Capitol in a on the site of Jerusalem, which was suppressed Hadrian, Arch of

See Arch of Hadrian. Hadrianople. See Adrianople. Hadrian's Mole. See Angelo , Castle of Sant ' . Hadrian's Villa. An a emblage of ancient ruins, near Tivoli, perhaps the most impre ive in Italy. It included the Greek and Latin theaters, so called, an odeum, thermæ, a stadium, a palace, several temples, spacious structures for guards and attendants, and many subsidiary buildings and devices. Of most of these there are extensive remains; and here were found many of the fine statues now in Roman museums. Hadrian's Wall. A wall of defense for the Roman province of Britain, constructed by Hadrian between the Solway Firth and the mouth of the Tyne. The work has been ascribed to Severus and others, "but after a long debate the opinion now prevails that the whole system of defence bears the impre of a single mind, and that the wall and its parallel earth. works, its camps, roads, and stations, were designed and constructed by Hadrian alone." Elton . Hadrumetum (had-rö-mē' tum), or Adrumetum (ad-rö-me'tum). In ancient geography, a Phenic i an (later a Roman) colony, generally identified with the modern Susa, Tunis, situated on the Gulf of Hammamet 70 miles south by east of Tunis. Haeckel (hek'el), Ernst He in rich. Born at Potsdam, Pru ia, Feb. 16, 1834. A distinguished German naturalist, one of the leading advocates of the biological theory of evolution. He was appointed profe or at Jena in 1862. His works include "Die Radiolarien" (1862), "Generelle Morpho logie der Organ is men" (1866), "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte" ("Natural History of Creation," 1868), "Über die Entstehung und den Stammbaum des Menschengeschlechts" ("On the Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race," 1870), "Anthropogenie" (1874), "Die Kalkschwämme" ("Calcareous Sponges," 1872), "Gastræa The orie" (1874), "Plankton-Studien" (1890), etc. Haeltzuk (hä'el-tzük). 1. A division of the Wakashan stock of North American Indians, comprising 23 tribes. Its habitat is the northern part of Vancouver Island, adjoining the Aht (Wakashan) and Salishan territories, and the western coast of British Columbia. The principal tribes of this division are the Haeltzuk proper, Wikeno, Kwakiutl, and Nawiti. There are 1,898 on the Kwawkewlth agency, British Columbia, and over 1,000 not under agents. See Wakashan . 2. A collective name for a body of North American Indians (also called Belbella , or Mill bank Sound Indians) which includes the Haeltzuk proper and the Wikeno. Their habitat is Mill bank Sound and Rivers Inlet, British Columbia. Hæmus (he'mus). The Latin name of the Balkans (which see). was published in 1800. Hagen (hä'gen). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, situated at the junction of the Ennepe with the Volme, 32 miles east northeast of Dü eldorf. It manufactures iron and textile fabrics. Population (1890), 35,428. Hagen, Ernst August. Born at Königsberg, Pru ia, April 12, 1797: died at Königsberg, Feb. 15, 1880. A German writer on art, author of "Norica" (1827), "Leonardo da Vinci in Mail and" (1840), etc. Hagen, Fried rich He in rich von der. Born at Schmiedeberg, Brandenburg, Pru ia, Feb. 19, 1780: died at Berlin, June 11, 1856. A German scholar, especially noted for researches in Old German poetry. He became profe or at Berlin when the university was founded, was called to Breslau, and returned to Berlin in 1821. He edited the "Nibelungenlied" (1810-20), "Minnesinger" (1838), etc. Hagen, Hermann August. Born at Königsberg, Pru ia, May 30, 1817: died at Cambridge, Ma ., Nov. 9, 1893. A German-American entomologist, curator of entomology at the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology (from about 1873). He is best known for his works on the Neuroptera and Pseudo neuroptera . Hagen, Theodore. Born at Dü eldorf, May 24, 1842. A German landscape-painter, profe or (1871) and