Stockholm

Here, Oct., 1471, the Swedes under Sten Sture defeated Christian I. of Denmark. Brunn (brön), He in rich. Born at Wörlitz, in Anhalt, Germany, Jan. 23, 1822: died at Munich, July 23,1894. A German archæologist, profe or of archæology at Munich. His works include "Geschichte der griechischen Künstler" (1853-59), "I rilievi delle urne etrusche" (1870), etc. Brünn (brün), Slav. Brno (ber'no). The capital of Moravia, situated at the base of the Spielberg between the Zwittawa and Schwarzāwa, in lat. 49° 12′ N., long. 16° 37′ E.: one of the principal manufacturing towns in Austria. It was unsucce fully besieged by the Hu ites in 1428, by King George of Bohemia in 1467, by the Swedes in 1645, and by the Pru ians in 1742, and was occupied by Napo leon in 1805, and by the Pru ians in 1866. Population (1900), 108,944. Brunnen (brön'nen). [G., 'springs.'] A village in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Lucerne 15 miles east southeast of Lucerne. Here, in 1315, the three Forest Cantons renewed their confederation. Brunner (brön'ner), Johann Conrad. Born near Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Jan. 16, 1653: died at Mannheim, Baden, Oct. 2, 1727. A German anatomist, noted for researches in regard to the pancreas and the duodenum. Brunner, Sebastian. Born at Vienna, Dec. 10, 1814: died at Währing, near Vienna, Nov. 26, 1893. An Austrian man of letters and Roman Catholic theologian. He was the author of a satirical poem, “Nebel jun gen Lied” (1845), directed against the Hegelians, and other poems, several tales, "Clemens Maria Hofbauer und seine Zeit" (1858), "Die Kunstgeno en der Klosterzelle" (1863), etc. Brunnow (brön'nō), Count Philipp von. Born at Dresden, Aug. 31, 1797: died at Darmstadt, Germany, April 12, 1875. A Ru ian diplomatist. He was amba ador at London 1840-54, at Frankfort 1855, at Berlin 1856, and at London 1858-74. Bruno (brö'nō), surnamed "The Great.". Born 925: died at Rheims, France, Oct. 11, 965. The brother of Otto I. of Germany, made archbishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine in 953. Bruno, Saint. Born at Querfurt, Pru ian Saxony, about 970: killed at Braunsberg, East Pru ia, Feb. 14, 1009. A German prelate, pre called "the apostle to the Pru ians." Bruno, Saxony Bruno, Saint. Born at Cologne about 1040: died at Della Torre, Calabria, Italy, 1101. The founder of the order of Car thus i an monks, at Chartreuse, near Grenoble, France, about 1084. Bruno (brö'nō), Giordano. Born at Nola, rectory was overthrown was commenced. was completed on the 19th Brumaire. It Brumath (brö-mät'), or Brumpt (brömpt). A town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the Zorn 11 miles north of Strasburg: the ancient Brucomagus. Population (1890), commune, 5,548. Brummell (brum'el), George Bryan, called Beau Brummell. Born at London, June 7,1778: died at Caen, France, March 30, 1840. An English gentleman famous as a leader in fashionable society in London. He was an intimate friend of the Prince of Wales (George IV.), "who it is said on one occasion 'began to blubber when told that Brummell did not like the cut of his coat.' By no means a fop, Brummell was never extravagant in his dre , which was characterized rather by a studied moderation." ( Dict . Nat. Biog .) Lo es at the gaming-table forced him to retire to Calais in 1816. In 1830 he was appointed consul at Caen; was imprisoned for debt in 1835; and after 1837 sank into a condition of imbecility, and died in an asylum. Brun (brön), Friederike Sophie Christ i ane. Born at Gräfentonna, near Gotha, Germany, June 3, 1765: died at Copenhagen, March 25, 1835. A German poet and writer of travels. Her works include poems (1795, 1812, 1820), "Pros a is che Schriften" (1799-1801), "Episoden" (1807-18), “Römisches Leben" (1833), "Briefe aus Rom" (1816), etc. Brunanburh (brö'nän-börch). A place, probably in Nor thumb ria, England, where, in 937, Ethelstan defeated Anlaf of Ireland and Const an tine of Scotland. A ballad of the battle is inserted in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle." Brunck (brunk), Richard François Philippe. Born at Strasburg, Dec. 30, 1729: died June 12, 1803. A French cla ical scholar. He published "Analecta veterum poetarum Græcorum" (1772-76), Brundisium (brun-dish'i-um), or Brundusium and editions of Aris toph anes, Vergil, Sophocles, Plautus, etc. (brun-dū'zhi-um). The ancient name of Brin dis i. Brune (brün), Guillaume Marie Anne. Born at