Eureka

[Gr., I have found it. See ARCH I ME DES.] Discovery. Eureka, in Alabama , a post-office of Talladega co. Eureka, in Arizona , a village of Yuma co., on the Colorado river, about 170 m. S.W. of Pre scott. Eureka, in California , a thriving city, cap. of Humboldt co., on Humboldt Bay, 2 m. from Pacific Ocean, 225 m. N.W. of Sacramento. Has 2 railroads and steamboat connections; lumber mills and other industries; is in the redwood forest region. Pop . (1897) about 8,450. -A township of Nevada co., containing rich gold mines. Eureka, in Illinois , a post-village of Wood ford co., about 20 m. E. of Peoria. Eure'ka, in Indiana, a post-village of Spencer co., about 10 m. W. of Rock port. Eureka, in Kansas , a city, cap. of Greenwood co., on A., T. & S. F. and Mo. Pac. R. Rs., 48 m. S. of Emporia. Has a large shipping trade in grain, cattle, . Pop . (1897) about 3,000. Eureka, in Michigan , a post-office of Clinton co. -A township of Montcalm co. Eure'ka, in Minnesota, a township of Dakota co., about 25 m. S. by W. of St. Paul. -A villege of Nicollet co., on the Minnesota river, about 15 m. S.W. of St. Peter. Eureka, in Mi ouri , a post-village of St. Louis co., about 30 m. W. by S. of St. Louis. Eureka, in Ohio , a post-office of Gallia co. Eure/ka, in Wisconsin , a post-village of Winnebago co., on Fox river, about 16 m. W. of Oshkosh. Eureka Springs, in Arkansas , a city, cap. of Carroll co., 85 m. S.W. of Springfield, Mo. Has valuable mineral springs. Pop . (1897) about 4,000. Euripi des, ( u - rip'i - dees ,) one of the great Greek tragic poets, was B. at Salamis, about в. с. 481. According to a legend, his birth took place on the very day of the battle of Salamis. He was taught rhetoric by Prodicus, excelled in gymnastic exercises, studied painting, and applied himself to physical science and philosophy. He was a disciple of Anaxagoras, and afterwards of So crates. His first play was exhibited B. c. 455, the year that Æschylus died; and his last in 408. He soon after went to the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, and in 406 was killed by the king's hounds, which savagely attacked him in a lonely place. Euripi des was of a serious and speculative turn, could not believe in the popular mythology, yet took from it the subjects of his plays, making any changes to adapt them to his purpose, especially stripping the persons of all ideal greatne . He brought tragedy down to the level of every-day life, and painted men as they are, not as they ought to be. He greatly excelled in delineating the characters and habits of women, and the workings of strong pa ion. His plays abound in neat quotable sayings applicable to all circumstances of human life. He wrote in all 75, or perhaps 92, plays, of which 18 are still extant, among which the most admired are the Alcestis , Medea , lon , Hecuba , Iphigenia in Tauris, and Iphigenia in Aulis. The Cyclops is interesting as the only specimen left us of what was called the satyric drama. To E. chiefly was owing the introduction of the prologue, and the Deus ex machina , or the practice of solving the difficulties of the plot by direct visible interposition of a god. E. was the contemporary and rival of Sophocles, and was one of the victims of the satire of Aris toph anes. Eu'rip us, Eu'ripos, a narrow strait separating the island of Eubea from the coast of Boeotia. The flux and reflux of its tide, continuing regularly for 18 or 19 days, and becoming stationary for the remainder of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients. Euroclydon, n. [Gr.] A violent wind, mentioned in Acts xxvii. The name seems to signify a storm from the east; but the readings vary greatly, and among these variations occurs the form εὐρακύλων , in the Latin Vulgate, euro - aquilo , the north-east wind. Euro'pa. ( Myth . ) The daughter of Agenor and Telepha a, and sister of Cadmus the founder of Thebes. According to some legends, her birthplace was in Phœnicia. Thence she was carried away by Zeus or Jupiter in the form of a white bull, and became by him, in Crete, the mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Æacus. Europe ( yu'rop ), the most densely peopled, but, with the exception of Austral asia, the smallest of the divisions of the globe, being about a fifth part of the size of Asia or America, and a third part of that of Africa. E. is mostly situated within the temperate zone, and no part of her surface approaches within many degrees of the intertropical regions. The climate is therefore rather inclined to cold; but it is comparatively temperate, and is neither so cold in winter nor so hot in summer as the countries in the corresponding latitudes of Asia and America, so that while comfortable lodging and warm clothing are indispensable, the exertions of the inhabitants are not impeded by the