaches . Naishadhacarita (ni-sha-d-ha-ka'ri-ta). [Skt., 'the adventures of the Nishadan.'] An artificial Sanskrit epic, written in the 12th century A. D. by Shri Harsha, and treating of Nala, king of Nishadha (see Nala ) . Nai us (na-is'us). The ancient name of Nish. Najac (nä-zhäk'). A town in the department of Aveyron, France, 35 miles east-northeast of Montauban. It has a noted castle, now in ruins. Population (1891), commune, 1,870. Nájera (nä Ha-rä), or Nájar a (nä'Hä-rä). A small town in the province of Logroño, northern Spain, situated on the Najerilla 18 miles west by south of Logroño. Near it, April 3, 1367, the Black Prince and Pedro the Cruel defeated Henry of Trastamare and Du Guesclin: this is also called battle of Navarrete and of Logroño. Nakel (nä'kel), or Naklo (näʼklō). A town in the province of Posen, Pru ia, situated on the Netze 60 miles north-northeast of Posen. Pop ulation (1890), 6,766. Nakhitchevan (nä-che-che-vän'). 1. A town in the government of Erivan, Transcaucasia, Ru ia, about lat. 39° 12′ N., long. 45° 25′ E. It is an ancient Armenian city, and has often been taken and sacked. Population (1891), 6,939. 2. A town in the government of Yekaterinoslaff, Ru ia, situated on the Don 6 miles northeast of Rostoff. It was founded by Armenian emigrants in 1780, and has a flourishing trade. Population, about 18,000. Nakhon Wat (nä-khōn'wät). A temple situated about 5 miles south of Nakhon or Ankhor, the ancient capital of Cambodia. It is the writing in they enterprising traders: but they were no more advanced in civilization than the Maya races to the southeast, and their civil polity was far inferior to that of the Peruvians. Their religion was degraded by revolting human sacrifices, and it appears that most of their numerous wars were waged finest architectural creation of Cambodia, dating from the 13th century. The plan presents three concentric rectan. gular inclosures, the exterior one measuring 570 by 650 Namouna feet, and each rising above that without it, so that the general form is pyramidal, an effect which is enhanced by the flanking of the great pointed tooth-battlemented central tower by similar smaller side towers. The exterior is colonnaded with coupled square pillars on a raised basement, all the masonry being admirable. Above the pillars there is an elaborate entablature with a frieze of project. ing serpent-heads and very rich moldings. In the middle of each face there is a large triple portal. The back walls of the porticos which extend from these bear remarkable friezes in low relief, most of the subjects being battle scenes from the Ramayana or Mahabharata, about 6 feet high and 2,000 in aggregate length. The entrance-hall contains over 100 square columns. The temple proper, 200 by 213 feet, stands in the central court; it surrounds 4 large water-tanks so disposed that the middle portion of the structure is cruciform. The plan is closely similar to Indian types, but the constructive and decorative details are purely local. The capitals are almost cla ical in form, and there are no bracket-capitals. Nakkar (nak'kär), or Nekkar (nek'kär). [Ar.: apparently from al - nakkar , the digger; but probably an error of transcription for al - bakkar , the herdsman, as given by Ibn Junis.] usual name of the third-magnitude star ẞ Boötis, in the head of the figure. The Nakskov (näks'kov), or Naskov (näs'kov). A seaport on the island of Laaland, Denmark, 81 miles southwest of Copenhagen. Population (1890), 6,722. Nala (na'la). 1. King of Nishadha, and husband of Damayanti. The episode of Nala and Damayanti is one of the most celebrated of the Mahabharata. It has been translated into English by Milman, and later by Sir Edwin Arnold in his "Indian Idylls." There are at least five translations into German (by Bopp, Holtzmann, Kose garten, Meier, and Rückert), and it has been translated into by Bopp, and Swedish by Edgren. A swan spared by Nala tells "the pearl of girls," Damayanti, daughter of the king of Vidarbha, of his graces, and she loves him. King Bhima holds for his daughter a svayamvara (literally self-choice'), a festival and tournament at which a girl of the warrior ( kshatriya ) caste was allowed freely to choose her husband. The chief gods hear of it, and go. On their way they meet Nala, also going, and bid him go to Damayanti and sue for them. They enable the reluc tant but obedient Nala to enter Damayanti's chamber, where he tells her that the gods desire her hand. She informs Nala that she will choose him even though the gods be present. At the svayamvara the four