SCHWARTZ, Christian Fried rich

[s. 669] : Born in Sonnenburg, Pru ia, October 28, 1726. Died February 13, 1798. At the age of twenty he went to the Halle University, where he became established in the faith of Christ, to devote himself wholly to Him. and resolved Dr. Schultz, who had left India from failure of health, this time preparing to print the Bible in was at Tamil, and advised Schwartz to learn that language in Profe or Francke, hearing order to a ist him. of his great succe in acquiring the language, proposed to him to go as a mi ionary to India. He decided to go, declining an advantageous He was or position in the ministry at home. dained at Copenhagen, with the view of joining the Danish Mi ion at Tranquebar, where he In four months he arrived July 30, 1750. preached his first sermon in Tamil in the church of Ziegenbalg. From the first he devoted much time and attention to the religious instruction of the young. In twelve years Schwartz had baptized 1,238 in the city. He labored also faithfully for the English garrison, for which no religious instruction was provided. The salary of £100 which he received as chaplain of the garrison, from the Madras Government, he devoted the first year to the building of a mi ion house and an English Tamil school, and afterward gave a large part of it in charity. In 1776 he went to Tanjore to found a new mi ion, and here he spent the remaining twenty years of his life. Even in this favorite abode of the Hindus, where was the most splendid pagoda oif India, he had great succe , two He churches having been established in 1780. won the high esteem of the English Government, employed him in important political which When the transactions with the native princes. powerful and haughty Hyder Ali of Mysore refused to receive an emba y from the English, whom he distrusted, he said he would treat with them through Schwartz. “Send me the Christian,” meaning Schwartz; “he will not deceive me.” Urged by the government, he consented Science to undertake the mi ion. Through his interce ion Cuddalore was saved from destruction by the savage hordes of the enemy. On his return a present of money was forced upon him by Hyder, which he gave to the English Government, requesting that it be appUed to the building of an English orphan asylum in Tanjore. Tho a Mohammedan, Hyder’s regard for Schwartz was so great that he i ued orders to his officers, saying: “Let the venerable padre go about everywhere without hindrance, since he is a holy man, and will not injure me.” While Hyder was ravaging the Carnatic with an army of a hundred you sand, and multitudes were fleeing in dismay to Tanjore, Schwartz moved about unmolested. In the famine caused by the war more than 800 starving people came daily to his door. He collected money and distributed pro He also built visions to Europe ans and Hindus. The there a church for the Tamil congregation. rajah a few hours before his death requested Schwartz to act as guardian to his adopted son Serfogee. The trust was accepted and faithfully discharged. After a protracted and severe illne , during which he delighted to testify of Christ and to exhort the people, he expired in the arms of two At his funeral the effort of his native converts. to sing a hymn was suppre ed by the noise of the wailing of the heathen, who thronged the Serfogee lingered, weeping, at the premises. coffin, covered it with a cloth of gold, and accompanied the body to the grave. The small chapel which he was interred outside of the fort has been demolished, and a large one erected. The grave is behind the pulpit, covered with a marble slab bearing an English inscription To the memory of the m REV. CHRISTIAN FRIED RICH SCHWARTZ; Bom Sonnenburg, of Neumark, in the kingdom of Pru ia, The 28th October, 1726, And died at Tanjore the 13th February, 1798, In the 72d year of his age. Devoted from his early manhood to the office of Mi ionary in the East, The similarity of his situation to that of The first preachers of the gospel Produced in him a peculiar resemblance to The simple sanctity of the Apostolic character. His natural vivacity won the affection Aa his unspotted probity and purity of life Alike commanded the reverence of the Christian, Mohammedan, and Hindu: For sovereign princes. Hindu and Mohammedan, Selected this humble pastor As the medium of political negotiation with The British Government; And the very marble that her records his virtues Was raised by The liberal affection and esteem of the Rajah of Tanjore, Maha Rajah Serfogee. ’ Another beautiful monument was erected to memory by the East India Company in the Church of St. Mary, Madras, part of the inscription on which is as follows: of On a spot of ground granted to him by the Rajah for his his Tanjore, two miles east of Tanjore, he budt a house Here the last residence, and made it an Orphan Asylum. twenty years of his life were spent in the education and those of indigent particularly children, of instruction religious parents— whom he gratuitously maintained and instructed; and here, on the 13th of February, 1798 surrounded by his disconsolate infant flock, and in the presence of several of his brethren, he closed his truly Christian career in the 72d year of his age. SCHWIFAT. See Shwifat. SCIENCE Contributions of Mi ions to;: It has the custom of the old and thoroughly established Mi ion Boards to send out, for the been most part, only men of the broadest university training. Tliese iiave gone into regions of the eartli where educated Americans or Europe ans have but seldom if ever penetrated. The earlier mi ionaries were in many countries, and in some sections of all countries, the pioneers. Not a few of these regions were entirely unexplored. Moreover, the mi ionaries entered these There they countries for permanent residence. They mastered the established their homes. vernacular of the country and thus put at their disposal, to aid in their investigations, all the wisdom the people themselves po e ed. In this way they became identified with the people and the country. The facilities of the mi ionaries, therefore, for careful, accurate, and continuous investigation of the scientific phenomena all about them were unsurpa ed. Many mi ionaries have been in regular correspondence with the leading scientists, who