Brives-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze, France, March 13, 1763: killed at Avignon, France, Aug. 2, 1815. A marshal of France. He served with distinction in the army of Italy 1796-97; and commanded in Switzerland, Holland, the Vendée, and Italy, 1798-1801. Paris, Nov. 2, 1780: died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1867. A noted French bibliographer. He published a supplement to the bibliographical dictionary of Duclos (1790), "Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres" (1810: 5th ed. 1865), "Recherches bibliographiques et critiques sur les éditions origin a les des cinq livres du roman satirique de Rabelais" (1852), etc. Brunetière (brün-tyar'), Ferdinand. Born at Toulon, July 19, 1849. A French editor and critic. He began his studies at the Lycée de Marseilles, and was graduated from the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In 1875 he joined the staff of the "Revue des Deux Mondes," of which he is now the editor-in-chief. In 1886 he was appointed lecturer at the Ecole Normale; in 1887 became a member of the Legion of Honor; and in 1893 was elected to the French Academy. His publications include "Études critiques sur l'his to ire de la littérature française" (five series, 1880-93), "Le roman natural i ste" (1884), "His to ire et littérature" (18841886), "Questions de critique" (1889), “Nouvelles questions de critique" (1890); and more recently still, "L'Evolution des genres dans l'his to ire de la littérature" and "L'Evolution de la poésie lyrique au dix-neuvième siècle." The first two series of the "Etudes critiques" and "Le roman natural i ste " have been crowned by the French Academy. In addition to these works, Brunetière has edited a number of books for French colleges. Brunhild (brön'hild). [MHG. Brünhilt , Prün hilt, Icel. Brynhildr .] 1. In the Nibelungenlied, a legendary queen of Island ( i . e ., Isala-land in the Low Countries), the wife of King Gunther for whom she is won by Siegfried. In the Old Norse version of the Siegfried legend, Brunhild is a Valkyr who is won by Sigurd for Gunnar. 2. See Brunehaut . Bruni (brö'nē), Leonardo, surnamed Aretino (from his birthplace). Born at Arezzo, Italy, 1369: died at Florence, March 9, 1444. A noted Italian man of letters (a pupil of Emanuel Chry Florence 1427-44. He wrote "Hist or i arum Flor ent i sol or as), apostolic secretary, and chancellor of narum libri XII." (1415), "De bello italico adversus Gothos gesto" (1470), "Epistolæ familiares," and a novel, "De amore Guiscardi." Brünig (brün'ig). A pa over the Alps, connecting Lucerne with Meiringen. The highest point is 3,295 feet. It is traversed (since 1888-89) by a rail way. Brunkeberg (brönʻʼke-berg). A height north of 1600. An Italian philosopher. He entered the Dominican order at Naples in 1563, left Italy in 1576 to avoid the consequences of his disbelief in the doctrines of transubstantiation and of the immaculate conception of Mary, was at Geneva in 1577, and arrived at Paris in 1579. In 1583 he went to London, where some of his most important works were written, and where he remained two years under the protection of the French amba ador. In 1586-88 he lectured at the University of Wittenberg, and subsequently visited other cities in Germany, France, and Switzerland, returning to Italy in 1592. He was ar rested at Naples, May 22, 1592, by order of the Inquisition, and was burned at the stake as a heretic in the Campo dei Fiori at Rome. His chief works are "Spaccio dell a bestia trionfante" ("Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast," 1584), "Della causa, principio et uno" (1584), "Dell' in finito, universo emondi" (1584), "De monade numero et figura" (1591). Bruno, Leonardo. See Bruni . Brunswick (brunz'wik), G. Braunschweig (broun's hvic). A duchy of northern Germany, and state of the German Empire. Capital, Brunswick (Braunschweig). It is mainly surrounded by the Pru ian provinces of Hannover, Saxony, and Westphalia, and comprises 3 main detached portions (the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Helmstedt division, the Blankenburg division, and the Gandersheim-Holzminden division), and also 6 smaller enclaves. It produces coal, iron, marble, salt, copper, lead, etc., and has flourishing agriculture. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy (Prince Albert of Pru ia is regent), with a chamber of 46 members. Brunswick has 2 members in the Bundesrat and 3 in the Reichstag. The population is Protestant. Brunswick formed part of the realm of Charles the Great and part of the duchy of Saxony. "They [the descendants of Henry the Lion] held their place as princes of the Empire, no longer as dukes of Saxony, but as dukes of Brunswick. After some of the usual divisions, two Brunswick principalities finally took their place on the map, those of Lüneburg and Wolfenbüttel.. The simple ducal title remained with the Brunswick princes of the other line." ( Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 213.) The duchy of Brunswick suffered severely from the French in the Seven Years' War, kingdom of Westphalinin 1807, and was restored to the occupied by the French in 1806, was annexed to the duke in 1813. It entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815. Its direct line of rulers became extinct in 1884. A regent was chosen in 1885. Area, 1,424 square miles. Population (1900), 464,333. Brunswick, G. Braunschweig. The capital of Brunswick, situated on the Ocker in lat. 52° 16′ Ν., long. 10° 32′ Ε. It has manufactures of tobacco, sugar, woolen goods, etc. It was the with twisted columns, of the 15th. The walls and vaults of the choir and south transept are adorned with scriptural mural paintings dating from 1224. There are many inter- esting monuments, including sculptured medieval tombs of emperors and princes. The columned crypt is spacious and triapsidal. The ducal palace is a fine modern Re- nai ance building of three stories, the lowest of which is rusticated and forms a basement. The chief façade, 410 feet long and 110 high, has two end pavilions with engaged Corinthian columns; and in the middle, over the entrance, a handsome hexastyle portico, with a sculp- tured pediment. Behind the pediment there is a square attic, on which is a quadriga in bronze. Population (1900), 128,177. Brunswick, Duke of (Charles Frederick William). Born at Wolfenbüttel, Germany, Oct. 9, 1735: died at Ottensen, near Altona, Germany, Nov. 10, 1806. Son of Charles, duke of Brunswick. He reigned 1780-1806; commanded the Pru ian and Austrian army which invaded France in 1792, and the Pru ian army at the battle of Auerstädt Oct. 14, 1806, where he was mortally wounded. Brunswick, Duke of (Charles Frederick Au- gust us William). Born at Brunswick, Oct. 30, 1804: died at Geneva, Aug. 18, 1873. The eldest son of Frederick William, duke of Bruns- wick. He was deposed from the government Brunswick, Duke of (Ferdinand). Born at Brunswick, Jan. 12, 1721: died July 3, 1792. The fourth son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of Brunswick. He was a field-marshal in the Pru ian service; and defeated the French at Crefeld in 1758, and at Minden Aug. 1, 1759. Brunswick, Duke of (Frederick William). Born at Brunswick, Oct. 9, 1771: killed at Quatre-Bras, Belgium, June 16, 1815. The fourth son of Charles William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick. He reigned 1813-15. He commanded the "Black Brunswick ers" 1809, and lived in England Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (brunz'wik-vol'fen- büt-tel), Line of. A branch of the house of Brunswick from which the late reigning house of Brunswick was descended. Brunton (brun'ton), Mrs. (Mary Balfour), Born at Barra, Orkneys, Nov. 1, 1778: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1818. An English novelist, and was the scene of the earliest rising against the Spanish in 1566. It was the capital of the French department of Dyle 1794-1814, and alternately with The Hague the capi- tal of the Netherlands 1815-30. In the latter year it was the scene of the outbreak of the Belgian revolution. It became the capital of Belgium in 1831. It has been noted latterly as an art center. It contains a cathedral, additions. The 15th-century west front is flanked by high square towers, and has the vertical lines strongly marked by buttre es and paneling; it has three canopied portals, a large central traceried window; and an arcaded gable. The design is somewhat dry and mechanical. The interior is characterized by lofty arches with cylin- drical pillars, and much superb gla , medieval, Renais- sance, and modern. The five windows in the Chapel of the Sacrament were given about 1540 by the emperor Charles V., the kings of France, Portugal, and Hungary, and the Archduke of Austria. The noted pulpit by Ver. bruggen (1699) is called the throne of St. Gudule; it is a ma of elaborate carving in wood representing the ex- pulsion from paradise, with many birds and animals amid the profuse foliage, and a canopy supported