chief gods a ume the appearance of Nala. Unable to distinguish the real Nala, the prince prays to the gods and they resume their divine attributes, whereupon she chooses Nala to the grief of the kings and the delight of the gods. These give Nala magic gifts; the wedding-feast is celebrated; and Nala returns to Nishadha with his bride, where they live happily and have a son and daughter, Indrasena and Indrasenā. Later, however, Nala loses everything, even his kingdom, by gambling, and wanders in the forest. Transformed into a dwarf, he becomes the charioteer of Rituparna, king of Oudh. Damayanti, at her father's court in Kundina, suspects that Nala is at Oudh. She offers her hand to Rituparna if he will drive from Oudh to Kundina, some 500 miles, in a single day, knowing that only Nala is equal to the task. Nala drives Rituparna there through the air, and is rewarded by perfect skill in throwing the dice. His wife recognizes him by his magic command of fire and water and his cooking. He resumes his true form, wins back all he had lost, and lives happily with Damayanti ever after. The story is told by the sage Brihadashva to Yudhishthira when Arjuna had gone to Indra's heaven to get divine weapons, leaving the other Pandavas in the forest with Draupadi lamenting the absence of Arjuna and the lo of their kingdom. 2. A monkey chief who, in the Ramayana, has the power of making stones float, and builds the bridge from the continent to Ceylon, over which Rama pa es with his army. Nalodaya (na-lōʻda-ya). [Škt. Nala and udaya : 'Nala's rise.'] An artificial Sanskrit poem as cribed to a Kalidasa, probably not the great poet of that name, and describing especially the restoration of the fallen Nala to prosperity. Nalopakhyana (na-lō-pä-khyäʻna). [Skt. Nala and upākhyāna : “Nala Episode.'] The story of Nala and Damayanti in the Mahabharata. See Nala . Naltunne Tunne (näl-tu-nā' tu-nā'). ['Mushroom people.'] A tribe of the Pacific division of the At hap as can stock of North American Indians. Its former habitat was on the Pacific coast south of Rogue River, Oregon: it is now on the Siletz reserva tion, Oregon. See At hap as can . Namagan (nä-mä-gän'), or Namangan (nämän-gän'). A town in Ferghana, Turkestan, Asiatic Ru ia, situated on the Sir-Daria 50 miles northeast of Khokand. Population (1885), 31,074. Namaqua (nä-mä'kwä). See Khoikhoin . Nam aqua land (nä-mäʼkwä-land), Great. A region in the southern part of German Southwest Africa (which see). Nam aqua land, Little. A region in the western part of Cape Colony, south of the Orange River. Namby Pamby. See Philips , Ambrose . Namouna (nä-mö'nä). An enchantre in Moore's poem "The Light of the Harem.” Namouna (nä-mö-nä'). A narrative poem by Alfred de Mu et, published in 1833. The Century Cyclopedia of Names comprised in the present province of Namur. It was acquired by Philip the Good 1421-29, and was one of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands. Nana (nä-nä'). A novel by Zola, one of the Rougon-Macquart series, published in 1880. Nanaa (nä'nä-ä), An A yro-Babylonian god- de . Her chief seat of worship was at Erech (modern Warka), where she had a sanctuary called E - an - na , i, e. Nanga-Parbat. A peak of the Himalaya in Kashmir. Height, 26,629 feet. Nangis (non-zhe'). A small town in the depart- ment of Seine-et-Marne, France, 36 miles south- east of Paris. Here, Feb. 17, 1814, Napoleon I. defeated the Allies. Nantwich (nant'wich or nanʻtich). A town in Cheshire, England, situated on the Weaver 30 miles southeast of Liverpool. Here, Jan. 25, 1644, Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated the Royalists under Lord Byron. Population (1891), 7,412. 'Nanine, or Prejudice Conquered.'] A comedy shoals in the Atlantic, southeast of Nantucket. by Voltaire, played in 1749. It is taken from Nantucket Sound. That part of the ocean Richardson's "Pamela." Nanking (nän-king') (Chin., 'southern capital'), and Barns table County, Ma achusetts, on the officially Keangning-fu. The capital of the province of Kiangsu, China, situated on the Yangtse about lat. 32° 5' N., long. 118° 50′ E.: formerly called Kinling. It contains an arsenal; was formerly a manufacturing and literary center; was long noted for its porcelain tower (built in the 15th century, destroyed in 1853); was a royal residence 1368-1411; was invested by the British 1842; was taken by the Taipings 1853; and was retaken 1864. Pop., (1896), est., 130,000. Nanking, Treaty of. A treaty between Great Britain and China, concluded at Nanking in 1842. Hong-Kong was ceded to Great