James III

in 1487. Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde. Born at Glasgow, Oct. 20, 1792: died at Chas am, England, Aug. 14, 1863. A British field-marshal. He served with distinction at Chilli an wall a and Gujerat, 1849, and at the Alma and Balaklava, 1854; was commander-in chief in Bengal in 1857; rescued Havelock and Outram at Lucknow and then relieved Cawnpore, and recaptured Luck now in 1858. He was made a K. C. B. in 1849, and was elevated to the peerage as Baron Clyde of Clydesdale in 1858. Campbell, George. Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, Dec. 25, 1719: died there, April 6, 1796. A Scottish theologian and philosophical writer. He was ordained in 1748, became minister at Aberdeen in 1757, and in 1759 was appointed principal of Marischal College. His chief works are "Di ertation on Miracles" (1762), "Philosophy of Rhetoric" (1776), and "Translation of the Gospels" (1789). Campbell, George Douglas, eighth Duke of Argyll. Born April 30, 1823: died April 24, 1900. A Scottish statesman and writer. He was lord privy seal 1853-55; postmaster-general 1855-58; lord privy seal 1859-66; secretary for India 1868-74; and lord privy seal 1880-81. His chief works include "The Reign of Law" (1866), "Scotland as It Was and as It Is" (1887). Campbell, John, second Duke of Argyll. Born 1678: died 1743. A Scottish general and statesman, son of the first Duke of Argyll. He took part in effecting the union; commanded at Sheriff muir in 1715; and sided at different times with the Whigs and Tories. He was created duke of Green wich in 1719. Campbell, John, Baron Campbell. Born near Cupar, Fife, Scotland, Sept. 15, 1779: died at London, June 23, 1861. A British jurist, politician, and author. He became chief justice of the Queen's Bench in 1850, and was lord chancellor of Ene land 1859-61. He wrote "Lives of the Lord Chancellors" (1845-48), "Lives of the Chief Justices" (1849-57), etc. Campbell, Sir Neil. Born May 1, 1776: died Sierra Leone, Africa, Aug. 14, 1827. A British officer, commi ioner during Napoleon's stay in at Elba, 1814-15. Campbell, Thomas. Born at Glasgow, July 27, 1777: died at Boulogne, France, June 15, 1844. A British poet, critic, and miscellaneous writer. He was lord rector of the University of Glasgow 1827-29. His works include "Pleasures of Hope" (1799), "Gertrude of Wyoming" (1809), "Specimens of the British Poets" (1819), short lyrics ("Lochiel's Warning," "Hohenlinden," "Mariners of England," "Battle of the Baltic," etc.). Campbell, Lord William. Died Sept. 5, 1778. A younger brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll, colonial governor of South Carolina 1775-76. Campbell Island. [Discovered by Captain Ha zelburgh of the whaler Perseverance, and named by him for the busine house in Sydney which he represented.] A small island in the Southern Ocean, south of New Zealand. Campbell i tes (kam'bel-īts). 1. A nickname of the "Disciples of Christ," a denomination founded by the Rev. Alexander Campbell. The Campbell i tes were also called New Lights . - 2. The followers of the Rev. John McLeod Campbell, a minister of the Church of Scotland, who, when deposed in 1831 for teaching the universality of the atonement, founded a separate congregation. Campenhout, François van. Born at Bru els in 1780: died there in 1848. A Belgian musician. His fame chiefly rests on the "Brabançonne," the Belgian national air, which he composed in 1830. Campenon (kon-pe-nôn'), François Nicolas Vincent. Born in Guadeloupe, French West Indies, March 29, 1772: died near Paris, Nov. 24, 1843. A French poet and general writer. He wrote "Voyage de Grenoble à Chambéry" (1795: prose and verse), "L'Enfant prodigue" (1811), etc. Camper (käm'pėr), Pieter. Born at Leyden, Netherlands, May 11, 1722: died at The Hague, Netherlands, April 7, 1789. A Dutch physician and anatomist, noted for researches in comparative anatomy. Camper down (kam-per-doun'), D. Cam perdu in (käm-per-do in'). A village in the Netherlands, situated 27 miles north-northwest of Amsterdam. Off here, Oct. 11, 1797, the English fleet under Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet under De Winter. Lo of the English, 1,040; of the Dutch 1,160, and 6,000 prisoners. Camper down. See Victoria (battle-ship). (käm-pā'rō), Narciso. Tojo, now in Argentina, in 1815. A Bolivian soldier and statesman. In 1872 he was minister of war for a short time. When the war with Chile broke out (1879) he raised an army in southern Bolivia, but was unable to reach Tarapaca before the Chileans conquered that province of Peru. After the fall of Daza he was elected president of Bolivia (April 9, 1880), took command of the allied Bolivian and Peruvian armies at Tacna, Peru, and was defeated at the battle of Tacna (May 26, 1880). His term ended Aug. 1, 1884. Camp hausen (kämp'hou-zen), Ludolf. Born at Hünshoven, near Aachen, Pru ia, Jan. 3, 1803: died at Cologne, Dec. 3, 1890. A Pru ian politician, president of the ministry 1848. Camp hausen, phausen, Otto. Born at Hünshoven, near Aachen, Pru ia, Oct. 21, 1812: died May 17, 1896. A Pru ian politician, brother of Ludolf Camp hausen. He was Pru ian minister of finance 1869Camp hausen, Wilhelm. Born at Dü eldorf, Pru ia, Feb. 8, 1818: died there, June 16, 1885. A German historical and battle painter of the Dü eldorf school. 1878, and vice-president of the Pru ian ministry 1873-78. Camphuysen (kämp'hoi-zen), Dirk Rafaëlsz. Born at Gorkum, Netherlands, 1586: died at Dokkum, Fries land, July 9, 1627. A Dutch painter, religious poet, and theologian. Campi (käm'pē), Bernard i no. Born at Cremona, Italy, 1522: died after 1590. An Italian painter. His chief work is the cupola in the Church of San Gismondo at Cremona. Campi, Giulio. Born at Cremona, Italy, about died 1572. An Italian painter. His best works are at Cremona and Mantua. Camp in as (kon-pē'näs). A town in the state of São Paulo, southern Brazil, 65 miles northwest of São Paulo, with which it is connected a railroad. Pop. (1888), about 35,000. can Campine (kon-pēn'). A region in the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg, Belgium. Campion (kam'pi-on), Edmund. Born at London, Jan. 25, 1540: executed at Tyburn, Dec. 1, 1581. An English Jesuit and scholar, condemned on a charge of high treason. He was one of the most prominent of the Jesuit mi ionaries in England. IMG:content-0308.png:[blocks in formation] Christ's miracles. It has been identified with Kefr. Kenna, and with Kana-el-Jelil (both near Nazareth). Cana, Marriage at. See Marriage at Cana. Canaan (kanan). 1. The fourth son of Ham (Gen. ix. 25 ff., x. 6-15).-2. More frequently, Land of Canaan' (Gen. xi. 31, xii. 5; Isa. xxiii. 11; Zeph. ii. 5, etc., interpreted to mean 'low- land, from Semitic kană , to humble, subdue), generally denoting in the Old Testament the country west of the Jordan and the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean. As the name "lowland" would indicate, originally it comprised only the strip of land, from 10 to 15 miles in breadth and 150 in length, shut in between the Lebanon and the Mediterranean, and extend- ing from the Bay of Antioch to the promontory of the Car- mel, i . e. southern Phenic i a. To this maritime plain of the Phenic i ans and Philistines pa ages like Isa. xxiii. 11, Zeph. ii. 5 refer. Later the name was extended to the whole west-Jordanic territory. Thus also in the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, which date back a century before the exodus, Ki- nakk , or Canaan, denotes the district between the cities of of which the Greek φοίνιξ (sce Phenic i a ) is a translation. 3. The non-Israel it ish inhabitants of Palestine (more frequently in the plural, "the Canaan- Canace (kan'a-sē). [Gr. Kανάκη .] 