by angels on which stands the Virgin destroying the serpent. The dimensions of the cathedral are 355 by 165 feet. The Palais de la Nation, built by Maria The res a for the Council of Brabant, was used by the States-General between 1817 and 1830, and is now the seat of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. It is a handsome building with a portico in whose pediment are sculptures exhibiting the admin is- tration of justice. The fine vestibule is adorned with historical statues, and the halls and apartments contain good portraits and other paintings. The Conservatoire de Musique et de Déclam at i on was established in 1832; it was an offshoot of the École Royale de Musique founded in 1823. (Grove.) Population (1900), with suburbs, 561,782. Bru els Conference. A convention of repre- sentatives from Great Britain, France, Ger- many, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Ru ia, which met at Bru els in Sept., 1876 (and again in 1877). It decided to establish an In- ternational African A ociation to explore and civilize cen- Brutus the Trojan. [ML. Brutus , OF. Brut , really representing AS. Bryt , a Briton, but confused with the cla ical name Brutus .] A fabulous person, according to Geoffrey of Mon- mouth the grandson of Æneas and founder of the city of New Troy (London). Brüx (brüks), or Brix (briks). A town in Bohe- mia, situated on the Biela 45 miles northwest of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 14,894. Bruyère, Jean de la. See La Bruyère. Bruyn (bro in), Cornel i us de. Born at The Hague, Holland, 1652: died at Utrecht, Hol- land, about 1719. A Dutch traveler and painter. He wrote "Voyage au Levant, etc." (1698), "Voyage par la Moscovie, en Perse, etc." (1711). Bruys, or Bruis (brü-ē'), Pierre de. Burned at the stake at St. Gilles, France, about 1126. A French religious reformer. His followers were called Petrobrusians (which see). Bry, or Brie (brē), Théodore de. Born at Liège, 1528: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1598. A goldsmith, engraver, and painter. About 1570 he established a printing-and engraving-house: at Frankfort-on-the-Main, his two sons a isting him. They illustrated many books, but are best known for their great collection of travels, of which there are differ- ent editions in Latin and German. The first was entitled tral Africa, and provided for branch national committees. Ireland, Feb. 2, 1550. An English poet, sol- There was an antislavery conference at Bru els in 1890. dier, and diplomatist. Brut (bröt). [ME. and OF., orig. same as AS. Bryt , a Briton. See Brutus the Trojan.] A poetical version of the legendary history of Brit- ain, by Layamon, a semi-Saxon paraphrase of legendary Brutus, grandson of As can i us, great-grandson of Æneas, and king of Britain. It is about twice the length of Wace's "Brut," containing 32,250 lines. The lat- ter is thought to be a mere versification of Geoffrey of Mon mouth. There are two manuscripts of Layamon's poem, both in the British Museum. See Brutus the Trojan . Brute (bröt), Sir John. A drunken, roister- ing, rough fellow in Vanbrugh's comedy "The Provoked Wife." He pa es through every phase of riot and debauchery, and is unbearably insolent to his "provoked wife," though too much of a coward to resent her consequent actions. Bruté (brü-tā'), Simon Gabriel. Born at Rennes, France, March 20, 1779: died June 26, 1839. A French-American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, bishop of Vincennes, Indiana, 1834-39. Bruttium (brut'i-um), or Bruttii (brut'i-i). In ancient geography, the southernmost division of Italy, corresponding to the modern provinces of Reggio and Catanzaro: originally Bruthius or Bruttiorum Ager. Now called Calabria . Brutus (brötus). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro- duced at the Comédie Française Dec. 11, 1730. Alfieri wrote two tragedies bearing this name ("Marcus Brutus" and "Junius Brutus"), both inspired by Voltaire (1783). Catherine Bernard also produced a tragedy, "Bru- tus," at the Comédie Française Dec. 18, 1690. Brutus, Decimus Junius, surnamed Albinus. Executed 43 B. C. A Roman general, one of the a a ins of Julius Cæsar. He was betrayed, and was put to death by order of Mark Antony. Brutus, Lucius Junius. A Roman consul in 509 B. C. According to the (unhistorical) legend, he feigned idiocy (whence the name Brutus , stupid: prob- ably an erroneous etymology) to avoid exciting the fear of his uncle Tarquin the Proud, who had put to death