WHARTON, JOSEPH

(1826-1909) XVIII. an American manufacturer and fin an almost cier, born in Philadelphia. He engagex in the manufacture of white lead and i 1856 a isted in the founding of th: was a Bethlehem Iron Company. He wai and also a ociated with other metal mak in; With works. He founded the Wharton Schoo oil of Finance and Economics of the Uni fishing versity of Pennsylvania and endowed is chair of history and economics a ve els, Swarth more College. which WHARTON, PHILIP WHARTON DUKE OF (1698-1731), Brit. politician 1615-75), raised to peerage, 1718, for support in dist in the Government; joined Pretender army; ee on Span. side at siege of Gibral ar. Hampton trial WHATELY, RICHARD (1787-1863) sat in Eng. theological writer; b. Londor escaped At Oxford he met Newman, and in th indebtedne . His first important wor was a series of contributions on Logi writer, to the Encyclopedia Metropolitan a. I Pa. 1831 he was made a bp. of Dublin. especial WHEAT, a cultivated grain the subranks with rice as the main staff of lii children’s of the human race. It does not gro and wild. Its cultivation has been traced t the early Swi lake-dwellers, and its use as food in China and Egypt appears to have long antedated the Christian era. Its original home is supposed to have been in Me so pot am i a, whence its cultivation spread from early times eastward to China and westward to the Canaries, but did not become known in the western hemisphere till about the sixteenth century. The Spaniards under Cortes brought it to Mexico. The wheat region of the United States spreads over 26 states, extending north to south from the Canadian line to the 37th parallel and westward from the Atlantic to the 100th meridian. The territory also produces most of the corn, oat and hay crops. Two grades are grown—the large kernel wheat of the Hastern states, and the hard spring wheat, a notable variety of which, the blue-skin, cultivated in the Dakotas and Minnesota, is famous for flour making. Fall or winter wheat is sown in the fall, and generally matures before spring wheat, which is sown in the spring and ripens a few months later in summer. Wheat thrives best on rich alluvium. The area sown to wheat in the United States in 1922 was 56,770,000 acres, which produced 818,000,000 bushels valued at $720,600,000, a decline on the acreage, production and value of the previous year’s wheat crop. The average price obtained was 93.3 cents per bushel, a decided decrease on the average price obtained in 1921, which was 149.2 cents. Since 1894 American wheat consumption has been overtai:ing production. In the period 1885-1834 the production per capita was 7.308 bushels or 0.198 pér acre per 1,000,000 of population, and the consumption per capita was 5.804 bushels, or 73.0 per cent of production. The wheat yield per acre has been increasing in the United States. for many years, but the population has been gaining at a faster rate, and more acreage had to be taken into the national wheat field to balance production with growth of population. The only factors that may avert the partial dependence of Americans on imported wheat in the future seem, according to observers, a continued restriction of immigration and a declining birth rate. Up to 1922, however, the country had an ample surplus of wheat for export, the amount going abroad in that year being 208,321,091 bushels valued at $279,656,478, though this was a reduction on the 1921 wheat exports, which aggregated 293,267,637 bushels, valued at $689,813,094. The world’s wheat crop in 1922 was estimated at 3,073,032,000 bushels, exclusive of Ru ia, Mexico and Morocco. The harvest seasons of the wheat-producing countries extend all over the calendar. January is the season in Australia, New Zealand and Chile; February and March in East India and Upper Egypt; April in Lower Egypt, the Near East, Persia, India, and Central America; May in North Africa, Central Asia, the Orient, Texas and Florida; June in the Southern States, California, Mi ouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Southern Europe; July in the Middle West, most of the Northwestern States, Germany, the Balkans, South Ru ia, South of England, France and Switzerland; August in Belgium, Holland, England, Denmark, Poland, the Dakotas, Lower Canada and Manitoba: September and October in Northern Europe, including Scotland; and November and December in Peru, South Africa, Argentina and Burmah. The largest wheat producers are the United States, British India, and (previous to the revolution) European Ru ia. an American soldier, b. in Providence, R. I. After graduating from Brown University, he entered the U. 8S. Army as a lieutenant, in 1855, and for some years served against the Indians in Nebraska, Mi ouri and Kansas. During the Civil War he served with the Army of the Potomac, having command of an army corps at the battles of Gettysburg and Shenandoah. In 1897 he retired with the rank of major-general. an American jurist, born at Providence, Rhode Is. He was editor of The National Advocate in New York, practised there as justice of the marine court, was reporter for the United States supreme court, charg d’affaires at Copenhagen (1827-35), and minister at Berlin (1835— 46). His chief work is: Elements of International Law; others are; Life of Will. Pinkney, Hist. of the North men, and Hist. of the Law of Nations, etc.