have made suggestions which the mi ionaries have carried out, and in turn the mi ionaries have reported the results of their observations and investigations to scholars connected with American and European universities, who have sent back their interpretations. The mi ionaries have not given their time and strength to scientific pursuits as an end in them In some cases a particular branch of selves. investigation has been the recreation of a hardworking mi ionary; in other cases, independent scientific investigation has been a part of the regular work in the training in the mi ionary colleges abroad, while in a majority of instances perhaps the most valuable scientific results have come from the observations and investigations made in the interests of positive mi ionary operations, or are the direct results of different phases of mi ionary work. In this article space does not permit of citation Such exhaustive to any extent of specific cases. citations would greatly increase the value of the article, but it would also nece arily add to its We can but state the facts, length many fold. leaving the illustrations to be supplied by the reader. Geography: Probably no other department of science owes more to the mi ionaries than does geography. The mi ionaries have been the The interests of pioneers in most countries. their work, as well as the nece ity of making intelligent reports to their committees, boards and constituencies, demanded that accurate information be given regarding the physical The first condition of the countries occupied. communications of the exploring mi ion a i’ies in countries have been full of geographical data, which have nece. arily been the beginning of all the concrete information we to-day po e about all these countries. Francis can and Jesuit mi ionaries, more than six centuries ago, traveled through Central and Eastern Asia, and even into China, and described the topography of the country. They prepared the best maps of those countries then known, Spanish and Portuguese mi ionaries contributed much of the first knowledge of Africa and America. They wrote the first accounts of the Congo and Aby in i a. The Danish mi ionaries gave us our first and best accounts of Green land and Iceland. It is impo ible even to catalog the names of the societies and distinguished mi ionaries who, previous to the beginning of the 19th century, made large and important contributions to the science of Geography. 650 During the 19th century the mi ionaries have been not le active in their explorations. The Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands were opened to the world and explored and mapped out oy them. The South Sea Islands are known to us largely through the initial work of mi ionaries who explored for the sake of mi ionary operations. Africa and Australia were first made known to the scientific world through the report of mi ionaries published in mi ionary magazines, in independent books or in the columns of the The most valuvarious geographical societies. able contributions to the geography of Syria, were made by a mi ionary, and the interiors of Asia Minor, Me so pot am i a and Persia were explored During the for us by resident mi ionaries. first half of the last century the world was introduced to India as a country, apart from its and its value to the extended reports of mi ionaries regarding the country, its outlines, products and people. China was a mi ionary country in its first introduction to the world. In 1856, when the British fleet bombarded Canton, its action was directed by a map of the city and suburbs prepared by a mi ionary. The best work on China, which is still a cla ic on the Middle Kingdom, was prepared by a mi ionary. Undoubtedly the files and libraries of the mi ionary societies which have been in operation for half a century or more contain a more abundant supply of facts regarding the countries of the world, outside of North America and Europe, than can be found in the non-mi ionary part of the archives of all the geographical societies taken together. The mi ionary societies in their regular periodicals have published much of this material, so that the foreign mi ionary magazines really belong in the libraries of the geo graph resistance to foreign invasion commerce, through ical societies. Rev. Dr. William Adams, of New York, has said: “I believe more has been done in philology, geography, and ethnology indirectly by our mi ionaries than by all the Royal and National societies in the world that devote themselves The Princeton exclusively to these objects.” Review says (Vol. 38, p. 622): “Our mi ionaries have rendered more real service to geography than all the geographical societies in the world.” Carl Ritter, the prince of geographers, confe ed that he could not have written his magnum opus, the Erd Kunde, without the aid and material Mr. collected and transmitted by mi ionaries. L. H. Morgan in his Preface of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XVII, says: “No cla of men have earned a higher reputation as scholars or philanthropists than our mis history, contributions to sionaries. Their ethnology, philology, geography and religious Mr. literature form their enduring monument.” G. M. Powell, of the Oriental Topographical Corps, in a paper read before the American Institute, 1874, says: “Probably no source of knowledge in this department has been so vast, varied and prolific as the investigations and contributions of mi ionaries.” Philology: The study of the languages of the people to be evangelized is the first work of the mi ionary. The succe ful mi ionary may have but a slight knowledge of the geography or the history of the country, but he can accomplish little or nothing unle he makes himself master of the spoken vernacular. Language and that of the people among whom he works is the — — 653 instrument by which the race is to be won. Hence Philology is also distinctly a mi ionary science. In order to make mi ionary effort permanent, it has been nece ary to reduce to writing all languages not so reduced, and to prepare grammars and lexicons of the same in order to teach the people themselves the proper and scientific use of their own tongue. literature has been built up. Upon this basis a This is the natural and only method