realgar (realgar)

[Also resalgar, realisation, realise. See realization, realize. realism (rē'al-izm), n. [= F. réalisme = Sp. Pg. It. realismo = G. realism us, (1) Extreme realism taught that universals were substances or things, existing independently of and separately from particulars. This was the e ence of Plato's theory of ideas.... (2) Moderate realism also taught that universals were substances, but only as dependent upon and inseparable from individuals, in which each inhered: that is, each universal inhered in each of the particulars ranged under it. This was the theory of Aristotle, who held that the τόδε τι or individual thing was the first e ence, while universals were only second e ences, real in a le complete sense than first e ences. He thus reversed the Platonic doctrine, which attributed the fullest reality to universals only, and a merely participative reality to individuals. (3) Extreme nominalism taught that universals had no substantive or objective existence at all, but were merely empty names or words. [See nominal. ism.] (4) Moderate nominalism or conceptualism taught that universals have no substantive existence at all, but yet are more than mere names signifying nothing; and that they exist really, though only subjectively, as concepts in the mind, of which names are the vocal symbols. (5) [The medieval schoolmen) Albert us Magnus, Thomas A quinas, Duns Scotus, and others fused all these views into one, and taught that universals exist in a threefold manner: universal i a ante rem, as thoughts in the mind of God; universal i a in re, as the e ence [quiddity] of things, according to Aristotle; and universal i a post rem, as concepts in the sense of moderate nominalism. This is to-day the orthodox philosophy of the Catholic Church, as opposed to the prevailingly exclusive conceptualism of the Protestant world. In contrast with all the views above presented, another and sixth view will now be stated. (6) Relationism or scientific realism teaches that universals, or genera and species, are, first, objective relations of existence among objectively existing things; secondly, subjective concepts of these relations, determined in the mind by the relations themselves; and thirdly, names representative both of the relations and of the concepts, and applicable alike to both. This is the view logically implied in all scientific cla ifications of natural objects, regarded as objects of real scientific knowledge. F. E. Abbot, Scientific Theism, Int. 2. In literature and art, the representation of what is real in fact; the effort to exhibit the literal reality and unvarnished truth of things; treatment of characters, objects, scenes, events, circumstances, etc., according to actual truth or appearance, or to intrinsic probability, with out selection or preference over the ugly of what is beautiful or admirable: opposed to idealism and romanticism. Compare naturalism. I wish the reader particularly to observe, throughout all these works of Tintoret, the distinction of the imaginative verity from falsehood on the one hand, and from realism on the other. Ruskin , Modern Painters, III. ii. 3. A far fuller measure of the ease and grace and life of the realism which Giotto had taught. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii. By realism I mean simply the observation of things as they are, the familiarity with their aspect, physical and 4986 philosophy, according as the truth of its testimony is, or is not, admitted? On the former alternative, the veracity of consciousne , in the fact of perception, being unconditionally acknowledged, we have established at once, without hypothesis or demonstration, the reality of mind and the reality of matter; while no conce ion is yielded to the sceptic, through which he may subvert philosophy in manifesting its self-contradiction. The one legitimate doctrine, thus po ible, may be called natural realism or natural dualism. If the testimony of consciousne to our knowledge of an external world existing be rejected with the idealist, but with the realist the existence of that world be affirmed, we have a scheme which as it by many various hypotheses endeavours on the one hand not to give up the reality of an unknown material universe, and on the other to explain the ideal illusion of its cognition-may be called the doctrine of cosmothetic idealism, has found favour with hypothetical realism, or hypothetical dualism. This last [system] is the one which the immense majority of philosophers. Sir W. Hamilton , Reid's Works, Note A, § 1, 10. realize In the English plays alone is to be found the warmth, the mellowne , and the reality of painting. Macaulay , Dryden. Nothing can have reality for us until it enters within the circle of Feeling, either directly through perception, or indirectly through Intuition. Conception is the symbolical representation of such real presentation. G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 11. 2. That which is real or genuine; something that really is or exists, as opposed to what is imagined or pretended; an e ential verity or entity, either in fact or in representation. Of that skill the more thou know'st, The more she will acknowledge thee her head, And to realities yield all her shows. IMG:content-1701.png:[blocks in formation] realist (rē'al-ist), n. and a. [= F. réaliste = Sp. Pg. It. realist a = G. realist, ta; as reall + -ist.] I. n. 1. A logician who holds that the e ences of natural cla es have some mode of being in the real things: in this sense distinguished as a scholastic realist: opposed to nominalist. As soon as intellectual development had reached the point at which men were capable of conceiving of an e ence, they naturally found themselves realists. But reflection about words inclined them to be nominalists. Thus, a controversy sprang up between these sects in the eleventh century (first in the Irish monasteries, and then spread through the more civ They are eternal on earth and in heaven. Sumner , Orations, I. 194. 