Brazen serpent

( Scrip.) An image in bra prepared by Moses, resembling the fiery serpent so destructive to Israel in the desert, and set up in the midst of the camp in the view of all, that whosoever would evince penitence, faith, or obedience by looking at it, might live. ( Num. xxi. 6-9.) Brazil (UNITED STATES OF), a Republic of S. Am., and one of the largest states of the world-exceeded only, in its extent of territory by the United States, China, and Ru ia-stretches along two-thirds of that continent, while its superficial area occupies nearly half of South America. It lies between 4° 30 N. and 32° 35' S. Lat. and 35° and 70° W. Lon. Length, from N. to S., between 2,600 and 2,700 m.; breadth, from E. to W., between 2,000 and 2,550 m. B. is bounded S. by the Atlantic Ocean and Uruguay; on E. by the Atlantic Ocean; N. by the same, French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the republic of Venezuela: and W. by the republics of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentine. A large proportion of this area consists of elevated plateaus and mountains, and the extent of cultivated land bears but a very small proportion to that of the whole country. There are two extensive plateau regions, known respectively as the Brazilian and the Guiana plateaus, and two regions of depre ion, the Amazonian, which is from 50 to 150 miles wide, and the Para guy an, a vast swampy plain, some 250 miles wide and only 400 feet above sea-level, through which the upper Paraguay flows. The interior of Brazil contains one of the great forests of the world, a dense growth of tropical trees covering the damp and warm Amazonian depre ion and following the course of long affluents. There is a second large forest region on the upper Paraná, and a third along the coast range. The plateaus are largely open country, while the swamps of the Paraguay are generally covered with a rank growth of gra . Brazil under the empire was divided into twenty provinces: Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Ceará, Maranhão, Parahyba, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe del Rey, Goyaz, Piauhy, Santa Catharina, Matto Gro o, Paraña, Espiritua Santo, Amazon as, and Alagoas. On the abolition of the empire, and the establishment of a federal republic on the model of the U. S. of America, the former provinces became states, with representation similar to that of the States of our own Union. The population by a late estimate is over 14,000,000, though this is probably too large. The area is officially given as 3,209,878 sq. m., but this includes large tracts which are claimed by Venezuela, Colombia, and Bolivia. Of the population, over one-third is cla ed as white, but a considerable number of these are of mixed Negro and Indian blood. One-fifth the population are Negroes, as many more are mulattoes; about 400,000 are civilized Indians, and there are perhaps 250,000 wild Indians. GENERAL DESC. The form of B. may be said almost to resemble that of a heart, of which the greatest diameter, from E. to W., in a straight line from Olinda to the territories claimed by Peru, may be about 30 degrees. The E. side of this country is traversed, from N. to S., at more or le distance from the coast, by a mountainous range, of which the average height is about 3,000 feet, known by the name of Serra do Mar , its greatest altitude being 4,000 feet. This range serves to divide the coast land from the high land, consisting of campos , or tracts destitute of wood, the average height of which is about 2,500 feet. It gradually becomes lower in the direction of Paraguay, until it is lost in the low and generally marshy plains inhabited by the Indian tribe of Guaycuras. Many geographers have fallen into the error of supposing that the prov. of Matto Gro o contains the highest mountains, and that they form a junction with the Cordilleras of Peru and Chili. But Eschwege, who resided in this country for 10 years, during which period he visited the greater part of it, confutes this supposition in his Brazilien die neue Welt . He observes that broad and fertile plains lie between, and that the sources of the Madeira, which flows in a N. direction toward the Amazon, and of the Paraguay, are both within a few miles of each other, and that their elevation is inconsiderable. Mountains, dic. The highest range of the Brazilian mountains is that which traverses the centre of the country, and its greatest altitude is about 6,000 feet. The mountains of this empire may be divided into three different ranges: 1. The Coast range, or Serra do Mar , above mentioned. This is by far the most picturesque of the Brazilian chains, and in some parts approaches within 16 or 18 miles of the sea, while in others it sweeps inward