director (1877) of the art school at Weimar. Hagenau (hä'ge-nou), F. Haguenau (äg-no'). A town in the district of Lower Alsace, Als a ceL or raine, on the Moder 17 miles north of Strasburg. It was once a fortified free imperial city, and was a favorite residence of the Hohenstaufens. Population (1890), commune, 14,752. Hagenbach (hä'gen-bäch), Karl Rudolf. Born at Basel, Switzerland, March 4, 1801: died at Basel, June 7, 1874. A German-Swi church historian and Protestant theologian, a moderate advocate of the "mediation theology." Among his works are "Encyclopädie und Metho do logie der theolog is chen Wi enschaften" (1833), "Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte" (1840), “Kirchengeschichte" (1868-72). Hagerstown (hā'gėrz-toun). The capital of Washington County, Maryland, situated on Antietam Creek 63 miles west-northwest of Balti more. It has some manufactures. Population (1900), 13,591. Haggai (hag'i). Prophesied 520 B. c. The tenth in order of the minor prophets of Israel. His prophecy consists of 2 chapters, and the burden of it is an appeal to his countrymen to prosecute the work of restoring the temple. Haggard (hag'ärd), Henry Rider. Born in Norfolk, England, June 22, 1856. An English novelist and barrister. He was in the colonial service in the Transvaal 1875–79, and published in 1882 "Cetywayo and his White Neighbors." Among his novels are "King Solomon's Mines," "She," "Allan Qua term a in," "Cleopatra," and "Monte zum a's Daughter." Hagiographa (ha-ji-og'ra-fi). [Gr. ἁγιόγραφα , sacred writings: Heb. Ketubim , writings.] The Greek name of the last of the 3 Jewish divisions of the Old Testament. They are variously reckoned, but usually comprise the Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. The third section of the Hebrew Bible consists of what are called the Hagiographa or "Ketubim," that is [sacred] writings. At the head of these stand three poetical books, - Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. Then come the five small books of Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther, which the Hebrews name the Megilloth, or "rolls." They have this name because they alone among the Hagi ographa were used on certain annual occasions in the ser D. Den Haag , the Haw, or ' s Graven Hage , the Count's Haw, that is, garden, it being orig. a lodge or dwelling of the counts of Holland.] The capital of the Netherlands and of the province of South Holland, situated 3 miles from the North Sea, in lat. 52° 4′ N., long. 4° 18′ E. The chief attractions are the Binnenhof (buildings etc.), used for States-General, the Mauritshuis cith the Steengracht picture-gallery and other collec tions, royal library, and park. The town, originally a hunting-lodge (hedge) of the Counts of Holland, was an important diplomatic center in the 17th and 18th cen pire, Pru ia, Ru ia, and the maritime powers in 1710, in order to secure the neutrality of northern Germany; the Triple Alliance (between France, England, and the Netherlands) was concluded here Jan. 4, 1717; and the peace be tween Spain, Savoy, and Austria was signed here Feb. 17, 1717. Population (1900), 212,211. Hague Conference. See Peace Conference . Hahn (hän), August. Born at Gro osterhausen, near Eisleben, Pru ia, March 27, 1792: died at Breslau, Pru ia, May 13, 1863. A German Protestant theologian, profe or and preacher succe ively at Königsberg, Leipsic, and Breslau. He wrote "Lehrbuch des christ lichen Glaubens" (1828), etc. Hahn, Madame (Helena Andrejevna Fadejeff). Born 1814: died at St. Petersburg, June 24, 1842. A Ru ian novelist, wife of an officer of artillery. Among her novels are "Jelaleddin,” “Utballa," "Theophania," and "Abbiaggio," her best work. She wrote originally under the pseudonym "Zeneida R-wa." Hahn, Johann Georg von. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 11, 1811: died at Jena, Germany, Sept. 23, 1869. An Austrian traveler, consul at Janina 1847, and in Syria 1851. He wrote "Albanesische Studien" (1854), “Reise von Belgrad nach Salonik" (1861), etc. Hähnel (hā'nel), Ernst Julius. Born at Dresden, March 9, 1811: died at Dresden, May 22, 1891. A German sculptor. Among his works are sculptures for the theater and other buildings in Dresden. Hahnemann (häʼne-män), Christian Fried rich Samuel. Borr at Mei en, Saxony, April 10, 1755: died at Paris, July 2, 1843. A German physician, founder of homeopathy. He took the degree of M. D. at Erlangen in 1779, and practised for some years at Dresden and various other places. About 1796 he announced a new system of medicine, which he subsequently developed in the work "Organon der ration ellen Heilkunde" (1810). Hahn-Hahn (hän hän), Counte Ida Marie Luise Sophie Friederike Gustave von. Born at Tre ow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, June 22, 1805: died at Mainz, Germany, Jan. 12, 1880. A German author. She was the daughter of Count Karl Fried rich von Hahn. In 1826 she married. her cousin Count Fried rich Wilhelm Adolf von Hahn, but soon separated from him. In 1850 she became a Roman Catholic, and in 1852 entered as novice a convent at Angers. Later she founded a convent, and devoted herself there to good works. She published various volumes of poems, and the romances "Aus der Gesellschaft" (1838), "Gräfin Faustine" (1841), etc. Haida (hi'da). A division of the Skittagetan stock of North American Indians, who still occupy the Queen Charlotte Islands, British America. They are famous for their carved work and baskets. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being captured from other tribes. They still have 13 villages. Their present number is from 1,700 to 2,000. See Skittagetan . Haidarabad. See Hyderabad . Haidinger (hi'ding-er), Wilhelm von. Born at Vienna, Feb. 5, 1795: died at Dornbach, near Vienna, March 19, 1871. An Austrian mineralogist and geologist. In 1823-27 he resided in Edinburgh, and after 1840 at Vienna, where he was director of the Imperial Geological Institute. 1849-66. He was the author of "Handbuch der be stim men den Miner a logie" (1815), "Geognost is che Übersichtskarte der österreich. ischen Monarchie" (1847), etc. Haidee (hi-de'). A Greek girl in Byron's "Don Juan." Haiduks, or Hayduks (hi'duks). [Hung., 'drovers.] A cla of mercenary foot-soldiers in Hungary, of Magyar stock, distinguished for their gallantry in the field. For their fidelity to the Protestant cause Bocskay, the leader in an insurrection in Hungary, rewarded them in 1605 with the privileges of nobility, and with a territorial po e ion called the Haiduk district, which was enlarged as Haiduk county in 1876. The Hungarian light infantry were called Haiduks in the 18th century, from a regiment constituted for a time by these people. Haifa Haifa (hi'fä). A town in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Bay of Acre in lat. 32° 48′ N., long. 35°1′ E.: the ancient Sycaminum. Population (estimated), 5,000. Hail, Columbia. A patriotic American song, written by Joseph Hopkins on in 1798 for the benefit of an actor. The tune was then called "The President's March." Under the political excitement of the time the song became very popular, and, though po e ing little poetical merit, is still kept in vogue by the force of patriotic sentiment. Hailes, Lord. See Dalrymple , Sir David . Haimonskinder (hi'mons-kin-der). A popular German romance, borrowed from the French "Les quatre filz Aymon." It appeared in 1535. Hainan (hi-nän'). An island belonging to the province of Kwangtung, China, situated between the China Sea on the east, and the Gulf of Tongking on the west, about lat. 18°-20° N., long. 108° 30′-111° E. Capital, Kiung-chow-fu. The surface is generally mountainous. The inhabitants are Chinese, and partly independent Lî. Area, estimated, 12,000-14,000 square miles. Population, estimated, about 2,000,000. Hainau, officially Haynau (hi'nou). A town