of mi ionary conquest in every uncivilized country of the world. The cases are few, indeed, where men other than mi ionaries have ever mastered an unwritten foreign tongue, reducing it to writing and To preparing for it a grammar and lexicon. mention the languages so reduced by mi ionaries would require more space than is allotted In the first six to this part of the subject. volumes of the Journal of the American Oriental.Society out of a total of 2,927 pages 1,215 are filled by 47 mi ionaries, and that, too, chiefly Prof. as to subjects connected with philology. Whitney, in his Language and the Study of Language, says: “The extraordinary activity of mi ions in Africa within a few years has A directed study towards African dialects. great ma of material has been collected and examined sufficiently to give a general idea of the distribution of races in this continent.” Next to the value of discovering and crystallizing the language of a people in a scientific cla ification and arrangement, is the production In of a common literature in the spoken tongue. this way dialectic differences in the language.spoken by the same races in different parts of the same country have been broken down and the spoken tongue of the entire race has been unified. The philological unification of races and nations by the production of a general Christian literature in a pure form and in the spoken language of the ma es of the people, has been one of the greatest scientific triumphs of the last century of modern It has unified the people, made wider mi ions. and more general literature po ible, and opened the way for the scientific cla ification of the languages themselves. Comparative philology •owes far more to the work of mi ionaries than to any other cla of people. They are the masters of the science. Ethnology: The mi ionary has been the disFor this he was commis coverer of peoples. The •sioned and sent out into strange lands. limits of this article would be exceeded if an attempt were made to even enumerate and briefly •describe the different races that have been introduced to the world, studied, and cla ified by foreign mi ionaries. The very work the mi ionary is sent to accomplish has compelled him to do this. No one else has ever had such opportunities for observation and study and no one else has been impelled to this work by such a permanent incentive. Whenever a mi ionary hears of a strange and unknown race or people, He cannot there he is immediately drawn. •cease from his study until he learns aU he can of the physical, mental, social, moral and religious characteristics of the people in his new found field of observation and operation. The chances are that he will take up his residence in the midst •of that people and give his life to understanding them, in o-rder that he may adapt to their peculiar conditions and needs the Gospel of Jesus Christ. If we should eliminate from our English liter- Science ature all that has been inspired and written by foreign mi ionaries in the line of descriptions of tlie peoples of Africa, Asia, South America, parts ot Europe, and the islands of the seas, we would quickly discover how little remains upon which we can place any dependence. The mi ionaries have been the collectors of data, patiently recording the facts as they observed them. It has fallen to the lot of others to collect, cla ify, and compare this large array of material and draw conclusions more far-reaching than The ind i those reached by many mi ionaries. vidual mi ionary has observed and dealt with one, two or may be three different races or people. Beyond them his personal observations have not extended, but within these he stands without a peer. The results of his studies are given to the world and from this data the most of our knowledge of the races of the world has come. Ethnology and Philology are kindred sciences, and both, in a peculiar sense, are mi ionary sciences, owing almost everything to the discoveries of the mi ionaries. Natural History and Geology: The contributions of mi ionaries to the sciences of Geology, Botany, and Natural History have been considerable. By the aid of native students extensive collections of specimens have been made, some of which can be found in the best known museums of the world. A mi ionary prepared the best existing work on the flora of Syria; and the collections of fresh-water mollusks of the Hawaiian Islands, which stands to-day as the most valuable collection of its kind in the world, was made by a mi ionary. The same is true of a collection of the moths and butterflies of Japan. Another mi ionary received an honorary degree for distinguished researches in geology in the Balkan Peninsula. Mi ionaries not a few have Arch ceo logy: become archaeologists of no little repute. There are few museums in Europe and America that do not po e objects discovered by mi ionaries, and in many cases these finds have been interpreted by them and given to the world. In the last fifty years a greater part of the archEeological discoveries of Asia Minor have been made by As mi ionaries who have been residents there. discoverers of rock inscriptions, ancient cities, coins, cylinders, manuscripts, and an endle variety of other objects, all of which have a distinct arch a so logical value, the mi ionaries have a place uniquely their own. They have had facilities for doing this that is enjoyed by no one else. With their residence in the country, having under their tuition a large numlaer of young men in collegiate training, and compelled in the regular routine of their operations to cro and recro the country by unfrequented routes, it is not strange that they should learn of the existence of inscriptions, manuscripts, and ruins, and should take pains to visit the same and make careful record of all they As soon as the people become discovered. acquainted with the fact that the mi ionaries are interested in these things, they bring all sorts of portable antiquities to them and report to them the location of what cannot be transported. In multitudes of cases antiquities which the natives, for superstitious reasons, conceal from a stranger seeking them, are freely exhibited to the mi ionary, who is well known and thoroughly There is no doubt that the con tri but rusted. tions of mi