to a distance of from 120 to 140 m. At a distance, and in the vicinity of the mountains, are found ancient forests ( mat to virgem ), whose giant trees, and countle plants and shrubs of luxuriant growth, so thickly woven as almost to defy the attempts of man to force a pa age, sufficiently attest the excellence of the soil in which they grow. On cro ing the Serra do Mar, we meet with a barren table-land called Campos Geraes , with few traces of cultivation. In the valleys gold and diamonds are frequently found. The Serra do Mar chain commences in the Campos do Vacaria, sinks abruptly in the direction of the Rio Doce, and loses itself completely at Bahia. The celebrated Monte Pascoal, which was seen by the early navigators, forms a part of the Serra do Mar. It is known by various names in the districts through which it runs. On the E. side it is styled Serra dos Aymores; while in the IMG:content-0731.jpg:[graphic] Fig . 409.-ROAD FROM PETROPOLIS TO BARBACENA. prises the highest points in B. , viz., the Itacolumi , near Villa Rica; the Serra do Cara a , near Caltas Altas; and the Itambé , near Villa do Principe. This range traverses the province of Minas Geraes, running in its N. course, through Bahia and Pernambuco, and in its S. course, through São Paulo and Rio Grande. It is not only remarkable as comprising the highest points in the empire, but is highly interesting in a geographical, botanical, and zoological point of view. In different parts it bears the various local designations of Serra do Lopo , Serra Sallado , Serra do São Geraldo , Serra dos Es meraldas , and many others. 3. The Serra dos Vertentes ("Water-separating Mountain"), so called because it divides the E. tributaries of the rivers Amazon and La Plata from the river São Francisco. This chain is sometimes called the Brazilian Pyrenees. Its loftiest points are those of Serra do Can a str a and Matto Gorda, where, on one side the Rio São Francisco, and on the other the most important tributaries of the Rio Grande, take their rise, and the Pyrineos, in the prov. of Goyaz, where the tributaries of the Paraña are found. Exclusive of its hilly and mountainous districts, and of its table-lands, the plains of B. are of vast extent; the prov. of Pará, including a portion of the contiguous prov. of Matto-Gro o, comprises, in fact, the whole of the lower and more level portion of the immense plain of the Amazon. During the inundations, large tracts of this plain are submerged. It is mostly covered by vast primeval forests. There are also some very extensive plains in Naranhão and other parts of the empire. That which includes the Lagoa dos Platos extends for above 220 m. along the coast. Rivers, dc. The harbors of B are among the finest in the world; and some of these are connected with the interior by large rivers, navigable for a great way inland. The principal of these streams is the Amazon, generally considered the largest river in the world. Of the other rivers, the chief are the To can tins, or Pará, an immense stream formed by the junction of the Araguay (the principal branch), and To can tins (properly so called). The Rio São Francisco, which rises in the S. part of the prov. of Minas Geraes, traverses the centre of the empire, and receives many tributaries. The Rio Grande do Sul ("Great River of the South"), the Paraña, the Parahyba, Itapicuru, Doce, and many others Many of them, more especially the Marañon, periodically overflow their banks, and inundate a large surface of country. The lake, or rather la goon, Lagoa dos Patos, in the prov. of Rio Grande do Sul, is the most extensive in B. , spreading over a distance in length of above 145 m., and having a partial breadth of 40 m. It is navigable for ve els of considerable burden. - Soil . The soil of this great country is of various descriptions. It is of great fertility in some parts, but by no means throughout, and the oft repeated story of the superabundant wealth of the soil in every part of the empire is decidedly erroneous The same causes, in fact, (as drought, malaria, epidemics, red ants, .,) which hindered the foundation in B. of a civilization analogous to that which was established in Mexico, Central America, and Peru, ages before the discovery of this continent by Europe ans, are still in action to-day, and in undiminished force. Notwithstanding, it would be impo ible to overrate the extraordinary fertility of those vast tracts of land of which Pará is the capital in the N., and Rio de Janeiro in the S. All the operations of nature proceed here on the grandest scale. Swarms of insect life dispute with the laborer the po e ion of his field. Droughts are frequent and long-continuing. Floods in winter commit mischievous depredations. Latterly, epidemics have swept off large numbers of the inhabitants. All these things naturally conspire to check the efforts of the cultivator, and the doubt is suggested to the mind of an observer whether any real progre is actually being made.