Britain; Canton, Amoy, Shanghai, Fuhchow, and Ningpo were opened to British commerce; and China paid an indemnity. ogy, the daughter of Nep (ON. Nepr ), and the wife of Baldur. After Baldur's death she died of grief, and was burned together with his horse and the magic ring Draupnir, placed on the funeral pyre by Odin. Nansa (nän'sä), or Manansa (mä-nänsä). A tribe of Bushmen who wander about in the arid district south of the Victoria Falls of the Zam- bes i River. See Bushmen . Nansen (nän's en), Fridtjof. Born near Chris- tiania, Oct. 10, 1861. A Norwegian arctic ex- plorer. He entered, in 1880, the University of Christiania, where he devoted himself to the study of zoology. He was appointed curator in the Natural History Museum at Bergen, Norway, in 1882, after having made in the same year a voyage to the Jan Mayen and Spitz bergen seas, and the sea between Iceland and Green land, in a sealing-ship, for the purpose of observing animal life in high latitudes. He took his degree at the university in 1888, cro ed south- ern Green land from east to west on snowshoes in 1888, and was appointed curator of the Museum of Comparative Anat- omyat the University of Christiania in 1889. He sailed from Christiania in June, 1893, at the head of an arctic expedi- tion. intending to drift in a specially constructed ve el, the Fram, from the Siberian coast, acro the north pole, to the coast of Green land. He returned in 1896, having reached with sledges lat. 86° 14′ N., 2° 50′ further than Lock- wood's furthest. He has written "Farthest North" (1897). Nansouty (non-sö-te'), Comte Etienne Marie Antoine Champion de. Born at Bordeaux, France, May 30, 1768: died at Paris, Feb. 6, 1815. A French cavalry general, distinguished IMG:content-0819.png:[ocr errors] Naomi (nā'ō-mi or nā-ō'mi). [Heb., 'my pleas- antne .'] The widow of Elimelech, a cer- tain man of Bethlehem-jud ah," whose story is told in the Book of Ruth. She was the mother- in-law of Ruth. Naos (nā'os). [Gr. Náoς = Ναῦς , the ship (Argo Navis).] The 21-magnitude star ( Argus. Napa (nä'pä). A tribe of North American In- dians, formerly in upper Napa valley, Califor- nia. See Yukian . Napa. The capital of Napa County, California, situated on the Napa River 36 miles north-north- east of San Francisco. Pop. (1900), 4,036. Napata (na-pā'tä). In ancient geography, a city in Ethiopia, situated on the Nile about lat. 19° N.: the modern Jebel Barkal. It contains a temple of Amenhotep III. Napeanos. See Napos . Naphtali (nafta-li). 1. One of the Hebrew patriarchs, a son of Jacob and Bilhah.-2. One of the tribes of Israel. Its territory was situated in Galilee, between the Jordan and Sea of Galilee on the east and Asher on the west. in the Napoleonic wars. Nantasket Beach (nan-tas'ket bēch). A pen in- sula in Plymouth County, Ma achusetts, pro- jecting into Ma achusetts Bay 8-10 miles east- southeast of Boston. It is a noted summer resort. Nanterre (non-tar'). A town in the department of Seine, France, 3 miles west-northwest of the fortifications of Paris. Population (1891), com- mune, 10,430. Nantes (nants; F. pron. nont). The capital of the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, on the Loire, at the junction of the Erdre and the Sèvre-Nantaise, in lat. 47° 13' N., long. 1°33′ W.: the ancient Condivicnum. It is one of the lead- ing cities of France; has a trade in sugar, ship-building in- dustries, and manufactures of sugar, tobacco, etc.; and contains a castle (where De Retz and Fouquet were impris- oned), cathedral, museum of natural history, picture-gal- lery, and several striking squares and buildings. It was the ancient capital of the Namnetes; resisted the Vende- ans in 1793; and was the scene of the notorious Noyades (which see) in 1793-94. Population (1901), 128,349. Nantes, Edict of. An edict i ued by Henry IV. of France, April 13, 1598. It ended the religious wars of the country. The Huguenots were put on an equality with the Catholics in political rights. Certain nobles and citizens of certain towns were allowed freedom of worship, although this was prohibited in Paris and its neighborhood and in episcopal cities. Military and jud i- cial conce ions were made to the Huguenots. See Revo- cation of the Edict of Nantes . Nanticoke (nan'ti-kōk). [Pl., also Nanticokes .] A large tribe of North American Indians, for- merly on the river of the same name on the east- ern shore of Maryland. They were conquered by the and became scattered among several tribes. They called Iroquois about 1680, after which they ceased to be important themselves Nentego , from which the form Nanticoke is corrupted. It means 'tide-water people.' See Algonquian . Nantua (non-tü-ä'). A town in the department of Ain, France, 29 miles west of Geneva. It skrit mythology, the name of a cowherd who has a remarkable old church. Population (1891), was the foster-father of Krishna.