ionaries to the archaeological wealth Science i Scotland and knowledge of the world are large and valuable. Medical Science: The practise of medicine has constituted an important part of the mi ionary operations of all the regular Mi ion Boards. This has been especially true in the pioneer work For the Medical Department of those societies. of mi ion operations the best trained physicians, both men and women, have been sent out. These have opened dispensaries, built and equipped hospitals, and conducted a general medical practise among the natives of all countries where mi ion work has been carried on during the last century. The initial development of the modern science of medicine in China, Japan, India, Turkey, Africa, and the Pacific Islands has been accomplished almost entirely by the mi ionaries. Medical schools have been opened and conducted according to modern principles of medical and surgical practise, and the youth of those countries have been taught the science and are to-day, by the you sands, practising the same among their own people. To accomplish this, text-books have been prepared in the vernacular of the people for the use of students not familiar with the English language. In connection with the mi ion hospitals, training cla es for training native nurses have been opened and they constitute one of the popular departments of medical work. Medical mi ionaries, owing to their location among hitherto unknown people and in climatic conditions unknown to the medical fraternity of England, Germany, France, and the United States, have made extended and continuous observations upon diseases that are entirely unknown in the countries mentioned. The reports of these observations have been widely published in the medical journals, and have added materially to the sum total of medical knowledge. While studying unknown diseases the mi ionary physicians have also sought for proper remedies in the countries themselves, and in cases not a few they have been eminently succe ful. It is well known that not a few of the common remedies now in constant use in our most civilized countries were discovered by medical mi ion Medical work has aries and given to the world. now been so thoroughly established that the work of the foreign medical mi ionary is now supplemental, and in some countries is taken up and carried on in a large measure by thoroughly trained native physicians. Social Science: The social-settlement method of reaching certain cla es of people in our larger cities is the application to English and American life of foreign mi ionary methods of operation that have been in vogue ever since that work began. The foreign mi ionary enters upon the work for life, and is usually located in a section of country where he is expected to devote his life to the civilization, education, and Christian i zati on of the native peoples all about him. The mi ionary establishes his home among these people to whose elevation he has given his life. His home becomes a well-recognized place of refuge for those who want sympathy, comfort and instruction. The natives come and go freely. The mi ionary identifies himself with the life of the people, with their politics, and their ambitions and trials. They learn to recognize him as one who is interested in whatever interests them and as suffering under conditions that bring 664 In famine and plague, in war, pestilence, and ma acre, the mi ionary remains at his post, and not infrequently lays down his life in his endeavor to shield and help the people whom he serves. Civilized countries i seldom witne such examples of self-surrender carried to such conclusions as we witne to-day in actual operation in every country of the world where foreign mi ionaries are operating. They were the pioneers of this method of reaching a people, and by them the science has been marvelously developed during the past century. In the face of what mi ionaries have done and are accomplishing by this means, our American and English operations seem but child’s play, and the results obtained almost too meager for record. Mi ionaries are the masters of this science, and are in a position to demonstrate its value to the world. Because of the circumstances here outlined, questions of cla , caste, poverty and wealth, employer and employed and, in fact, all questions that arise in the social life of various peoples, come before the mi ionaries and compel to some practical solution. They constantly aim to change for the better all social conditions and to set in operation forces that will eventuate in a completely reformed society. Dr. James S. Dennis embodies extended observations and research in this line in his masterly work. Christian Mi ions and Social Progre . He says “It may not be in harmony with the current naturalistic theories of social evolution, yet it is the open secret of mi ionary experience that the humble work of mi ions is a factor in the social progre of the world which it would be intellectual dishonesty to ignore and philosophic treason to deny. The entrance of mi ions into the modern life of ancient peoples is a fact of the highest historic, as well as afflictions upon them.: ethical and religious, significance. They are the heralds of a new era of beneficent progre to the The social le favored nations of the earth. scientist who discounts Christian mi ions as of no special import is strangely oblivious to a force which has wrought with benign energy and unexampled precision in the production of the best civilization we have yet seen in the history of mankind.” Diplomacy: The mi ionaries’ part in shaping the diplomatic relations now existing between the civilized and the non-civilized countries of the world has been large and important. In most cases mi ionaries have preceded the consul, minister, and amba ador. When later the official representative of the mi ionary’s government appeared, the mi ionary of long residence, not infrequently well versed in the language and conditions of the country, has been compelled to advise, in no small measure, the official representative of his country and, in fact, shape the diplomatic relations of the two countries. The Protestant mi ionary influence in the settlement of diplomatic questions, and in the drafting of treaties for the control