(Clim.) In the northern parts, and in the neighborhood of the Amazons, great heat prevails; in the higher parts, and towards the south, the climate is more temperate, and even cold, the thermometer falling as low as 40°. The climate in the vicinity of São Paulo is usually accounted the most agreeable, and the temperature permits the growth of European fruits. The W. wind in the interior is unwholesome, as it pa es over vast marshy tracts of forest. The sea-coast, from Para to Olinda, appears to po e a similar climate to Guiana. Notwithstanding the position of B. between the equator and the tropics, the air, owing to the height of the greater portion of the country, is in general temperate, rather than hot. Pernambuco, and a few of the other provinces suffer occasionally from drought, to which, however, the coast lands are seldom subject. M. Von Langsdorff, formerly Ru ian consul-general at Rio, summed up the salient peculiarities of this climate, thus:-"Winter in this country resembles summer in the N. of Europe; summer appears one continuous spring; while spring and autumn are unconsciously lost in winter and summer." ( Min .) The most celebrated of the mineral productions of B. are diamonds. Those found in the prov. of Minas Geraes are generally the largest, and the most celebrated mines are those of Serra do Frio. Eschwege estimates the annual yield of these gems at an average of 15,000 carats, and an a e ed value of $17,377,685. Gold is found in several localities, but the most celebrated mine is that of Congo Soco, which was disposed of, in 1825, to a body of English men, known as the Anglo - Bra zilian Mining Co., (Limited.) The actual produce of the entire gold and silver mines of B. (including washings) is not believed to exceed more than $1,600,000 annually. Iron ore is abundantly found, as, also, rock-salt, saltpetre, alum, platina, copper, and some varieties of precious stone, more particularly, topazes. Veget . Among the vegetable products of B. must be cla ed sugar, coffee, cocoa, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, mandioc, ginger, yams, sarsaparilla, and many varieties of tropical fruits. Of these, the most important, in a commercial sense, are sugar, coffee, and cotton, which are now, in point of fact, the staple produce of the empire, and the culture of which is being increased with almost unexampled rapidity. Sugar is principally raised in the prov. of Bahia, the soil of which is admirably suited to its growth; but it is also extensively produced in some of the other provinces. The culture of cotton is of more recent growth, and its extension owing in great part to the American civil war. Coffee is principally grown in the neighborhood of Rio the capital, and tobacco in the islands in the bay of that city; it is, however, inferior in quality to that of the U. States. Rice is largely cultivated, and is exported; but the principal dependence of the population is on the mandioc, manioc, or ca ava ( Jatropha Manihot), regarded by the Indians as a bequest from their prophet Suné. It is found on every table in B. , and supplies a great number of excellent dishes. Notwithstanding her fertility and extent, B. is indebted to foreign countries, and especially to the U. States, for large supplies of wheat-flour. This has been said to be a consequence of the unsuitablene of the soil for the culture of wheat; but this does not really appear to be the case, that species of grain being found to flourish extremely well in the S. provinces, and on the table-lands of the interior. The importation of flour is rather a consequence of the indolence of the natives. The prov. of Pará is peculiarly fitted for the production of rice, and might supply it in any quantity. The culture of the tea plant has been tried in B , and the soil and climate have been found favorable to its growth; but its culture has not made, and could not rationally be expected to make much progre , inasmuch as it can only be succe fully carried on where labor is abundant and cheap; whereas, it is here both scarce and dear. The forests of B. , which are of vast extent, and teeming luxuriance, furnish almost every variety of useful and ornamental wood; their products being adapted alike to ship-building, carpenter's and cabinet-work, dyeing, . The cocoa-tree is plentiful in the sandy soils along the coast. It is thicker and taller than in the E. Indies; cocoa is in general use among all ranks, and forms one of the chief articles of the internal trade, and also supplies a considerable