3. In law, same as realtyl. [Now rare.]-Absolute reality. See absolute. - Empirical reality, the reality of an object of actual or conditionate experience. What we insist on is the empirical reality of time, that is, its objective validity, with reference to all objects which can ever come before our senses. What we deny is that time has any claim to absolute reality, so that, without taking into account the form of our sensuous condition, it should by itself be a condition or quality inherent selves can never be given to us through the senses. ilized countries of northern Europe), and was practically in things; for such qualities as belong to things by them settled in favor of the realists toward the end of the twelfth century. During the fourteenth century a reaction from the subtleties of Scotus produced a revival of nominalistic views, which were brought into a thorough. going doctrine by Occam, his followers being distinguish ed as terminists from other schools of nominalists. At the time when scholasticism came to a rather violent end, owing to the revival of learning, the terminists were in the ascendant, though some of the universities were Scotist. The Cartes i ans did not profe to be realists; and Leibnitz was a decided nominalist; while the whole weight of the English school (Occam, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Hartley, Reid, Brown, the Mills, and others) went in the same direction. At the present day philosophy seems to be, and science certainly is, prevailingly realistic. See quotation under realism, 1. Kant , Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Müller. Objective reality, truth; reference to a real object. This is the sense in which this phrase is used by Kant. At an earlier date it would have meant existence in the mind. With later writers it means nearly the same as absolute reality. - Practical reality, in the Kantian phi los., that force in a postulate of the practical reason by which it becomes the source of the po ibility of realizing the summum bonum. I have, indeed, no intuition which should determine its objective theoretic reality of the moral law, but not the le it has a real application, which is exhibited in concreto in intentions or maxims: that is, it has a practi cal reality which can be specified, and this is sufficient to justify it even with a view to noumena. Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, tr. by T. K. Abbott, [p. 146. Reality of laws, a legal phrase for all laws concerning property and things. - Subjective reality, real existence 2. A philosopher who believes in the real existence of the external world as independent of all thought about it, or, at least, of the thought of any individual or any number of individuals.-3. In literature and art, a be-in the mind. liever in or a practiser of realism; one who represents persons or things as he conceives them to be in real life or in nature; an opponent of idealism or romanticism. How hard and meagre they seem, the profe ed and finished realists of our own day, ungraced by that spiritual candor which makes half the richne of Ghirlandaio! H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 298. 4. One who advocates technical as opposed to cla ical education; one who upholds the method of the real-schools. [A German use.] II. a. Of or pertaining to realism; realistic; naturalistic. realistic (re-a-lis'tik), a. [ The realistic tendency - the disposition to mistake words for things is a vice inherent in all ordinary thinking. J. Fiske , Cosmic Philos., I. 122. 2. Exhibiting or characterized by realism in description or representation; objectively real or literal; lifelike, usually in a bad or ciatory sense: as, a realistic novel or painting; a realistic account of a murder. depre A bit of realistic painting, in the midst of a piece of decorative painting, would offend us, and yet the realistic bit would add a certain amount of veracity. P. G. Hamerton , Graphic Arts, v. Realistic they are in the nobler sense: that is, they are true to nature without being slavish copies of nature. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 91 Realistic dualism. See dualism. realistically (re-a-lis'ti-kal-i), adv. In a realistic manner; in a manner that has regard to stances, or the real facts of existence. them with approximate fidelity. Contemporary Rev. , L. 241. Exact realism. See Herbar tian. - Hypothetic realism. See hypothetic.- Natural realism, the doctrine that in sensation (if not also in volition) we have a direct consciousne of a real object other than ourselves, so that we are as sure of the existence of the outer world as we are of our own, or even of the presence of ideas. In the act of sensible perception, I am conscious of two things; of myself as the perceiving subject, and of an external reality as the object perceived. I am conscious of knowing each of them, not mediately, in something else, as represented, but immediately in itself, as existing. Each is apprehended equally, and at once, in the same indivisible energy...; and each is apprehended out of, and in direct contrast to, the other.... The contents of the fact of perception, as given in consciousne , being thus established, what are the consequences to realityl (re-al'i-ti), n.; pl. realities (-tiz). [=F. réalité = Sp. realidad = Pg. realidade = It. re alità, Hee