-2. In Indian commune, 2,973. Ma achusetts. The surface is generally level. It was discovered by Gosnold in 1602. Length, 18 miles. Area, about 45 square miles. Napier, Sir Francis, ninth Baron Napier. Born Sept. 15, 1819: died Dec. 18, 1898. An English statesman. He was British minister at Washington 1857-58, and governor of Madras 1866-72. Napier, Henry Edward. Born March 5, 1789: died Oct. 13, 1853. A British author, brother of Sir Charles James Napier. "Florentine History" (1846-47), etc. Napier, John. Born at Merc hist on, near Edin- burgh, 1550: died there, April 4, 1617. A Scot- tish mathematician, famous as the inventor of logarithms. He was the eldest son of Archibald, the seventh Napier of Merc hist on, hereditary justice-general of Scotland. He matriculated at St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews, in 1563, and probably completed his education at the University of Paris. His "Mirific i logarithmorum can on is descriptio," in which his discovery was announced, appeared in 1614. Napier's bones or rods, constructed to simplify multiplication and division, were introduced in Napier, John the "Rabdologia" (1617). The "Constructio," or method by which the canon was constructed, was published in 1619 by his son Robert, edited by Henry Briggs. Napier, Macvey. Born at Kirk in till och, Dumb art on shire, April 11, 1776: died at Edinburgh, Feb. 11, 1847. A Scottish author and editor. In 1829 he succeeded Jeffrey as editor of the "Edinburgh Review," and was editor of the 7th edition of the "Ency. clopædia Britannica" (1830-42). Napier, Robert Cornel is, Lord Napier of Magdala. Born at Ceylon, Dec. 6, 1810: died at London, Jan. 14, 1890. A British general. He was educated at the military college at Add is com be, and entered the Bengal Engineers in 1826. In the mutiny (1857) he was chief engineer of Sir Colin Campbell's army, and for bravery at Lucknow was made K. C. B. He served in the Chinese war in 1860. He commanded the expedition to Aby in i a and stormed the heights at Magdala (April 13, 1868). He was commander-in-chief in India 1870-76, governor of Gibraltar 1876-83, and field-marshal 1883. Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick. Born near Dublin, Dec. 17, 1785: died at Clapham Park, London, Feb. 10, 1860. A British military historian and general, son of Colonel George Napier, and brother of Sir Charles James Napier. He was with Sir John Moore in the retreat to Corunna, and served in the Peninsular campaigns. He entered the military college at Farnham with his brother Charles, and commanded a regiment in the occupation of France until 1819. Retiring on half-pay, he began his literary career in 1821. In 1823 his "History of the War in the Peninsula" was begun: it was published 1828-40. In 1844-46 he published "A History of the Conquest of Scinde," in 1851 "A History of the Administration of Scinde," and in 1857 the "Life and Opinions" of his brother, Sir C. J. Napier. Naples (nā'plz). A province of Italy. Area, 350 square miles. Population (1891), 1,104,665. Naples, It. Napoli (nä'po-lē). [L. Neapolis , Gr. Νεάπολις, the new city; F. Naples , G. Nea pel .] The capital of the province of Naples, Italy, situated on the north side of the Bay of Naples, in lat. 40° 52′ N., long. 14° 15′ E. It has one of the most beautiful situations in Europe, and is the largest city and one of the principal seaports in Italy. The Castel del Ovo, a landmark of Naples, so named from its oval plan, founded in 1154 on a small island connected with the shore by a causeway, was considered a marvel of strength in the 13th century. It now serves as a military prison. The cathedral was begun by Charles of Anjou in 1272, and retains many 13th-century features despite repeated restorations made nece ary by earthquakes. It contains many granite columns and marbles from the Roman temples of Neptune and Apollo, besides fine paintings and historic tombs. The chapels are of great richne , particularly that of St. Januarius (1608), where the miraculous blood is preserved. The Pointed canopy of the episcopal throne, with spiral columns, has high artistic value. The votive church of San Francesco di Paola, begun in 1817 by Ferdinand I., is a partial imitation of the Pantheon at Rome. Its interior is incrusted with