quantity for export. The car a a to , or castor-tree, is indigenous, and much cultivated for the sake of the oil extracted from its seed, in general use for lamps, and other purposes. The jacarandu , or rose-wood, is peculiarly valuable for cabinet-work, and is extensively exported. One of the most important woods, the Cæsalpinia Bra ziletto , or Brazil-wood (called Ibiripitanga by the natives), is found in the greatest abundance, and of the best quality. in the prov. of Pernambuco, but being a government monopoly, it has been cut down in so improvident a manner, that it is now seldom seen within several leagues of the coast. There are also cedars, logwood, and mahogany. The forests of B .. particularly those in the prov. of Pará, along the Amazon, yield vast quantities of caoutchouc or india-rubber, which is nearly all exported. Zool . The forests are full of rapacious animals, as the tiger-cat, the hyena, the zaratu, the jaguar (or S. American tiger), the sloth, and the porcupine; wild hog, and the tapir are common; the latter is an animal ro sembling a hog, but of larger size, and its flesh differs but little from ox-beef. The useful animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, are all descended from the stocks brought from Europe by the early settlers. Their increase, especially that of cattle and horses, has been astonishingly great. Vast herds of wild cattle roam about the open parts of the country, particularly in the llanos , or plains of the S. provinces. Hides, tallow, charqui (jerked beef), horns, and bones, form an important feature in the exports of this empire. The horses are of medium size, but strong, active, and swift. The emu , or American ostrich, is found in the Brazilian plains, and the foreste swarm with countle varieties of birds and monkeys. In the marshy districts the boa-constrictor attains to an enormous size, and they are also infested with the coral snake. and other venomous reptiles. Inhab . Speaking generally, the natives of B. are of a bright yellow copper color, short, robust and well-made; hair, black, lank, coarse, and deficient on the chin; face round; cheekbones not remarkably prominent; skin soft and shining; nose short, and nostrils narrow; mouth middle-sized; lips thin; eyes small, oblique, and elevated towards the exterior angle. They are in an extremely low state of civilization, are polygamous, grave and serious in deportment, averse to labor, and (like all other Indians) fond to exce of spirituous liquors. The principal tribes are the Tupinambas, Corvados, Puris, and Botocudos. The Brazileiros, or native Brazil i ans, born of Portuguese parents in Brazil, inherit all the idlene and inactivity of their European progenitors, and are prone to indulge in a kind of easy locomotion called the Rede , ( Fig . 410,) a species of hammock, more particularly in use in the province of Maranhão and Pará. The population of this country is made up of an agglomeration of many races. While B. re mained a colony of Portugal, but few IMG:content-0732.jpg:[graphic] women accom panied the emigrants to S. America. The earliest European settlers intermarried and mixed with Indian women; afterwards an Fig. 410. - A REDE OR HAMMOCK. ( Pura.) extensive in termixture of race occurred with the Africans who were bought for slavery. The mixed population increases continually and rapidly. In S. Brazil the negroes are numerous. In the N. provinces the Indian element preponderates. The greater part of the population probably consists of mixed breeds, each of which has a distinguishing name, thus: Mulatto denotes the offspring of a white with a negro, and Mameluco that of a white with an Indian; Cafuzo , the mixture of the Indian and negro; Curiboco , the cro between the Cafuzo and the Indian; and Xibaro , that between the Cafuzo and the negro. Before the suppre ion of slavery B. had abom. 1,700,000 negro slaves, who belonged to about 40,000 proprietors, these negroes having generally been brought from Angola, Anguiz, Congo, Benguela, and Mozambique. In 1854 the emperor sanctioned a law for the suppre ion of the slave trade, which was followed by a movement looking to the gradual extinguishment of slavery, the Zacharias ministry advocating that all blacks born after a certain date should be free, and thus slavery became extinct with the pa ing away of the then existing generation. This measure, however, was vigorously combatted by the conservative party, which came into power in 1868, and opposed all plans for the freeing of slaves. Yet the abolition of slavery in the U. S. had its influence, the Brazil i ans not relishing the stigma of being the only slave-holding people in America, and in 1871 a law was pa ed for the gradual emancipation of the slaves. The slow operation of this law was not satisfactory to the people, among whom a strong antislavery sentiment had arisen, and the final abolishment of the institution arose from a remarkable popular movement, not le than 200,000 slaves being freed by private means, while two provinces took the initiative of emancipating their slaves. On May 13, 1888, a bill for the immediate abolishment of slavery was brought before parliament and pa ed by an almost unanimous vote, thus bringing to an end the institution of slavery on the western continent.