Aris toph anes

the great comic dramatist of was born about 444 B.c. His opponents that he was not by birth an A then i an but probably without good reason. It is that he studied under the Sophist but this is doubtful. He certainly at himself to the old aristocratic and conservaparty, and his talents were employed in the democratic influences that he conto be undermining the A then i an constitution character. Not that Aris toph anes limited his to the field of politics; the religious and systems, the education imparted by Sophists, tragic drama, the habits of the men and of the day, all provided marks for the shafts his keen wit. Reckle humour, often deg ene rat in to wild buffoonery and utter coarsene , gives key-note to his dramas, but his play of fancy is He occasionally utters wise and noble and his Attic style found an admirer in strict a judge as Plato. Whether he aimed at social and political reform is a matter doubt. The persons who incurred the severest at his hands were So crates in The Euripi des in the Achanians, The Frogs, and Thesmophoriazusa, and Cleon in The Knights. first play appeared in 427 B.c., and he is said have written fifty-four in all, eleven of which come down to us. He died in 380, eight years a law had been pa ed to check the licence of stage in presenting real characters for public Aristotle, the founder of that Peripatetic of Philosophy in Greece which has had so an influence over human thought, was born 384 B.c. at Stagira, Macedonia. Hence he is “The Stagirite.” His father was physician the Maced on i an court, but died when Aristotle seventeen. Left an orphan, the youth went to and, after following for many years the of Plato and other Socratic philosophers, up a school of his own. After Plato's death he spent some years in Mysia, but was in in 343 to undertake the education of Philip's the future Alexander the Great. He was treated both by father and son, and 335 returned to Athens, where the Lyceum was to him asa school. Here he taught for years, delivering his lectures as he walked and down the shady colonnades—a habit that the name “ Peripatetic” to his doctrine. In pursued by jealous foes with charges of impiety, 212 and him from there reat Fad voice, He both for he and Logic Meteorology, Ethies the give there serve Natural to materials this human work from brief tions of down, pursued not theology, sects so scarcely wholly doctrine a right habit, chief are mora is served inquiry. Sea (Ech which or Above along rotula cian, the one, to only sounds, symmetry to ( 192 Aristotle’s Lantern. etcetera eR having lost Alexander, whose friendship for had cooled even before death, Aristotle fied Athens and took refuge at Chalcis and died within the year. In personal appearance the philosopher was thin and slightly built. He small eyes, a shaven face, and a feminine and always showed great care for his dre . left a son, Nicomachus, and a daughter, Pythias, of whom he dearly loved. Asa speculative thinker, Aristotle is distinguished range no le than power. Though much that wrote has been lost, we have from him profound original treatises on Metaphysics, Psychology, (the Organon), Physics, Natural History, Moral and Political Science (the and Politics), Rhetoric and Poetry. Within limits of these pages it is impo ible even to an intelligible outline of his principles, but is scarcely one of these works that might not as the basis of a creat reputation. For the History and Politics Alexander is reported have employed a host of men in collecting and information, but the organising of chaotic ma was a task that demanded super industry and incredible genius. In 189la was published which was announced to be the pen of Aristotle, which consisted of a record of the risc and growth of the constituof Athens. But all this was but a small part what he achieved. The principles which he laid the terms that he employed, the methods he in Psychology, Ontology, and Logic, have only shaped the whole tenour of the Christian and provided a foundation for numberle and schools of philosophy, but they have permeated the daily lives of men that it is po ible to frame a sentence that is unflavoured by Aristotle. If in Ethics his of “the mean” scarcely commends itself as satisfactory explanation of the difference between and wrong, yet his theory of the formation of his conception of that happine which is the good, and his description. of typical characters niasterpieces, while his attempt to reduce and politics to the certainty of science has as a sturting point for all subsequent Axistotle’s Lantern, the jaw apparatus of Urchins, as in the common English species in us esceulentus); it is of five sectors, each of consists of four Neg a, triangular pyramid alveolus, perforated by a long tesled tooth. is a curved piece, the compa or radius, and the upper junction of two pyramids is the or brace. Aristoxenus, 2 Greek philosopher and musiborn at Tarentum in Italy, about 350 B.c. Of 453 works that he is said to have written, only The Elements of Harmony, has come down us. Harmony, as understood by him, applied to a succe ion, not to a combination of and was connected with that wider idea of which music was supposed to symbolise. e invented a scale in many respects similar the modern diatonic scale. Perhaps the niost ) remarkable to the mathematical Arithmetic, systematic notation. that of proce es science of the century though the time arithmetic proce es algebra two converse The theory modes is effected division effected to which separately. Arithmetical more numbers, m is the numbers Arithmetical numbers ceding l1l....or3, two cases of such first and Arius, descent. Lucian presbyter at Baucalis. this-—-that but was to a participation Son has beginning. teaching opinion of Alexandria, Eusebius, sistent and the Council A than as i us communicated, meet the ground, his explanations, a synod Alexandria, Alexander, readmit is thought we have writings Arius. of his views was that which he held as distinction of tones by the ear instead of by proce as Pythagoras had proposed. the science of numbers. The representation of numbers is termed With a bad system of notation, such as the Greeks and Romans, arithmetical were laborious, and the progre of the very slow. It was not till the introduction decimal system of notation in the tenth that arithmetic began to develop much, there had been writers on the subject from of Euclid. The elementary operations in are addition and subtraction, converse that in the extension of the science in are regarded as identical; and the other proce es, multiplication and division. of numbers supplies us with different of operating. Thus ordinary multiplication by a method of continued addition, and by subtraction; but these may also be by logarithms (q.v.). The various subjects arithmetical rules are applied, are noticed.