1. In Greek legend, a daughter of Æolus and Enarete, put to death on account of her illicit love for her brother Mac are us. She is introduced in Gower's "Confe io A mantis" (book iii.), from Ovid. Chaucer re- fers to the story in the introduction to his "Man of Law's Tale." 2. The daughter of Cam bus can in Chaucer's "Squire's Tale." Canada (kan'a-da), Dominion of. A confed- eration of provinces in British North America. It is bounded by the Arctic on the north, the department of Labrador and the Atlantic on the east, the United States on the south, and the Pacific and Alaska on the west. It comprises Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, boi a, Saskatchewan, Athabasen, and Alberta). The Amer- ican Arctic islands are sometimes included with the Do- minion. Its chief physical features are the St. Lawrence valley, the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie river systems (with their numerous large lakes, Great Bear, Great Slave, Athabasca, Winnipeg, etc.), Hudson Bay, the great plains, the "Height of Land," Labrador plateau, and the Rocky and Cascade mountains. Mt. Logan, in lat. 60° 34′ Ν., 26 miles to the northeast of Mt. St. Elias, is said to have an elevation of 19,514 feet. Its capital is Ottawa, and its government consists of a governor-general and Parliament (Senate and House of Commons). It exports timber, cheese, wheat, coal, cattle, etc. Canada was explored by Cartier 1534-35. It was permanently settled at in 1608 by the French, and called New France. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. The Americans attacked it un- succe fully in the Revolution and in the War of 1812. Unsucce ful rebellion 1837-38. The provinces reunited in 1841, and the confederation was formed in 1867. The Red River Rebellion, under Louis Riel, took place in 1869- 1870, and the second Riel rebellion in 1885. In 1886 the Canadian Pacific Railway was oponed. Area, 3,653,946 square miles. Population (1901), 5,371,315. Canadian River. A river in New Mexico, northern Texas, Oklahoma, and the Indian Territory, which rises in New Mexico, and joins the Arkansas 25 miles south of Tahle- quah. Length, 800-900 miles. Its chief affluent is the North Fork, in Indian Territory. Length, about 600 miles. Antonio. Born at Venice, Oct. 18, 1697: died there, Aug. 20, 1768. An Italian painter, noted chiefly for his pictures of Venice. He was a pupil of his father, Rinaldo Canale, a scene-painter. He lived for a time in England. He was the first painter to use the camera obscura. Candamo (kän-dä'mo), Francisco Banzes. Born at Sabugo, Spain, 1662: died 1709. A Spanish poet and dramatist. His "Poesias comic as" were published in 1772. IMG:content-0309.png:[blocks in formation] Candaules (kan-da lēz), or Myrsilus (mér-si'- Heracleid king of Lydia, slain by Gyges who succeeded him. See Gyges . Candeish. See Khandesh . Candia (kan'di-ä), Gr. Me gal ok a str on (meg'- ä-lō-käs'trōn). "A seaport, the capital of Crete, situated on the northern coast in lat. 35° 21′ N., long. 25° 7' E. It was founded by Saracens. It was taken from Venice by the Turks in 1669. Candiac (kon-de-äk'), Jean Louis Philippe Elisabeth Montcalm de. Born at Château memory. Candiac at Paris, Oct. 8, 1726. The younger brother of the Marquis de Montcalm. He was noted for his remarkable precocity, based upon an extraordinary Candide (kon-ded'), ou L'Optimisme (ö loptë-mēzm'). A philosophical novel by Voltaire, published in 1759. It is named from its hero, who bears all the worst ills of life with a cool, philosophical indifference, laughing at its miseries. (See Panglo .) A second part followed, with the same name, by an anonymous writer. Written ostensibly to ridicule philosophical optimism, earthquake, Candide is really as comprehensive as it is desultory. Religion, political government, national peculiarities, human weakne , ambition, love, loyalty, all come in for the unfailing sneer. The moral, wherever there is a moral, is, "be tolerant, and cultivez votre jar din," that is to