precious marbles, and the dome is 175 feet high. San Martino, the Certosa, or Car thus i an Monastery, is remarkable as po e ing one of the most lavishly ornamented interiors in existence: the piers and walls are incrusted with precious marbles forming panels and patterns, and the vault is frescoed by Lan franco, Spag no let to, and others. The floor is a mosaic of polished wood, and was made by one of the monks. Other objects of interest are the university, royal palace, San Carlo theater, Castel Nuovo, triumphal arch, Palazzo di Capodimonte, observatory, national museum (picture-gallery and collection of antiquities), Villa Nazionale, aquarium, Castel Sant' Elmo, library, conservatory of music, and the churches (besides those noticed above) of Santa Maria del Carmine, San Gennaro (catacombs), Inc or on at a, Monte Olive to, Santa Chiara, San Domenico, San Giovanni, San Paolo, and San Lorenzo. Near the city are many noted points, including Posilipo, Cumæ, Lake Avernus, Pozzuoli, Baiæ, Misenum, Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Capri, and Ischia. Naples was a Greek colony from Cumæ; became subject to Rome about 300 в. с.; flourished under Roman rule; suffered in the barbarian invasions; was taken by Belisarius in 536, and by Totila in 543; became the capital of a duchy; was taken by the Normans in 1150; was the capital of the kingdom of Naples and of the Two Sicilies; was the scene of a revolt under Masa niello in 1647; and has been the scene of various revolutionary outbreaks, as in 1848. Pop. (1901), commune, 563,540. Naples, Bay of. An arm of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Camp an i a, Italy, celebrated for the beauty of its shores. Naples, Duchy of. A duchy founded in the 6th century, dependent on the Byzantine empire. It became independent in the beginning of the 8th century, and was conquered by the Normans in the 11th and 12th centuries. Naples, Kingdom of. A former kingdom in southern Italy. It was separated from the kingdom of Sicily under Charles of Anjou in 1282; was united with Aragon 1442-58; was conquered temporarily by Charles VIII. of France in 1495; and was under the rule of Spain 1503-1707, and of Austria 1707-35. See Two Sicilics . Napo (nä'po). A river in Ecuador, a northern tributary of the Amazon. Length, estimated, about 700 miles. Napoleon (na-pō'lē-on; F. pron. nä-po-lā-ôn') I. (Napoléon Bonaparte or Buonapartel). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica, Aug. 15, 1769, or, ac IMG:content-0820.png:[blocks in formation] bered Pru ia. He directed the policy of Europe. England alone, mistre of the seas, appeared to stand between him and universal dominion. England was safe from invasion, but she was vulnerable through her commerce. Napoleon undertook to starve her by closing the ports of the Continent against her commerce. This policy, known 1 The spelling Buonaparte was used by Napoleon's father, and by Napoleon himself down to 1796, although the spelling Bonaparte occurs in early Italian documents, cording to some, at Corte, Jan. 7, 17682: died at Long wood, St. Helena, May 5, 1821. Empe- ror of the French 1804-14. He was the son of Charles Marie Bonaparte and Lætiti a Ramolino; studied at the mil- itary school of Brienne-1779–84, and at that of Paris 1784-85; and received a lieutenant's commi ion in the French army in 1785. He opposed the patriot movement under Paoli in Corsica in 1793; commanded the artillery in the attack on Toulon in the same year; served in the army in Italy in 1794; and, as second in command to Barras, subdued the revolt of the sections at Paris in Oct., 1795. He married Josephine de Beau harn a is March 9, 1796. Toward the close of this month (March 27) he a umed command at Nice of the army in Italy, which he found opposed by the Austrians and the Sardinians. He began his campaign April 10, and, after defeating the Austrians at Montenotte (April 12), Millesimo (April 14), and Dego (April 15), turned (April 15) against the Sardinians, whom he defeated at Ceva (April 20) and Mondovi (April 22), forcing them to sign the separate convention of Cherasco (April 29). In the following month he began an invasion of Lombardy, and by a brilliant series (Nov. 15-17), expelled the Austrians from their po e ions of victories, including those of Lodi (May 10) and Arcole in the north of Italy, receiving the capitulation of Mantua, their last stronghold, Feb. 2, 1797. Cro ing the Alps, he penetrated Styria as far as Leoben, where he dictated pre- liminaries of peace April 18. The definitive peace of Cam- po-Formio followed (Oct. 17). By the treaty of Campo-For- mio northern Italy was reconstructed in the interest of France, which furthermore acquired the Austrian Nether- lands, and received a guarantee of the left bank of the Rhine. Campo-Formio destroyed the coalition against France, and put an end to the Revolutionary war on the Continent. The only enemy that remained to France was England. At the instance of Bonaparte the Directory adopted the plan of attacking the English in India, which involved the conquest of Egypt. Placed at the head of an expedition of about 35,000 men, he set sail from Toulon May 19, 1798; occupied Malta June 12; disembarked at Alex- andria July 2; and defeated the Mamelukes in the decisive battle of the Pyramids July 21. He was master of Egypt, but the destruction of his fleet by Nelson in the battle of the Nile (Aug. 1) cut him off from France and doomed his expedition to failure. Neverthele he undertook the sub- jugation of Syria, and stormed Jaffa March 7, 1799. Re- pulsed at Acre, the defense of which was supported by the English, he commenced a retreat to Egypt May 21. He in- flicted a final defeat on the Turks at Abukir July 25; trans- ferred the command in Egypt to Kléber Aug. 22; and, set- ting sail with two frigates, arrived in the harbor of Fréjus Oct. 9. During his absence a new coalition had been formed against France, and the Directory saw its armies defeated both on the Rhine and in Italy. With the a istance of his brother Lucien and of Sieyès and Roger Ducos, he ex- ecuted the coup d'état of Brumaire, whereby he abolished the Directory and virtually made himself monarch under the title of first consul, holding office for a term of 10 years. He cro ed the Great St. Bernard in May, 1800, and restored the French ascendancy in Italy by the victory of Marengo (June 14), which, with that won by Moreau at Hohenlinden (Dec. 3), brought about the peace of Luné- ville (Feb. 9, 1801). The treaty of Lunéville, which was based on that of Campo-Formio, destroyed the coalition, and restored peace on the Continent. He concluded the peace of Amiens with England March 27, 1802. After the peace of Lunéville he commenced the legislative recon- struct i on of France, the public institutions of which had been either destroyed or thrown into confusion during the Revolution. To this period belong the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church by the Concordat (concluded July 15, 1801), the restoration of higher education by the erec- tion of the new university (May 1, 1802), and the establish ment of the Legion of Honor (May 19, 1802): preparation had been previously made for the codification of the laws. He was made consul for life Aug. 2, 1802; executed the Duc d'Enghien March 21, 1804; was proclaimed hereditary em- per or of the French May 18, 1804 (the coronation ceremony took place Dec. 2, 1804); and was crowned king of Italy May 26, 1805. In the meantime England had been provoked into declaring war (May 18, 1803), and a coalition consist- ing of England, Ru ia, Austria, and Sweden was formed against France in 1805: Spain was allied with France. The victory of Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21, 1805) followed the failure of the projected invasion of Eng land. Breaking up his camp at Boulogne, he invaded Aus- tri a, occupied Vienna, and (Dec. 2, 1805) defeated the allied Ru ians and Austrians at Austerlitz. The Ru ians re- tired from the contest under a military convention; the Austrians signed the peace of Presburg (Dec. 26, 1805); and the coalition was destroyed. His intervention in Germany brought about the erection of the Confederation of the Rhine July 12, 1806. This confederation, which was placed under his protection, ultimately embraced nearly all the states of Germany except Austria and Pru ia. Its erec tion, together with other provocation, caused Pru ia to mobilize its army in Aug., and Napoleon presently found himself opposed by a coalition with Pru ia, Ru ia, and England as its principal members. He crushed the Prus- sian army at Jena and Auerstädt Oct. 14; entered Berlin Oct. 27; fought the Ru ians and Pru ians in the drawn battle of Eylau Feb. 7-8, 1807; defeated the Ru ians at the battle of Fried land June 14; and compelled both Ru ia and Pru ia to conclude peace at Tilsit July 7 and 9, 1807, re- spectively. Ru ia became the ally of France; Pru ia was deprived of nearly half her territory. Napoleon was now, perhaps, at the height of his power. The imperial title was no empty form. He was the head of a great con- federacy of states. He had surrounded