-The Brazil i ans divide the Indians into Indios mansos, civilized or converted tribes speaking the Portuguese language, and Tapinos or Gentios, uncivilized hordes. The latter largely make the forests of the Amazon region their home, and are very primitive in their habits and modes of life.- Principal Towns . Rio de Janeiro, the capital, has an estimated population of 350,000; Pernambuco, 190,000; Bahia, 80,000; Pará, 50,000; and several others of over 35,000 each. The whites are mainly Portuguese in origin; in the south there are several hundred you sands of German colonists. -Government. Brazil, formerly an empire, has been since 1889, a federal republic, its government closely resembling our own in organization. The president and submarine electric cable connects B. with Europe, and one to the U. S. is projected.- Hist . It is believed that the first discovery of B. was made Jan. 26, 1500, by the Spaniards under Vincento Yanez Pinçon, one of the companions of Columbus. In the same year, Pedro Alvarez Cabral was appointed admiral of a large fleet sent out by Emanuel, King of Portugal, to follow up the succe ful voyage of Vasco de Gama in the E.; and he took po e ion of the country for the Portuguese crown, giving it the appellation of Therra de Santa Cruz. In 1508, Amerigo (or Am eric us) Vespucci attempted a settlement in this country, which, however, proved fu- tile. In 1515, another navigator, Juan Diaz de Solis, discovered the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, and made other explorations. Other expeditions followed, and the Bra- Brazza, ( brat'sa ,) an island in the Adriatic, belonging to Austria, opposite to Spalatro, in Dalmatia. Ext . about 30 m. long, and from 6 to 9 broad. Area , 170 sq. Desc. Mountainous, but producing corn, figs, al- monds, oil, saffron, and wine. Pop . 15,500. Breach, ( brēch ,) n. [Fr. brèche; from Ger. brechen , to break, or Celt, brech , an opening; A.S. brice ; Ger. bruch, a fracture; Goth. brik an , to break.] The act of break- ing, or state of being broken. Dutch, and English. The Dutch held their ground until, after a long and desperate struggle, they were dis- po e ed by the Portuguese, in 1640. Henceforward the country belonged to Portugal. In 1808 a new era began in B. The prince-regent of Portugal, John VI., being obliged to vacate his country by the succe of the French arms, was declared, in 1822, emperor of B. In 1825, the independence of the Brazilian empire was recognized by Portugal, and, in 1831, the emperor abdi- cated in favor of his son Dom Pedro II. (the recent emperor) and retired to Portugal. In 1843 the Prince de Joinville, Louis Philippe's son, married a sister of Dom Pedro II. In 1858, the first railroad in B. (from Rio to Belem) was opened. In Aug., 1864, in conse- quence of repeated outrages, B. sent an ultimatum to Uruguay, which, being rejected, led to a brief war, (see URUGUAY); and, on the 12th Oct. of the same year, the seizure of the Brazilian postal steamer Marquez d ' Olinda led to a war with Paraguay; and in May of the follow- ing year, (1865,) an alliance was concluded between B. , Uruguay, and the Argentine Confederation, against Paraguay. For the events of this war, we refer to AR- GENTINE CONFEDERATION, and URUGUAY. After the close of the civil war in the U. States, a number of Southern planters emigrated to B. with the intention of there founding a colony, and growing cotton. The Brazilian govt. gave them every facility and encouragement, and granted them lands on the Amazon, but the project eventually proved abortive. In 1869, an attempted ag- ricultural settlement by English men also met with simi- lar results. In 1889 a sudden revolution of citizens and soldiers in favor of a republic broke out, Rio de Janeiro was seized by the revolting troops, and the emperor was forced to abdicate. A provisional government under Gen. Deodoro Fonseca was established, and the deposed emperor put on shipboard and sent to Europe. He made no effort to regain his throne, and died two years afterward. On Feb. 24, 1891, a federal constitution was adopted, Fonseca being chosen as the first president. Revolutionary opposition to his administration arising, he was deposed in