say, do whatsoever work you have to do diligently. and on the given to pe imist the Lisbon Saints bury, French Lit., p. 423. Candolle (kon-dol'), Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de. Born at Paris, Oct. 28, 1806: died April 4, 1893. A Swi botanist, profe or at the Academy of Geneva, son of August in de Candolle. He continued his father's "Prodromus" (1858-83: a isted by his son Anne Casimir Pyramus, born at Geneva, Feb. 26, 1836), and wrote "Géographie botanique raisonnée" (1855), "Origine des plantes cultivées" (1883), etc. Candolle, August in Pyramus de. Born at Geneva, Feb. 4, 4, 1778: died at Geneva, Sept. 9, 1841. A celebrated Swi botanist, profe or at the Academy of Montpellier 1810, and at Geneva 1816-41, and the principal founder of the natural system of botany. His works include "Regni vegetabilis system a naturale" (1818-21), "Prodromus system at is natural is regni vegetabilis" (1824-73), "Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique" (1813), etc. Candour (kan'dor), Mrs. A slanderous woman with an affectation of frank amiability, in Sheridan's comedy "The School for Scandal.” Her name has become a byword. Candy. See Kandy . Cane. See Scala , Della . Canea (ka-nē'a), or Khania (kä-nē'ä). A seaport on the northern coast of Crete, in lat. 35° 30′ N., long. 24° 1' E.: probably the ancient Cydonia. It is the chief seaport in the island. Cañete (kän-ya'te), Marquis of. See Hurtado de Mendoza . Canga-Arguelles (käng'gä är-gwel'yes), José. Born in Asturias, Spain, about 1770: died 1843. A Spanish statesman and writer on finance, minister of finance 1820-21. Cange, Du. See Du Cange . Canidia (ka-nid'i-ä). A Neapolitan hetæra beloved by Horace. She deserted him, and he reviled her as an old sorcere . Her real name was Gratidia. Canidius (ka-nid'i-us). Lieutenant-general to Antony in Shakspere's "Antony and Cleopa tra." IMG:content-0310.png:[blocks in formation] Hannibal with about 50,000 men nearly annihilated the Roman army of about 80,000-90,000 under Varro and Æmilius Paulus. Cannanore. See Kananur . Cannes (kän). [ML. Canna .] A seaport in the department of Alpes-Mar i times, France, situ ated 18 miles southwest of Nice: one of the chief health-resorts on the Riviera, on account of its mild winter climate. Its reputation was built up by Lord Brougham, who settled there in 1834 (and died there in 1863). Napoleon landed near there from March 1, 1815. (1891), commune, 19,983. Canning (kan'ing), Charles John, Earl Canning. Born at Brompton, near London, Dec. 14, 1812: died at London, June 17, 1862. An English statesman, son of George Canning. He was postmaster-general 1853-55, and governor-general of India 1855-62. Canning, George. Born at London, April 11, 1770: died at Chiswick, near London, Aug. 8, 1827. A celebrated English statesman and orator. He entered Parliament 1794. He was secretary for foreign affairs 1807-09, president of the Board of Control 1816-20, secretary for foreign affairs 1822-27, and pre mier 1827. Canning, Str at ford, Viscount Str at ford de Redcliffe. Born at London, Nov. 4, 1786: died Aug. 14, 1880. An English diplomatist, cousin George Canning. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge; entered the diplomatic service in 1807; be came first secretary at Constantinople in 1808, and min ister plenipotentiary at Constantinople 1810-12; negoti. ated the treaty of Bukharest in 1812; was minister to Switzerland 1814-18; sat in the Congre of Vienna; was liminary mi ion to St. Petersburg 1824-25; was am ba a minister to the United States 1820-24; was sent on a predor at Constantinople 1825-29; was member of Parliament 1828-41; was sent on various special mi ions, and was amba ador at Constantinople 1841-58. He was raised to the peerage in 1852. His e ays and a memoir were published by Dean Stanley in 1881. Cannock (kan'ok). An iron-manufacturing town in Staff ords hire, England, situated near