the imperial throne with subordinate thrones occupied by members of his own family. His stepson Eugène de Beau harn a is was viceroy of the kingdom of Italy in northern and central Italy; his brother Joseph was king of Naples in southern Italy; his brother Louis was king of Holland; his brother Jerome was king of Westphalia; his brother-in-law Murat was grand duke of Berg. The Confederation of the Rhine existed by virtue of his protection, and his troops occupied dismem- 2 Aug. 15, 1769, is the commonly accepted date of Napoleon's birth, and Jan. 7, 1768, that of the birth of his brother Joseph. It has been said, but without good reason, that these dates were interchanged at the time of Napoleon's admi ion to the military school of Brienne in 1779, no candidate being eligible after 10 years of age. as "the Continental system," was inaugurated by the Berlin decree in 1806, and was extended by the Milan decree in 1807. To further this policy he resolved to seize the maritime states of Portugal and Spain. His armies expelled the house of Braganza from Portugal, and Nov. 30, 1807, the French entered Lisbon. Under pretense of guarding the coast against the English, he quartered 80,000 troops in Spain, then in 1808 enticed Ferdinand VII. and his father Charles IV. (who had recently abdicated) to Bayonne, extorted from both a renunciation of their claims, and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. An uprising of the Spaniards took place, followed by a popular insurrection in Portugal, movements which found response in Germany. The seizure of Spain and Portugal proved in the end a fatal error. The war which it kindled, known as the Peninsular war, drained him of his resources and placed an enemy in his rear when northern Europe rose against him in 1813. The English in 1808 landed an army in Portugal, whence they expelled the French, and penetrated into Spain. Napoleon, securing himself against Austria by a closer alliance with the czar Alexander at Erfurt (concluded Oct. 12, 1808), hastened in person to Spain with 250,000 men, drove out the English, and entered Madrid (Dec. 4, 1808). He was recalled by the threatening attitude of Austria, against which he precipitated war in April, 1809. He occupied Vienna (May 13), was defeated by the archduke Charles at Aspern and E ling (May 2122), defeated the archduke at Wagram (July 5-6), and concluded the peace of Schönbrunn Oct. 14, 1809. He divorced Josephine Dec. 16, 1809, and married Maria Louisa of Austria March 11 (April 2), 1810. He annexed the Papal States in 1809 (the Pope being carried prisoner to France), and Holland in 1810. The refusal of Alexander to carry out strictly the Continental system, which Napoleon himself evaded by the sale of licenses, brought on war with Ru ia. He cro ed the Niemen June 24, 1812; gained the victory of Borodino Sept. 7; and occupied Moscow Sept. 14. His prof. fer of truce was rejected by the Ru ians, and he was forced by the approach of winter to begin a retreat (Oct. 19). He was overtaken by the winter, and his army dwindled before the cold, hunger, and the enemy. He left the army in command of Murat Dec. 4, and hastened to Paris. Murat recro ed the Niemen Dec. 13, with 100,000 men, the remnant of the Grand Army of 600,000 veterans. The lo sustained by Napoleon in this campaign encouraged the defection of Pru ia, which formed an alliance with Ru ia at Kalisch Feb. 28, 1813. Napoleon defeated the Ru ians and Pru ians at Lützen May 2, and at Bautzen May 20-21. Austria declared war Aug. 12, and Napoleon presently found himself opposed by a coalition of Ru ia, Eng. land, Sweden, Pru ia, and Austria, of which the first three had been united since the previous year. He won his last great victory at Dresden Aug. 26-27, and lost the decisive battles of Leipsic (Oct. 16, 18, and 19), Laon (March 9-10, 1814), and Arcis-sur-Aube (March 20-21). On March 31 the Allies entered Paris. He was compelled to abdicate at Fontainebleau April 11, but was allowed to retain the title of emperor, and received the island of Elba as a sovereign principality, and an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. He arrived in Elba May 4. The Congre of Vienna convened in Sept., 1814, for the purpose of restoring and regulating the relations between the powers disturbed by Napoleon. Encouraged by the quarrels which arose at the Congre between the Allies, Napoleon left Elba Feb. 26, 1815; landed at Cannes March 1; and entered Paris March 20, the troops sent against him, including Ney with his corps, having joined his standard. At the