November of the same year, and suc- ceeded by Floriana Peixoto. The new government fol- lowed the course of the South American governments in general, a vigorous revolutionary outbreak taking place in 1893-94, in which several states took part. The great strength of this movement lay in the po es- sion of the navy by the revolutionists, the ships being commanded at first by Admiral Mello, and later by Admiral di Gama, who held the harbor of Rio de Janeiro for several months, bombarding the city and attacking its fortifications. The government held out however, and in March, 1894, the movement collapsed. It was during this outbreak that the new navy of the U. S. fired its first hostile shot, this being a rifle-ball from a cruiser of the White Squadron, under Rear-Admiral Benham, discharged as a warning to di Gama to refrain from shelling a position on the wharves where lay some merchant ve els carrying the Stars and Stripes. A new president, Prudente Moraes, was elected on Feb. 28, 1894, succeeding Peixoto, and under his administration the country has continued peaceful, with the exception of an occasional local revolt like that of March, 1897. Brazil'-nut, n. See BERTHOLLETIA Brazil'-tea, n. See MATE. Brazil'-wood, n. A wood used for the preparation of a red dye, imported from S. America and the West In- CESALPINIA, q. v. Brazing, n. ( Metal .) The act of joining together two pieces of metal by means of bra solder melted between them. The best description of solder is made of 9 parts of bra to one of tin; hard solder is made of 2 parts of common bra , 33 of a part of zinc, and 1⁄2 of a part of tin. The solder for the precious metals is made of 66 parts of silver to 33 parts of common bra . Brazito, ( bra - zee'to .) in Mi ouri , a post-office of Cole co. Brazitos, ( bra - zēē'tos ,) a district of Mexico, in the State of Chihuahua, S. of El Paso. Brazo'ria. in Texas , a S.E. county, impinging on the Gulf of Mexico. Area , 1,330 sq. m. It is drained by the Brazos and San Bernard rivers. Surface, flat. Soil , tolerably fertile, more particularly so in the river bot- toms. Cap . Brazoria. -A post-village, cap. of above co., on the W. side of Bra- zos River, 30 m. from its embouchure, and 60 W. by S. of Galveston. Brazos, ( brah'zos ,) in Texas , one of the largest rivers in the State, rises in the N. W. of T., and stretching E. into Knox co., empties into the Mexican Gulf, 40 m. S. W. of Galveston, after a flow of between 900 and 1000 miles. It is navigable for steamboats for 300 m. up. -An E. central county, with an area of 585 sq. m., bounded S.W. by the Brazos River, and E. by the Nava- so to. Surface, rolling. Soil , generally fertile. Cap . Bryan. Pop . (1898) 18,490. IMG:content-0733.png:[graphic] at the proper point of spongine , by placing the loaf lumps in the oven. Though this causes a sudden ex- pansion of the enclosed gaseous globules, it puts an end to the fermentation, and to their growth, as also evapo- rates a portion of their water. The richne or nutri- tive powers of sound flour, and also of B. , are prop or- tional to the quantity of gluten they contain. It is of great importance to determine this point, for both of and it may be accomplished most easily and exactly by digesting in a water-bath, at a temperature of 167° F., 1,000 grains of B. (or flour) with 1,000 grains of bruised "Stay with me awhile; I am to break with thee of some affairs That touch me near." - Shaks. starch, sugar, and dextrin. If dough is left by itself in a temperature between 80° and 120°, fermentation slowly takes place. The starch is first converted into sugar, and then into alcohol and carbonic acid; if baked at this pe- riod, a light B. with an agreeable relish is procured; if, however, the fermentation goes on too long, acetic acid is formed, and a heavy B. with a sour taste is the result. In order to procure a more perfect fermentation, a leaven is employed. This leaven is either a piece of dough in a fermenting state, or yeast, a substance produced in beer while in the act of fermentation. Yeast is most gener- ally used, as it is quicker and more certain in its action than the leaven of dough. In order to bake a loaf of B. , a small quantity of yeast is well kneaded into a ma of dough, and allowed to remain in a moderately warm place. Fermentation begins to take place; and, as the carbonic acid and alcohol are disengaged, they strug- gle up through the elastic ma , and the loaf begins to "rise." It is then put into the oven, where the increased heat causes the further expansion of the enclosed gas and vapor. The proce of fermentation is soon checked by the high temperature, and a light porous B. is at last produced. Well-baked B. is known by its lightne , and the regularity of the size and