too great intensity of cold on the one hand, or of heat on the other. The surface, too, of the country is infinitely varied and picturesque, and it has the advantage of being more intersected than any other continent by great arms of the sea, supplying facilities to internal and foreign commerce that are all but wholly denied to Asia, Africa, and Austral asia, and only enjoyed in an equal degree by America. The soil of E. also seems to be of the quality best suited to stimulate and reward the efforts of the husbandman; for though it is nowhere so fertile as to produce crops without laborious diligence, and consequently does not foster indolence or a want of attention, it never fails liberally to reward the efforts of the industrious and skilful cultivator. Owing to its peninsular conformation, the present boundaries of E. are on three sides easily stated: its W. shores form the irregular rim of the great basin of the North Atlantic; on the N. it lies along the Arctic Ocean; and on the S. it is separated from Africa and Asia by the Mediterranean, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, and their connecting straits. Towards the E., on the other hand, the boundary is almost purely conventional: the Ural Mountains may be regarded as furnishing a sort of natural barrier, but they leave a considerable gap both towards the N. and the S. In the S., the river Ural is usually accepted as the line of demarcation, though the plain through which it flows is perfectly similar on both sides. The four corners of E. are marked by the mouth of the Kara on the Arctic Ocean in the N.E., lat. 69° N., lon. 65° E.; by the North Cape on the Arctic Ocean in the N.W., lat. 71° 11′ N., lon. 25° 50′ E.; by Cape Tarifa on the Atlantic in the S.W., lat. 36° N., lon. 5° 36' W.; and by Cape Apsheron on the Caspian Sea in the S.E., lat. 40° 12′ N., lon. 50° 20′ E. A line drawn from Cape St. Vincent in Portugal to the Ural Mountains near Ekaterinburg has a length of 3,293 m., and finds its centre in the W. of Ru ian Poland. From the mouth of the Kara to the mouth of the Ural river the direct distance is 1,600 m., but the boundary line has a length of 2,400 m. The total coast-line is est. at 19,820 m., of which about 3,600 belong to the Arctic Ocean, 8,390 to the Atlantic, and 7,830 to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. -The political divisions of E. in 1897, with their areas and populations modified by recent events, as the Franco-Pru ian War and the Berlin Treaty ( q.v. ), were as follows: IMG:content-0076.png:[blocks in formation] TOTALS OF EUROPS 3,790,857 358,906,730 Bulgaria Servia Greece Seas, Gulfs, Bays, and Channels. The Mediterranean, Baltic, Black, Irish, North and White seas, Sea of Azof, Sea of Marmora, and German Ocean. In the Mediterranean are the gulfs of Lyons and Venice, or Adriatic Sea; in the Baltic are the gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga, the Skager Rack in the North Sea, and the Cattegat. The Bay of Biscay is in the Atlantic, and the principal channels are the English and St. George's.Straits. Dover, Gibraltar, Me ina, Bonifacio, Constantinople, Dardanelles, Yenikale, and the Great and Little Belts. Capes . Nordkyn in Lapland, N. Cape on the island of Mageroe, the Naze, the Land's End; capes Wrath, Clear, Ortegal, Finisterre, Rocca, St. Vincent, Tarifa, and Matapan. - Islands. The principal are Great Britain and Ireland in the Atlantic, and the largest in Europe; Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Majorca, Minorca, Malta, Elba, Candia, and Negroponte in the Mediterranean; Zealand, Funen, Rügen, Laaland, Falster, Bornholm, and Aland, in the Baltic. To these may be added the dreary regions of Spitz bergen and Nova Zembla. Iceland we have a igned to America, as more properly belonging to that continent. - Moun tains. The principal ranges are the Scand in avian, separating Sweden from Norway in the N., and extending from the Naze to the North Cape; the Alps, the Pyrenees, the A pennines, the Car path i ans, and the Balkan, in the S. In the Alps are Monts Blanc and Rosa, the highest peaks in Europe; in the Pyrenees are Maladetta and Mont Perdu. Some of the peaks of the Car path i ans have an elevation of upwards of 9,000 feet, as have, also, those of the Balkan. Between Europe and Asia, on the E., is the great Uralian chain, and on the S., the Caucasian, culminating in Mount Elburz, 18,493 feet above the level of the sea. - Plains. The great plain commences at the foot of the Pyrenees, and terminates in the Ural Mountains, on the E. It comprehends France, Holland, Belgium, and part of Denmark, the N. provinces of Germany, and a large portion of Ru ia. Indeed, nearly the whole of European Ru ia is a plain, diversified only by gentle undulations. The other plains are those of Bohemia and Hungary, the latter with an area of 40,000 sq. m.