MADRAS

(c. 8° 4’ to 20° 18’ N., 74° 30’ to 85° 30’ E.), presidency and administrative division of India. M. was colonized by English in 1639, when the East India Company established themselves there; held by French, 1746-48, when Brit. regained po e ion: further hostilities with French ended about 1761; war against Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sahib of Mysore ended in 1799, since when Brit. po e ion has been undisturbed except by occasional native risings. MM. occupies whole width of Indian peninsula 8. of river Kistna and its tributary Tungabhadra, and extends nothward along E. coast as far as Lake Chilka; area, 141,726 sq. miles; produces large crops of cotton and tobacco, also rice, millet, pulse, ground-nuts, oil seeds, sugar-cane, spices, indigo, cocoa-nuts, areca-nuts, dates; on hills, tea, coffee, cinchona, cardamoms are grown; valuable teak forests. Minerals include ee and iron, but await development. xports raw cotton, seeds, rice, indigo. Pop. 42,000,000. See Map CENTRAL AND SouTHERN AsIA. capital, M. Presidency; 9 miles long; as port M. is handicapped by surf; commercial part, the ‘Black Town,’ is on shore; Europe ans live farthest inland; chief buildings: Government House, Senate House, St. George’s Cathedral. Original settlement was Fort St. George. Chief exports: tea, coffee, cotton, sugar, dye-stuff, grain, hides, indigo. Pop. 520,000.