Walsall. Cannstatt, or Canstadt (kän'stät). A town in the Neckar circle, Würtemberg, situated on the Neckar 24 miles northeast of Stuttgart. It is noted for trade and manufactures and its warm mineral springs. Population (1890), commune, 20,265. Cano (kä'nō), Alonso. Born at Granada, Spain, March 19, 1601: died at Granada, Oct. 5, 1667. A noted Spanish painter, sculptor, and arch i tect. His best works are at Granada. Cano, Diego. See Cam , Diogo . Cano, Juan Sebastian del. Born at Guetaria, in Guipuzcoa, about 1460: died Aug. 4, 1526. A Spanish navigator. After commanding a ship in the Mediterranean, in 1519 he was made captain of the Concepcion, one of the ships in the fleet of Magellan (which see). After the death of Magellan, Carabello was put in command, but was soon deposed, and Cano took his place. He reached the Moluccas, loaded his two remaining ships with spices, and finally in one of them (the Victoria) arrived at Spain Sept. 6, 1522, by way of the Cape of Good Hope, being thus the first circumnavigator of the globe. He was second in command in the expedition of Loaisa, destined to follow the same track. Leaving Spain July 24, 1525, they encountered severe storms on the South American coast and in the Pacific; sickne appeared in the ve els, Loaisa perished, and Cano took command, but died le than a week after. Cantabria A chief of the Narragansett Indians. Alarmed by the alliance of the colonists at Plymouth with his enemy Ma a so it, he sent Governor Bradford in Jan., 1622, a hostile me age consisting of a bundle of arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake's skin, but did not follow up the threat implied in this me age when Bradford promptly returned the rattlesnake's skin stuffed with powder and ball. He gave to Roger Williams the land on which the town of Providence was founded in 1636; and acknowledged the sovereignty of Britain in a treaty concluded April 19, 1644. Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." It exposes the tricks of the alchemists. Ashmole in his "The at rum Chemicum quotes the whole poem, with the prologue, under the impre ion, apparently, that Chaucer was an adept in the art, and wrote in its favor. The canon is a ragged alchemist who has no gold but what he gets by trickery, and he and his hungry yeoman join the Canterbury pilgrims to practise their thieving arts upon them. IMG:content-0311.png:[ocr errors] Canopic Mouth of the Nile. [From Canopus .] An ancient branch of the Nile, the westernmost of the important mouths. Canopus (ka-nõ'pus). [L., from Gr. Κάνωπος , a town in Lower Egypt.] The brightest star but one in the heavens, one magnitude brighter than Arcturus, and only half a magnitude fainter than Sirius; a Argus or a Carinæ. It is situated in one of the steering-paddles of Argo, about 35° south of Sirius and about the same distance east of Achernar. It is of a white or yellowish color, and is conspicuous in Florida in winter. Canopus, or Canobus (ka-nō'bus). [Gr. Κάνω πος οι Κάνωβος .] In ancient geography, a seaport of Egypt, 15 miles northeast of Alexandria. It had considerable trade and wealth. Canosa (kä-nō ́sä). A town (the ancient Canusium) in the province of Bari, Italy, in lat. 41° 13' N., long. 16° 4′ E. It contains relics of the Roman town, and near it is the site of the ancient Cannæ. It was an important Apulian city, and subject to Rome 318 B. C. Population, 18,000. Cano a (kä-nos'sä). A ruined castle southwest of Reggio nell' Emilia, Italy. It is celebrated as the scene of the penance of the emperor Henry IV. before Pope Gregory VII., Jan., 1077. Canova (kä-nō'vä), Antonio. Born at Po agno, near Treviso, Nov. 1, 1757: died at Venice, Oct. 13, 1822. A celebrated Italian sculptor. At seventeen he made the statue of Orpheus and Eurydice for Falieri, which brought him commi ions for Apollo and Daphne and Dædal us and Icarus. In 1779 he obtained a pension from the municipality