- Rivers . The Danube, Volga, Rhine, Seine, Dnieper, Vistula, Dniester, Don, Dwina, Oder, Elbe, Tagus, Douro, Guadalquiver, Loire, Rhone, Garonne. The longest of these are the Volga and the Danube. On the principal islands are the Thames in England, the Shannon in Ireland, and the Clyde in Scotland. - Lakes . The principal are Ladoga, Onega, Maggiore, Como, and Garda, in Italy; the Peipus in Ru ia; the Wenner, Wetter, and Mälar, in Sweden; with the le extensive, but much better known lakes of Geneva in Switzerland, Con stance between Switzerland and Germany, and Lough Neagh in Ireland. -Chi mate . Temperate. On the S. the continent is within 12° of the tropics; and on the N. it nowhere reaches the line of perpetual congelation. On the W. coast it is warmer than on its east; and under the same latitudes, the east coast of N. America is much colder than the west coast of Europe. In some places this difference has been found to range as high as 10° of latitude. - Vegetation. The most extensive forests are those of Ru ia, Norway. Sweden, and Germany; and the principal trees of which they consist are the oak, elm, beech, lime, fir, birch, and chestnut. The kingdom of European vegetation, however, might be divided into four zones: the first, or most northern, being that of the birch and fir, which extends south to the 62d degree in Ru ia; the second, that of the oak and the beech, extending from this limit to the 48th parallel; the third, that of the vine and chestnut, occupying the region between this parallel and the mountain chains of the south; the fourth, that of the olive and evergreen woods, comprehending the southern peninsulas. - Zoology. The wild animals are comparatively few; they are the bear, wild boar, wolf, lynx, elk, reindeer, chamois, ibex, wild sheep, and wild ox. In the great forests of Germany the wolf, wild boar, and brown bear are still met with; and the forests of Ru ia and Poland afford shelter to the elk. The chamois and ibex inhabit the mountains of the Alps, and the wild ox is still found in the woods of Ru ia. Wolves are still numerous in Ru ia, Hungary, . The domestic animals are everywhere the same, and consist of the horse, ox, dog, pig, and sheep; the a is common in the south countries. The birds , though mostly destitute of that gorgeous richne of plumage which characterizes those of tropical regions, are compensated by a rare brilliancy of song. The principal insects are silkworms, bees, Spanish flies, gall-worms, and locusts. Fish abound in the seas and rivers, and are of great value. Serpents and lizards are found only in the south. - Prod . The principal objects of culture are wheat, rye, oats, barley, and potatoes, in the north and middle regions. The apple, pear, plum, cherry, and berries of various kinds are also cultivated. Rice, the olive, the orange, and the lemon grow to the south of the great mountain-range; and, in the extreme south, the date-palm, sugar-cane, and cotton-plant are cultivated. The vine is cultivated as high as 51°, and the apple to 55°. - Minerals. Gold, silver, tin, copper, quicksilver, lead, iron, zinc, coal, salt, and marble. In the precious metals Europe is not rich; but with the useful minerals, as coal, iron, tin, and copper, she is abundantly supplied. Nearly a third of the iron made use of in Europe is supplied by England, and almost all the tin. - Race. Mostly Circa ian, divided into three principal families-the Teutonic in the north, the Greek-Latin in the south, and the Sclavonic in the east. Besides these, there are the Finnish family, in the N. of Ru ia; the Celtic, in Wales and the Highlands of Scotland; the Basque, in Spain; the Turcoman, in Turkey; and the Tartar, or Mongolian race, in the N. and S.E. of Ru ia. - Language . 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Poland, Ru ia, Bohemia, and a great part of Turkey in Europe; the Celtic, of which there are dialects in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the N.W. of France, and Lapland; the modern Greek, and some others. Rel. The inhabitants, however divided into sects, are all Christians, with the exception of the Turks, and scattered settlements of Jews. The Christians in Europe are composed of three great bodies the Catholics, the Protestants, and the Greek Church.