the elder brother of Brutus to po e himself of their wealth. Tarquin, alarmed at the prodigy of a serpent ap- pearing in the royal palace, sent his sons Titus and Aruns to consult the oracle at Delphi. They took with them for amusement Brutus, who propitiated the prieste with a hollow staff filled with gold. When the oracle, in response to an inquiry of Titus and Aruns as to who should suc- ceed to the throne, replied, "He who first ki es his mother," Brutus stumbled to the ground and ki ed mo- ther earth. After the outrage on Lucretia, Brutus threw off his disguise, expelled the Tarquins, and established the republic 510 (?). While consul he condemned his own sons Titus and Tiberius to death for having conspired to restore Tarquin. He led in 507 (?) an army against Tarquin, who was returning to Rome. Brutus and Aruns fell in the bat- tle, pierced by each other's spears. Brutus, Marcus Junius (adoptive name Quin- tus Cæpio Brutus). Born 85 в. с.: died near Philippi, Macedonia, 42 в. с. A Roman pol i- tician and scholar. Originally an adherent of Pompey, he went over to Cæsar after the battle of Pharsalia in 48; was governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, and prætor urban us in 44; joined, induced by Ca ius, in the a a ination of Cæsar, March 15, 44; gathered troops in Macedonia, with which he joined Ca ius in Asia Minor in 42; and defeated Marion's Men," was changed to "The foeman trembles in his camp.") As editor of the "Evening Post" he opposed the extension of slavery and supported the Union. He published translations of the Iliad (1870), and the Odys- sey (1871). "Poetical Works," edited by Parke Godwin, 1883; "Prose Writings" (including letters of travel, origi- nally contributed to the "Evening Post," and orations and addre es), edited by Parke Godwin, 1884. Bryce (bris), James. Born at Belfast, Ireland, May 10, 1838. A noted English historian and Liberal politician. He became regius profe or of Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton. Born at Woo- ton House, Kent, England, Nov. 30, 1762: died near Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 8, 1837. An English lawyer lawyer, miscellaneous writer, and gene- alogist, member of Parliament 1812-18. He was the author of poems, novels, "Censura Literaria" (1805- 1809), "British Bibliographer" (1810-14), "Res Literariæ (1821-22), "Autobiography" (1834), etc. Bryn Mawr (Welsh, brun mour'; locally, brin mär', or mâr') College. A non-sectarian col- lege for women, organized at Bryn Mawr, Penn- sylvan i a, in 1885. It has about 40 instructors and 350 students, and a library of about 27,000 volumes and 7,000 pamphlets. Brython (brī'thon). [L. Britones , Britt ones, Gr. (Procopius) Βρίττωνες , AS. Bretene , Brettas , Bryttas.] The name applied to themselves by the Celts of southern Britain who succe fully Brython resisted the Teutonic invaders in the mountainous regions of the western coast, and whose language (Brythoneg) is subsequently found in Wales, Cumbria, and parts of Devon and Cornwall. The name is used interchangeably with Cymry (Cumbri). Giraldus (12th century) in his "Descriptio Cambriæ" uses indifferently lingua Britannica and Cambric a. Brzezany (bzhe-zhä'nü). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, 49 miles southeast of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 11,221. Bua (bö'ä). An island off the coast of Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, opposite Trau, in lat. 43° 30′ N., long. 16° 15′ E.: the ancient Bavo or Boæ. It was a place of banishment under the Roman emperors. Buache (bü-äsh'), Philippe. Born at Paris, Feb. 7,1700: died Jan. 27, 1773. A French geographer. His works include "Considérations géographiques et physiques sur les nouvelles découvertes de la grande mer" (1753), "Atlas physique" (1754), etc. Buache de la Neuville (bü-äsh' dė lä nė-vēl'), Jean Nicolas. Born at La Neuville-au-Pont, Marne, France, Feb. 15, 1741: died at Paris, Nov. 21, 21, 1825. A French geographer, nephew of Philippe Buache. He wrote "Géographie élémentaire ancienne et moderne" (1769-72), etc. Bubastus (bū-bas'tus), or Bubastis (bū-bas'tis). [Gr. Βούβαστος, Βούβαστις, Egypt. Pa - Bast , (bu-bas the abode of Bast.] A city of ancient Egypt, Bast the scriptural Pi-Beseth and the modern TelBasta, situated on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, in lat. 30° 33′ N., long. 31° 30′ E. It was the holy city of the Egyptian godde Bast or Pasht (Greek Bubastis), whose sacred animal was the cat.