of future relationship, has always been conciliatory and liberal. They have been from the beginning, and in all countries not a few are to-day, confidential and trusted advisers of the accredited representatives of the great powers in delicate international questions. As much of the diplomatic influence of the mi ionary has been in the role of confidential adviser, it would be most undiplomatic to make any public record of the same, but it is safe to state that the work of the mi ionaries in aid of wise and conservative diplomatic relations among the nations of the world, civilized and uncivilized, has been emphatic and invaluable. Philanthropy: The mi ionary’s legitimate profe ion is not one that is primarily philanthropic in any limited use of the term. He does not take up his residence in distant, unknown countries for the purpose of distributing charity to the people who seem to be in need of it. And yet, durmg the last century of modern mi ionary enterprise, probably no one cla of philanthropists have been called upon to administer larger funds than have the foreign mi ionaries. Famine and pestilence, plague, war, and ma acre have, at different times, swept over countries where mi ionaries have been living, and they were the only trustworthy people upon the ground both able and willing to distribute the funds that were raised abroad for the relief of the suffering people. Consequently, mi ionaries have so systematized methods of benevolence as to reduce to a minimum the pauperizing effect of the same upon the people who received the aid. They have undoubtedly demonstrated to the world relief that relief funds can be distributed to a people desperately in need, while leaving upon the people the impre ion that the aid received has been earned by their own labors. The science of philanthropy must be studied largely from the standpoint of the experiences of the foreign mi ionary, in order to be understood in its widest and most important relations to the moral character of the people and the fullest development of industry and thrift. Comparative Religion: One of the chief studies of mi ionaries has been the religions of the peoamong whom they As they have live. out to change the religion of the people, and to lead them to accept Christianity in place of that which they had, it is clear that, in order to accomplish this, the mi ionaries must understand, as far as po ible, their present All mi ionaries beliefs and religious practises. have not given the same attention to the investigation of the religious beliefs of the people for whom they are to work. But many of the most intelligent and observing of the mi ionaries of the leading Boards of the world, by a careful study of whatever religious literature the people may po e , by most painstaking observations of their religious customs and habits and by continual inquiries of the most intelligent devotees, have gathered together a ma of thoroughly trustworthy material that has become the basis for the general science of religion. There are many tribes and races whose religion would not be known now were it not for the information given by mi ionaries living among them. The fundamental beliefs and practises of the great ethnic religions would be little known today were it not for the ma of information furnished by the mi ionaries who have given a lifetime, even to the second and third generation, to a thorough and exhaustive study of these religions, upon the ground and amid their daily practises. The results of these studies and observations have not always been gathered into book form, but they have been more frequently ple Science Scotland 665 been sent embodied in letters and reports, and in articJes published in mi ionary, scientific, and popular magazines, and other periodicals. It is not exaggeration to say that mi ionary literature has done more for general education, in the line of the religious practises and beliefs of the people of the world, than all other sources combined. In fact, it is impo ible for this subject to be studied now with any degree of thoroughne and accuracy without the free use of the material furnished by the mi ionaries. One has but to glance through mi ionary articles in the magazines, as well as books they have published, to be convinced of the measurele value of the contributions of foreign mi ionaries to the science of Comparative Religion. But space will not permit a citation of individual cases. In short, educated mi ionaries in all parts of the world during the last century have been active and valued contributors to nearly every scientific subject that has attracted the attention of the scholars of the last century. SCOTLAND; Mi ions in the Presbyterian Churches of: These will be considered under the four heads, viz.: 1. Established Church: Committee for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, especially in India. Headquarters, 22 Queen St., Edinburgh, Scotland. 2. United Free Church of Scotland: Foreign Mi ion Committee. Headquarters, 15 North Bank St., Edinburgh, Scotland. 3. United Original Sece ion Synod: Foreign Headquarters, Shaw lands, Mi ion Committee. Glasgow, Scotland. 4. Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland and Ireland: Foreign Mi ions Committee. Headquarters, Paisley, Scotland. General History: In contrast to Luther, John Knox, in the first confe ion of the Church of Scotland (1560), recognized the me age of mi ions. In 1647 the General A emblj^ recorded the desire for “a more firm consociation for propagating it (the Gospel) to those who are without, especially the Jews,” and on the occasion of the Scotch expedition to Darien (1699) the a embly counseled the ministers who went with Ten years later, it to labor among the heathen. the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge was founded, having cliiefly in mind Later it enlarged its the needs of the Highlands. scope somewhat to include work in America, Africa, and India. In 1724 Robert Millar, a Presbyterian minister in Paisley, published a History of the Propagation of Christianity and the Overthrow of Paganism, in which he urged prayer as the first of nine means for the converT hen came the first sion of the heathen world. Sece ion in 1733, followed by that of the Relief Church in 1761, while, in the