of Venice, and went to Rome. His first work of importance in Rome was These us and Minotaur. For the remainder of his life he was es tablished in Rome, although he made various journeys in Europe, and was three times in Paris-twice to execute commi ions for Napoleon I. and his family, and once, after the battle of Waterloo, on a mi ion from the Pope to recover the works of art taken from Italy by the emperor. At this time he was called to London to pronounce upon the artistic importance of the Elgin Marbles. He was very succe ful in the busine of his profe ion, and organized a system of reproducing his models mechanically which enabled him to produce a vast amount of work. Among his most celebrated productions are the Perseus of the Belvedere, made to replace the Apollo Belvedere while the latter was in Paris; the two boxers Kreugas and Damoxenes, also in the Belvedere; the Venus which stood on the pedestal of the Medici Venus when the latter was taken to Paris; the Cupid and Psyche of the Louvre Paris of the Glyptothek, Munich; Hercules and Lichas, in Venice; and the great group of These us and the Tarrancon, Spain, 1523: died at Toledo, Spain, Sept. 30, 1560. A Spanish Dominican theologian, a bitter antagonist of the Jesuits, and an influential counselor of Philip II. He was profe or at Alcala and Salamanca, bishop of the Canaries, and provincial of Castile. Canobbio (kä-nob'bē-ō). A small town in northern Italy, on the western shore of Lago Maggiore. Canoeiros (kä-nö-āʻrös). [Pg., 'canoe-men.'] The name given by Brazil i ans to a horde of Indians on the Upper To can tins. They are very savage, have no fixed villages, but wander about the rivers and forests, subsisting on fish and game, and on the flesh of cattle and horses stolen from the whites. Canon (kä nōn), Hans (Johann von Straschiripka). Born at Vienna, March 13, 1829: died there, Sept. 12, 1885. A genre, historical, and portrait painter, a pupil of Waldmüller. From From 1860-69 he lived in Karlsruhe, then in Stuttgart, and finally settled in Vienna where he became profe or in the Academy. He imitated especially Tin to ret to and Titian, and was one of the best portrait-painters of his time. Can on bury Tower. A building in London, formerly the resort and lodging-place of many literary men. Can on gate (kan'on-gat). The principal thoroughfare in the Old Town of Edinburgh. The little burgh of the Can on gate grew around the abbey of Holyrood, which is about a milo east of the castle, in the 12th century, soon after the founding of the abbey. The street runs from that point, bearing different names at various parts of its course. Scott laid the scene of his "Chronicles of the Can on gate" there. Canonic us (ka-non'i-kus). Died June 4, 1647. non: it is in a specially designed temple at Vienna. At the end of his life Canova projected the temple of Po agno, in which he combined the characteristics of the Pantheon and Par the non, and even modeled some of the metopes before his death. Canovai (kä-nō-vä'ē), Stanislao. Born at Florence, March 27, 1740: died at Florence, Nov. 17, 1811. An Italian ecclesiastic, mathematician, and historian, profe or of mat he matics at Parma. Cánovas del Castillo (kä'nō-väs del käs-tēl ́yō), Antonio. Born at Malaga, Spain, Feb. 8, 1828: a a inated at Santa Agueda, near Vitoria, Aug. 8, 1897. A Spanish Conservative statesman. He was a number of times premier. Can robert (kon-ro-bar'), François Certain. Bornat St. Ceré, Lot, France, June 27, 1809: died at Paris, Jan. 28, 1895. A marshal of France. He commanded the French forces in the Crimea 1854-55; served at Magenta and Solferino in 1859; commanded the 6th army corps in 1870; and was taken prisoner at Metz, Oct. 27, 1870. He became senator in 1876. Canso (kan'sō), Cape. The headland at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia. Canso Strait, or Gut of Canso. The sea pa age which separates the mainland of Nova