return of Napoleon, the Allies again took the field. He was finally overthrown at Waterloo June 18, 1815, and the Allies entered Paris a second time July 7. After futile attempts to escape to America, he surrendered himself to the British admiral Hotham at Rochefort July 15. By a unanimous resolve of the Allies he was transported as prisoner of war to St. Helena, where he arrived on Oct. 16, 1815, and where he was detained the rest of his life. th, Napoleon, Prince (Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte). See Bonaparte . Napoleonic Wars. A general name for the wars Napoleonic Wars in which Napoleon Bonaparte was the leading figure, 1796-1815. France was opposed to Great Britain, and at different times to Austria, Pru ia, Ru ia Spain, etc. The principal seats of the wars were Italy, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Ru ia, Egypt, Syria, and the ocean. The wars at the beginning of the period form part of those growing out of the French Revolution (which see). The following are the leading events after 1795: Napoleon took command of the army of Italy, spring of 1796; battle of Lodi, May 10; campaign of Moreau on the Upper Rhine (retreat through the Black Forest), 1796; campaign of Jourdan on the Main, 1796; battle of Castiglione, battle of Arcole, Nov. 15-17; siege of Mantua, 1796-97; battle of Rivoli, Jan., 1797; preliminary treaty of Leoben, April 18; treaty of Campo-Formio, Oct. 17; French expedition to Egypt, 1798; battle of the Pyramids, July 21; battle of the Nile, Aug. 1; battle of Mount Tabor, April, 1799; French defeats in Italy (Trebbia, June, and Novi, Aug.); battle of Abukir, July 25; Suvaroff's retreat in the Alps, 1799; battles of Zurich, 1799; pa age of Great St. Bernard by Napoleon, May, 1800; battle of Marengo, June 14; battle of Hohenlinden, Dec. 3; treaty of Lunéville, Feb. 9, 1801; battle of the Baltic, April 2; treaty of Amiens, March 27, 1802; renewal of the war with Great Britain, 1803; new coalition against France, 1805; surrender of Ulm, Oct. 17; battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21; battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2; treaty of Presburg, Dec. 26; battles of Jena and Auerstädt, Oct. 14, 1806; battle of Eylau, Feb. 7, 8, 1807; battle of Fried land, June 14; treaties of Tilsit, July; Peninsular war (which see), 1808-14; battle of Aspern, May 21, 22, 1809; battle of Wagram, July 5, 6; treaty of Vienna, Oct. 14; invasion of Ru ia, 1812; battle of Borodino, Sept. 7; burning of Moscow, Sept.; retreat from Ru ia, Oct.Dec.; battle of Lützen, May 2, 1813; battle of Bautzen, May 20, 21; battle of the Katzbach, Aug. 26; battle of Dresden, Aug. 26, 27; battle of Dennewitz, Sept. 6; battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 18, 19; Napoleon's victories at Montmirail, etc., Feb., 1814; battle of Bar-sur-Aube, Feb. 27; battle of Laon, March 9,10; battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, March 20, 21; treaty of Paris, May 30; Napoleon landed at Cannes, March 1, 1815; battles of Ligny and Quatre-Bras, June 16; battle of Waterloo, June 18; treaty of Paris, Nov. 20. Napoléon le Petit (nä-po-lā-ôn lê pê-te'). [F., 'Napoleon the Little.'] Little.] A satire by Victor Hugo, directed against Napoleon III., published in 1852. Napoléon-Vendée. See La - Roche - sur - Yon . Napoli di Romania. See Nauplia . Napos (nä'pōs), or Napeanos (nä-pa-ä'nos). A name given to various semi-civilized Indians of eastern Ecuador and Peru, on the river Napo. They are apparently derived from various stocks which have become amalgamated in the mi ion villages. At present most of them speak dialects of the Quichua. Naquet (nä-kā'), Alfred Joseph. Born at Carpentras, France, Oct. 6, 1834. A French chemist and radical politician. He was profe or of chemistry at the technical institute of Palermo 1863-65, and was a member of the French Senate 1882-89. His chief work is "Principes de chimie" (1865). Nara (nä'rä). A city in the main island of Japan, about 25 miles south of Kioto. It was the capital in the 8th century. A colo al statue of Buddha, seated in the Daibouts temple here, is an exceedingly remarkable work, and the largest existing bronze casting. It dates from 739, and is formed of several pieces skilfully soldered together. The god sits on the symbolic lotus flower, with the right hand open and raised, and the extended left resting on his knee. The drapery has almost Greek breadth and lightne , and the anatomy and expre ion are admirable, as is the technical finish. The height, without the pedestal, is 85 feet.