meantime (1746), there went from Scotland and England to America the plea for united prayer. The effect of Carey’s sermons and the formation of the BMS and the LMS was manifest at once in Scotland, when two societies were organized in 1796, the Scottish (later called the Edinburgh) Society and the Glasgow Society. In both of them the Established and Sece ion churches were represented, and to the Scottish Society belongs the honor of sending out the first martyr mi ionary of modern times, Peter Greig, a gardener, and a member of the Sece ion Church of Don i bristle, Inver-Keithing, who was murdered in the Fulah country in West Africa. The same society undertook a mi ion to the This was ‘Tatars at Kara , in the Caucasus. stopped by the Ru ian Government, and the Society turned its attention to India and the West Indies, afterward, in 1835 and 1847, transferring them to the Established and the United SCOtlillltl churches, and pa ing out of separate existence. 656 The Glasgow Society joined the Scottish Society schools in Alexandria, Beirut, Smyrna, and Salonica; 10 in in Sierra Leone, but not succe fully, and in 1821 scholars. started a work in Kafraria, which developed well. At the time of the Voluntary Controversy (1837) two presbyteries were formed, of which one, in 1844, joined the Free Church, and the other, in 1847, the United Church. /. Mi ions of the Established Church of Scotland: While the Scottish (Edinburgh and Glasgow) Societies were carrying on their work, tho not very effectively, a strong effort was made, led by Thos. Chalmers and Dr. Inglis, to secure action by the Church. In 1825, Dr. Inglis, then convener, succeeded in persuading the General A embly to appoint a foreign mi ion committee of ten men, but little interest was aroused until in 1829, when, largely through the influence of Chalmers, Alexander Duff was sent to Calcutta as headmaster of an educational institution of which Dr. Inglis had succeeded in persuading the A embly to approve. From that time the interest increased. In 1835 the Mi ion established by the Scottish Society in Western India by John Wilson, J. Murray Mitchell, and others was taken over by the Church Mi ion, and on the earnest Church of Scotland Women’s A ociation for Foreign Mi ions: In 1837 a Ladies’ A ociation for Foreign Mi ions, including Zenana work, was organized. This afterward became “The Scottish Ladies’ A ociation for the Advancement of Female Education in India;” then, in 1883, “The Church of Scotland Ladies’ A ociation for Foreign Mi ions.” More recently the above title has been adopted. The A ociation works in connection with the Church Foreign Mi ion Committee, employing 49 mi ionaries, 17 a istants, 134 native teachers, 28 Bible women, 9 nurses, and 59 other agents. It has 3,316 pupils on the rolls of 51 schools, and carries on medical work in all the fields occupied by the Church it appeal of Duff work was commenced in Madras. In 1843 came the Disruption, and the entire body of mi ionaries, led by Duff and Wilson, gave in their allegiance to the Free Church. Thus the Established Church found itself with a large amount of property and one mi ionary lady. As soon as po ible others were sent out, and before long the institutions in the three presidencies were running on the same basis as before. In 1874 the Church commenced work in East Africa, and in 1878 in China. 1. India: From 1845 until the Mutiny, the work in India was confined chiefly to the three centers in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. Then, however, as with other societies, a new impulse was given, and stations were opened in the Punjab, and afterward in Independent Sikkim, on the border of Tibet. This last work has been carried on in close affiliation with a mi ionary — a ociation of the four Scotch universities. The work at Bombay was afterward given up, and the educational work of higher grade developed in Calcutta, Madras, and Sialkot. The report (1903) shows 26 mi ionaries (not including wives) of the Church Board and 38 of the Women’s A ociation, a total of 64; 189 native workers (aside from teachers), 17 stations, 2,309 communicants, 3 colleges, and 185 schools, with 8,187 scholars. 2. Africa: In response to the earnest appeal from Living stone the Established Church started a mi ion at Blantyre, south of Lake Nyasa, in 1874. Other stations near by were also occupied, and in 1884 Domasi and Zomba, while in 1901 work was commenced in the Kiku’yu country, British East Africa. In the African mi ions special emphasis is laid upon medical and industrial work. The report shows 25 mi ionaries (of both boards), 57 native workers, 623 communicants, 35 schools with 10,446 scholars. 3. China: A mi ion started in China at I-chang in 1878 has (1903) in 4 stations, 8 mi ionaries, 15 native workers, 857 communicants, 6 schools with 218 scholars. The Church also has a Colonial Committee, which provides chaplains for a number of communities in Europe, as well as in the colonies; and s, Jewish Mi ion Committee, which conducts Constantinople, with 2,337 all, ’ j t ’ ^ Mi ions. 2. Mi ions of the United Free Church of Scotland. A. The Free Church: Immediately upon the organization of the new body the mi ionaries set about reestablishing their work. A merchant in America sent Duff £500, a physician in Calcutta gave him £500, and other large gifts followed, and by January 4, 1845, he had a larger school building than before, free of debt, and more pupils 1,257. As gifts came to him he sought to share them with the mi ion stations in Bombay and Madras, but they were not needed. Even before reaching Scotland on his furlough, Wilson wrote: “We must enlarge our work,” and a new mi ion was established at Nagpur, to which a British official in Madras gave £500. Soon after (1844) the Committee took — over the South African Mi ion of the Glasgow Society. At a time when the resources of the Free Churches were strained to the utmost to provide for home needs they gave more liberally to mi ions than ever before. The very next year the gifts of the Free Church alone exceeded those of tlie entire church before the Disruption by about £3,600, and there has been a steady advance since. In India, to the work in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras was added Nagpur, with Hislop