- Hist . According to the mythology of the poets, Europe received its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. Bochart derives the name from the Phœnician urappa , which he makes equivalent to the Greek leukoprosopos , of a white or fair aspect; and considers it as applying to the continent of E. , from the fairer visages and complexions of its inhabitants. M. Gebelin, on the other hand, deduces the word from the Hebrew ereb , west, as indicating the country lying in that direction from Asia. The first inhabitants of Europe came from Asia; and during the period when large and powerful empires flourished in that quarter of the globe, E. remained for a length of time plunged in barbarism. Greece first emerged from this barbaric state, and soon attained a high degree of civilization, at the same time spreading her colonies over southern Italy, as well as on the coasts of Gaul and Spain. In the 8th century B. c., Rome was founded, and, by degrees, conquered the whole of Italy, finally extending her dominion over nearly all E. , with the exception of its more northern nations. After the fall of the Roman empire, the barbarians, coming for some part from Asia, overran Europe, and for many ages after their advent there existed on the continent an entire anarchy. The empire of the Visigoths was formed in Spain, that of the Franks in Gaul, the Lombards in Italy, the Saxons in the north of Germany, the Avari in the south, and, afterwards the Saxons and Angles, or Anglo-Saxons, in Britain. The Greek empire at Constantinople, the only remnant of the Roman domination, subsisted, neverthele , in eastern E. About the year 800 A. D., the great conqueror and administrator, Charlemagne, moulded, for a time, the heterogeneous ma into one vast empire, embracing the greater part of western E. His succe ors were unable to hold together what the genius of their ancestor had formed; and from the ruins of his large po e ions arose the separate kingdoms of France, Germany, Italy, Lorraine, Provence, Burgundy, . In the 10th century, the great nations of the North came forth from their obscurity, and Ru ia, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark took rank as European powers, at the same time that the Moors, who had invaded and held the fairest portions of the Spanish peninsula, from the 8th century till this period, began to retire before the Christian kings of Leon, Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. At length, in the 15th century, on the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, 1453, all the great states of Europe may be considered to have been founded. In the 16th century, the United Netherlands detached themselves from the Spanish crown, and the Pru ian monarchy was not formed until the 18th. The general war which broke out on the French revolution of 1789, changed, for a time, the aspect of the continent, Napoleon I. being everywhere victorious. After the fall of his empire, the old order of things was in a great measure re-established. The territories of the various states, as fixed by the treaties of 1815, are those which now subsist, with the exceptions below noted. In 1827 Greece separated from the Turkish empire. In 1831, the kingdom of the Netherlands was divided into the kingdoms of Belgium and of Holland. In 1859, with the a istance of France, the Italians drove Austria out of Lombardy, and in 1861 the kingdom of Italy was constituted. In 1864 the Danish prov. of Schleswig-Holstein became a German prov. By the treaty of Prague, 1866, Austria ceded the Venetia to Italy, and recognized IMG:content-0082.png:[graphic] ily Asteriadæ, or Star-fishes, in which each division of the rays is branched again and again, so that the whole resembles a bunch of serpents tails. Fig.975 represents the whole of the body, with only two of the rays given in detail. They are sometimes known by the name of Me dusa's heads. These little branches must be of singular use to the animal in securing its prey. Eurydice. (Myth.) See OR- Fig . 975.- EURYALE VERRUCOSUM. PHEUS. See also Fig. 1995. Eurysthenes, a son of Aristo dem us, who lived in perpetual di ension with his twin-brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised to the throne, refused to declare it, and they were appointed joint kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, 1102 B. c. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenidæ, and those of Procles, Proclidæ. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agidæ. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. Eurys'the us, a king of Argos and Mycense, whose birth was hastened by Juno two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules, the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed, by order of Jupiter, to be subservient to the will of the other. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who imposed upon Hercules the most dangerous enterprises, well known by the name of the twelve labors of Hercules. See ALCMENA. Eurythmy, (u'rith-me,) n. [Gr. eurythmia - eu , and rythmos, measure, proportion, or symmetry of parts. See RHYTHM.] Good rhythm, time, or proportion; ease, majesty, and elegance of the parts of a body, arising from just proportions. ( Med .) Regularity of pulse. Euse'bian, n . ( Eccl . Hist .) A follower of Eusebius, q . v.; an Arian.