distribution of the small cells formed by the carbonic acid gas and alcohol. Home- made B. is mostly sweeter, lighter, and more retentive of moisture than baker's B. The following proce is largely employed in the trade:- Mashed potatoes, water, and patent yeast are mixed together to form a ferment . Bread'en, a . Consisting of bread; made of bread. After the quantity of flour required has been put into a Bread'fruit-tree, n. ( Bot .) See ARTOCARPACEAE. trough and mixed with water, not too cold, the ferment Breadle , a . Destitute of bread; as, a breadle is added and well stirred with the hands. It is then a pint of water. When this mixture ceases to take a blue color from iodine (that is, when all the starch is converted into soluble dextrin), the gluten left un- changed may be collected on a filter cloth, washed, dried at a heat of 2120, and weighed. The color, tex- ture, and taste of the gluten ought also to be examined, in forming a judgment of good flour, or B. - See GLU- TEN; STARCH CORN FLOUR; WHEAT. Bread'-chipper, n. One who chips bread; a baker's servant; an under-butler. "Not to dispraise me, and call me pantler, and bread - chipper , and I know not what?"- Shaks . Bread'-corn, n. Corn of which bread is made. "There was not one drop of beer in the town; the bread, and bread-corn sufficed not for six days." - Hayward. strained through a sieve, more flour added, and the Bread'-nut, n. (Bot.) See BROSIMUM. whole well mixed; after a little flour is sprinkled over Bread'-pudding, n. (Cookery.) A pudding made of the top, the dough is allowed to stand for five or six wherein the store of bread and biscuit is kept. Bread'-root, n. ( Bot . ) See PSORALEA. Bread's tuffs, n . pl . Those kinds of grain, . which are convertible into flour, meal, ., for the use of man. Breadth, n. [A. S. bræd and bred. See BROAD.] The IMG:content-0734.png:[blocks in formation] Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break My mind, adventur'd humbly thus to speak." - Dryden . "No sports but what belong to war they know, To break the stubborn colt, to bend the bow."- Dryden. ( Painting ) A term applied to pictures when the colors and shadows are broad and ma ive, such as the lights and shadows of the drapery; and when the eye is -To discard; to dismi ; to cashier; to destroy the of not checked and distracted by numerous little cavities, but glides easily over the whole. B. of coloring is a prominent feature in the painting of all great masters. -To sink, depre , or appall the spirits. ficial reputation of; as, to break by court-martial. "I see a great officer broken." - Swift. The term Breadth of Effect is also sometimes used. Breadth'le , a. Without breadth. Break, ( brāk ,) ( imp . BROKE; PP . BROKEN OF BROKE; ppr . BREAKING,) v. i. [A. S. bræcan, brecan; Ger. brechen; Swed. and Goth. bræcka ; Frisian, breka ; Lat. frango ; from the root frag , Gr. rag , règ , with the digamma frag , freg, whence regnami ; probably formed from the sound.] To part; to separate; to divide in two; as, to break bread. "Give sorrow words, the grief that does not speak, Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and bids it break." - Shaks. sorbs and retains a larger quantity of water. Carbonate -To burst; to open spontaneously; as, to break a blood- of magnesia is also used; it improves the color of the B. , and also enables it to absorb more water. In these IMG:content-0735.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0736.png:[blocks in formation] ent varieties of B. are made from the various qualities - To become bankrupt; to fail in busine ; as, the firm of wheat flour. Brown B. is made from wheat meal, in which the husks have been ground up with the rest of the grain. It is generally considered to be much more nutritious and wholesome than ordinary white bread.- IMG:content-0737.png:[blocks in formation] "Break forth into singing. O, mountains." - Isak. xlix. 13. To break out. To discover itself by sudden effects; to burst forth, as from restraint; as, to break out into pus- tules. "I saw their words break out in fire and smoke." - Dryden. To break donon. To fail in any enterprise; to come down by breaking; as, my horse broke down . "He had broken down almost at the outset."- Thackeray. To break in or in upon . To enter unexpectedly, or without proper preparation. IMG:content-0738.png:[blocks in formation] "I'd rather crack my sinews, break my back, Than you should such dishonour undergo." - Shaks. To break down. To overwhelm; to make to succumb. To break in. To gain forcible entrance into; as, to break in a house. Also, to render tractable; to train to disci- pline and obedience; as, those horses are well broken in. To break of . To reform; to rid of; as, to break a person of bad language.