College, on a par with the institutions in the other cities, and a work among the Santals of Bengal. In Arabia the Society took charge of the Keith Falconer Mi ion at Aden (Sheikh Othman). In Africa it added to its work in Kafraria, received from the Glasgow Society, work in Natal and among the tribes of Lake Nyasa. It established a mi ion in Syria, shared with the Presbyterians of Canada work in the New He brides, while not neglecting work at home, on the Continent of Europe, among the English communities, and for the Jews in numerous cities of the Levant. In 1900 the Free Church joined the United Presbyterian Church in the United Free Church of Scotland, and the mi ion work of the united body was put in the hands of a committee of the General A embly, representing each branch. B. United Presbyterian Church of Scotland: In 1847 the Sece ion and Relief Churches united in the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, with the exception of a few churches which retained their organization as the United Original Sece ion Church. The first mi ion undertaken was that started by the Scottish Socie’ty in Jamaica in 1835, which had already developed so that the colored people inaugurated a work for their fellows in Africa, and helped to found the Calabar Mi ion on the i 1657 “West Coast; and in Trinidad, where two stations were occupied. Tlie division in tlie Presbytery •of Soutli Africa, started by tiie Glasgow Society, had resulted in one section joining the Free ‘Church in 1844, and the other, on the organization of the United Church in 1847, identified itself with that movement. The events of the Mutiny in India (1857) led the Church to open work in Rajputana and the Northwest (United) Provinces. It prospered from the beginning,.and the founding of the first station, Beawar, was followed by that of Nasirabad (1861), Ajmere (1862), Todgarh (1863), Jaipur (1866), -and several others. The next step was into ’China. A medical mi ionary of the UP Church worked (1862-1870) in Ningpo, and then Dr. Alex. Williams on opened a station at Chi-fu. The great work of the Church in Eastern Asia, “however, has been that in Manchuria, com-, menced by Rev. John Ro and Rev. John Maclntyre in 1873. The first stations, Newehwang, Hai-chung, and Liao-yang, were followed by Mukden and several others. The work in China proper was given up that this might be strengthened. Japan also was entered in 1863, but on the organization of the United Church of Christ in Japan, and in view of the presence of so many other societies, the Church withdrew its iorce and focused its efforts on other fields. C. The United Free Church. 1. India: The five mi ions, Bengal (with its Santal branch), Western India, Nagpur, Madras, and Rajputana, report (1903) 158 mi ionaries, 257 native workers, 28 organized churches, 114 outstations, 3,076 communicants. The educational work shows 4 colleges, with 1,871 students, and 344 other schools, 899 teachers, 17,485 scholars. The colleges are Duff College, at Calcutta; Wilson College, at Bombay; Hislop College, at Nagpur, and the Madras College. There are 21 medical mi ionaries, with 66 a istants, 232 hospital beds, and 24 dispensaries. Over 160,000 individual cases were treated, while the number reached by preaching was over 420,000. The mi ion has fallen heir to a branch of the work founded by Carey in the old Dutch town of Chinsurah, and finds much encouragement in its work among the Santals and in the village districts of the other fields. Special reference is made to the excellent results of the addre es by Drs. Barrows, Fair bairn, and Cuthbert Hall, especially among the students. A feature of the Scotch Mi ions in India has always been the attention paid to the preparation and di emination of Christian literature. Dr. Murdoch, as Secretary of the Madras Branch of the Christian Literature Society and the Madras Religious Tract Society, reports the i ues of both societies for the year as nearly 2,500,000, while £5,608 ($28,000) was realized from the sale of books. 2. Arabia: The Mi ion in South Arabia, founded by the Hon. Ion Keith Falconer at Sheikh Othman, Aden, in 1885, works especially among the Mohammedans and Somalis in the vicinity, but has done good work for Galla captives released from the slavers. There are reported 3 mi ionaries and 5 native workers. The work is still, to a considerable degree, pioneer in its character, and the small number of conversions (7 communicants) has not warranted the organization of a church. The school, with its 16 pupils, is a nucleus for good; but the great ’evangelistic work is in the medical department, in which 4,600 patients were treated by the 2 Scotland medical mi ionaries and 2 a istants, while the audiences at the medical services numbered nearly 20,000. 3. China: The Manchuria Mi ion suffered heavily during the Boxer outbreak, but chiefly in the general disturbance of work. The mi ionaries in Hai-cheng, Liao-yang, Mukden, Kai-yuen, Lie-ling, and Mai-mai-kai reached in safety, while those in Ashiho New-chwang escaped to Vladivostock. The two native pastors escaped, tho several evangelists and a large number of the native Christians lost their lives. Churches, hospitals, mi ion houses, schools, and a great many private homes were destroyed, and there was much suffering, as well as complete disorganization of work. With the return of peace the mi ionaries were able to go back to their stations, and, after two years, the work has resumed its normal character. In the fall of 1902 the severe trial of the Church was followed by a special spiritual revival, with a new spirit of consecration. The report (1903) shows 37 mi ionaries, 97 native workers, 12 organized churches, 75 outstations, 5,994 communicants. The college at Mukden has 106 students, including 16 in the theological department, and in 30 other schools there are 349 pupils. In the medical department the 10 mi ionaries and 8 a istants treated over 4,000 cases, reaching nearly twice that number by their services. The future of this mi ion will be watched with much interest as Ru ian power in Manchuria grows stronger. 