exhorted him to beleeve the reality of the sacrament after the consecration. Foxe , Martyrs, p. 1159, an. 1543. Reality shall rule, and all shall be as they shall be forSir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 24. For this, in reality , is the port of Acre, where ships lie at anchor, Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 56. ever. Time has subjective reality with regard to internal experience; that is, I really have the representation of time, and of my determinations in it. Kant , Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Müller, p. 37. Theoretical reality, in the Kantian philos ., validity as a hypothesis. - Transcendental reality. Same as absolute reality. = Syn. 1 and 2. Verity (see reall ). Reality means that a thing certainly is; truth applies to the correctne of what is said or believed about the thing, the conformity of such report or belief to reality. The reality of a danger; the actuality of the arrival of help; truth about the matter. IMG:content-1702.png:[blocks in formation] Our reality to the emperor. realizability (rē-a-li-za-bil'i-ti), n. [ real i zable + -ity (see- bility ).] Capability of being realized. [Rare.] [ F. réalisable ; realizable (rē'a-li-za-bl), a. as realize + -able.] "Capable of being realized. realization (rē"al-i-za's hon), n. [OF. real i sation, F. réa lisa tion; as realize + -ation.] 1. A bringing or coming into real existence or manifestation, as of something conceived or imagined: as, the realization of a project. The realization of the rights of humanity in the nation is the fulfillment of righteousne . E. Mulford , The Nation, vi. The desire is the direction of a self-conscious subject to the realisation of an idea. T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 151. 2. Perception of the reality or real existence of something; a realizing sense or feeling: as, the realization of one's danger. An intrinsic and awful realization of eternal truths. Islay Burns, Memoir of W. C. Burns, p. 98. 3. The act of realizing upon something; conversion into money or its equivalent; exchange exch of property for its money value. [Trade use.] -4. The act of converting money into land or real estate. Imp. Dict. Also spelled realisation . realize (rē'al-iz), v.; pret. and pp. realized, ppr. realizing. [OF. realiser, F. réaliser = Sp. Pg. real izar; as real1 + -ize.] I. trans. 1. To make or cause to become real; bring into existence or fact: as, to realize a project, or a dream of empire. His [Clive's] dexterity and resolution realised , in the course of a few months, more than all the gorgeous visions which had floated before the imagination of Dupleix. Macaulay , Lord Clive. realize All art is the endeavour to realise in material forms and colours an idea of beauty latent in the human spirit from the beginning. Faiths of the World, p. 5. Children are, as it were, fresh blocks of marble, in which, if we have any ideal, we have a new chance of realizing it after we have failed in ourselves. J. R. Seeley , Nat. Religion, p. 128. 2. To perceive or comprehend the reality of; make real or distinct to one's self; recognize the real nature or the actual existence of: as, to realize the horrors of war; to realize one's danger or one's deficiencies. Intrenched within these many walls, the people of this gay capital cannot realize war. W. Ware, Zenobia, II. xi. In order to pity suffering we must realise it. Lecky , Europ. Morals, I. 138. He [Samuel Adams) wanted the whole world to realize that the rule of a republic is a rule of law and order. J. Fiske , Critical Period of Amer. Hist., iv. 3. To manifest as real or as a reality; exhibit the actual existence or character of; cause to appear real or distinct. To put these materials to poetical use is required an imagination capable of painting nature, and realizing fiction. Johnson, Milton. The child realizes to every man his own earliest remembrance, and so supplies a defect in our education, or enables us to live over the unconscious history with a sympathy so tender as to be almost personal experience. Emerson , Domestic Life. Correggio appears to have been satisfied with realising the tumult of heaven rushing to meet earth, and earth straining upwards to ascend to heaven in violent commotion. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 274. 4. To bring or get into actual po e ion; make one's own; clear as a profit or gain; obtain a return of: as, to realize a fortune from speculation. Send me an account of the number of crowns you real ize. Shelley, To H. Reveley, Oct. 18, 1819. Pope was the first English man who, by the mere sale of his writings, realised a sum which enabled him to live in comfort and in perfect independence. Macaulay, Montgomery's Poems. Man begins with nothing realized (to use the word), and he has to make capital for himself by the exercise of those faculties which are his natural inheritance. J. H. Newman , Gram. of A ent, ix. The question of imposing upon what has been termed realised income a higher poundage than that for what has been termed precarious income has been frequently raised. S. Dowell , Taxes in England, III. 136. 5. To bring into form for actual or ready use; exchange for cash or ready means: as, to realize one's stock or securities. [Trade use.] -6. To fetch as a price or return; bring in exchange or as compensation; make a return of: as, how much did the cargo realize? his labor realizes but little. A farm he sold realised le than was anticipated. Whyte Melville, White Rose, II. xxvi. 7. To convert into real estate; make real property of. Imp. Dict. II. in trans. To obtain ready money or profits by sale of property. Also spelled realise .