4. Africa: (1) South Africa, including 3 mi ions: Kafraria, Transkei, and Natal. The first Scotch mi ionaries to South Africa accompanied a Glasgow colony in 1821, and started work on the Chumie River. In le than two years five Kafirs were baptized, and the work progre ed, new stations being occupied, the most important being Love dale (1830). In 1844 came the transference of the work to the Free Church, and every department received a new impulse. The Kafir war (1846) broke up the mi ion temporarily, but a new start was made and after some years two mi ions were formed Kafraria, south of the Kei River, while that on Still the North was called the Transkei Mi ion. later (1847), in response to a special appeal from Dr. Duff, who visited the field, another mi ion was established in Natal. Among the important stations are Kafraria, Love dale, Burns hill, Pirie, Macfarlan, etc.; Transkei, Cunning ham, Paters on, Buchanan, etc.; Natal, Pie term a ritz burg, Impolmeni, Gordon Memorial, etc. The best known work of these mi ions is that of the Love dale institution, which has furnished the model or the inspiration for a great many efforts in mi ion lands to develop industrial Its print raining in the Christian communities. cipal, Rev. Robert Stewart, D.D., has been a leader in this department of mi ion activity. Love dale, however, is far more than a mere It is a college and a theoindustrial school. logical seminary as well, and being distinctively non-sectarian, it is a great power in all the mi ion The kindred institution at fields of South Africa. Blythswood, in the Transkei Mi ion, was established at the earnest request of the natives, who themselves contributed £4,500 for it. The three mi ions reported (1903) 96 mis146 native workers, 28 organized churches, 32 outstations, 14,895 communicants, sionaries,’ Scotland Scurtder, John, Jr., M.D. 262 schools, with 13,062 pupils. The Love dale Institute has 8.30 pupils, and the Blythswood Medical work is carried on to some extent, 219. but not to the degree as in India and China. In 1846 (2) West Africa. Old Calabar Mi ion: the Rev. Hope M. Waddell, with three a ociates, commenced work at Creek Town, under the auspices of the United Presbyterian Church, but specially representing the negroes of Jamaica. To some extent the hope that the West Indies would conduct this work has been realized, but the control of it came into the hands of the Scotch Society, and in the union with the Free Church it became a part of the united work. The first mi ionaries were made welcome by the native chiefs, reduced the language (Efik) to writing, established schools, and despite the fact that the section is one of the hardest for evangelistic work in Africa, there has been good succe . There are (1903) 41 mi ionaries, 36 native workers, 8 organized churches, 13 outstations, 750 communicants, 32 schools, with 611 scholars. There is a training institution, with 114 pupils, and medical work is represented by 2 physicians, 4 a istants, and 4 dispensaries. (3) Central Africa. Livings ton i a Mi ion: In 187 the Free Church responded to the appeal of Dr. Living stone by sending a band of mi ionaries to occupy the lands around Lake Nyasa and half way north to Lake Tanganyika. The first settlement was made at Cape Maclear. The Livings ton i a Institution was later removed to Kondowi, a more eligible site. The mi ion extended to Band a we, Karonga, and particularly into Ngoniland, among a tribe of Bantus. Notwithstanding the wild character of the people there has been exceptional succe in the work. There were (1903) 32 mi ionaries, 4 native workers, 7 organized churches, 2,027 communicants, 207 schools, with 15,765 scholars. The medical work is more fully developed than in the other Africa mi ions, and with excellent results. He brides Mi ion: Here the United 5. New Free Church reports as its share of the work of the Synod 4 mi ionaries, 2 native pastors, 3 churches, 7 outstations, 168 communicants, 30 schools, 348 scholars. The first work of 6. West Indies. (1) Jamaica: the United Presbyterian Church in 1847 was to take over from the Scottish Mi ionary Society the work commenced in Jamaica in 1835, and which had already developed until four stations were occupied. The work suffered from pestilence, hurricanes, stc, and for some little time was not pre ed, owing to the demands in other fields. With the impulse to work in West Africa, there came new life into the mi ion, and the report (1903) shows 37 mi ionaries, 29 native workers, 64 organized churches, 22 outstations, 12.066 communicants, 64 schools, 7,130 scholars. There is a complete church organization, including 6 presbyteries, and the work is scarcely foreign mi ion work, except in its history. (2) Trinidad: This island was first occupied in 1835 at Port-of-Spain. Later stations were opened at Arouca and San Fernando. There were (1903) 4 mi ionaries, 1 native pastor, 4 churches, 668 communicants. In 1839 the Free Church sent some mi ionaries to Syria, who located at Shweir in the Lebanon, and developed a considerable educational work in connection with the Lebanon Schools Society. In 1901 this work was transferred to 658 the Presbyterian Church (North) in the U. S. A., tho Dr. Carslaw remains on the roll of mi ionaries of the United Free Church. Women’s Foreign Mi ion of the United Free Church of Scotland: Headquarters, 15 North Bank St., Edinburgh. The Woman’s Foreign Mi ionary Society of the Free Church of Scotland, organized in 1843 to carry on the work begun by the Ladies’ Society for Female Education in India and Africa in 1837; the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland Zenana Mi ion (1880), and the Ladies’ Kaffrarian Society, originally organized (1839) in connection with the Glasgow Society, have all been merged in the United Free Church in the one society, with title as above. ///. The United Original Sece ion Church: Headquarters, Shaw lands, Glasgow, Scotland. The few churches that declined to join the United Presbyterian Church in 1847 established in 1872 a station at Seoni, in the Central Provinces of India. They report (1901) 3 mi ionaries, 20 native workers, 3 outstations, 20 communicants, 2 schools, 325 scholars. IV. Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland: Headquarters, Paisley, Scotland. A few churches preserving the principles of the Covenanter Church have joined with the Reformed Presbyterian Synod of Ireland in the conduct of mi ion work in Syria. 676