in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, situated on the Swift Deichsel 49 miles west by north of Breslau. Here, May 26, 1813, the Pru ians defeated the French. Population (1890), commune, 8,115. Hainaut, or Hainault (hā-nō'), Flem. Henegouwen (hen'e-go-ven). [F. Hainaut , formerly Hainault , G. Hennegau , ML. Hannonia , Hagi noia , or Comitatus He neg avens is , He neg avens is , Flem. Hene gouwen: named from the river Haine .) A province of Belgium, bounded by West Flanders on the northwest, East Flanders and Brabant on the north, Namur on the east, and France on the southwest. Capital, Mons. It was a medieval countship, which was joined through marriage to Holland in 1299. In 1433 it was united to the dominions of Philip the Good of Burgundy, subsequently became a po e ion of Spain. Part of it was ceded to France in 1659, and part in 1678. The remainder pa ed to Aus. tri a in 1713-14 and shared the fortunes of the Belgian Netherlands. Area, 1,437 square miles. Population (1893), 1,072,012. Hainburg (hin'börg), or Haimburg (him'börg). A town in Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Danube 26 miles east by south of Vienna, near the site of the ancient Carnuntum. There is a ruined castle in the vicinity. Population (1890), 5,075. Hainichen (hi'nich-en). A town in the district of Leipsic, Saxony, on the Little Striegis 28 miles west-southwest of Dresden. It is the center of the German flannel manufacture. Population (1890), 8,260. Hair of Berenice. See Coma Berenices . Haiti, or Hayti (ha'ti; F. pron. ä-e-te'), Sp. Santo Domingo (sän'tō dō-mēng'gō), and formerly Española (es-pän-yō'lä), Latinized as Hispaniola (his-pan-i-ō'lä). An island of the Greater Antilles, and next to Cuba the largest of the West Indian islands. It is separated from Cuba on the west by the Windward Pa age, and from Porto Rico on the east by the Mona Pa age, and is traversed from east to west by 3 mountain-ranges. It contains min Hajdu-Böszörmény (hoi'dö-bė'sėr-māny). A town in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 12 miles northwest of Debreczin. Population (1890), 21,238. Hajdu-Dorog (hoi'dö-dō'rōg). A town in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 22 miles north by west of Debreczin. Population (1890), 8,720. Hajdu-Nánás (hoi'dö-nä'näsh). A town in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 23 miles north northwest of Debreczin. Population (1890), 14,457. Hajdu-Szoboszló (hoi'dö-sō'bōs-lō). A town in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 13 miles southwest of Debreczin. Population (1890), 14,728. Haji Khalfa (häj'ē khälfä), also called Katib Tche Tchelebi (originally Mustapha ben Abdallah). Died at Constantinople in 1658. A Turkish historian and bibl and bibliographe bibliographer. He was a native of Constantinople; spent some years in military service; studied under Cadhizadeh Effendi and Sheik A'raj Mustafazadah; and was appointed khalifa (a e or) to the principal of the Imperial College at Constantinople about 1648. He wrote in Arabic a chronological work entitled "Takwimu 'ttawáríkh," and a bibliographical lexicon en titled "Kasfu zzunún 'an Asamt 1 Kutub wa 1 funun," which contains notices of 18,550 Arabic, Persian, and Turkish books, with memoirs of the authors (edited with Latin translation by Flügel as "Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopædicum," 1835-58). Hajipur (häj-e-pör'). A town in the Muzaffarpur district, Bengal, British India, situated on the Gandak, near its junction with the Ganges, about 5 miles north-northeast of Patna. Pop ulation, about 25,000. Hajji Baba (hädje bä'bä), Adventures of. An Oriental novel by Morier, published in 1824 (second part 1828). Hakim (hä'kēm), or Hakem (hä'kem). Born 985: died about 1021. A Fatimite calif in Egypt, 996 to about 1021, regarded as the founder of the Druses. Hakluyt (hak'löt), Richard. Born about 1552: died at London, Nov. 23, 1616. An English geographer. He studied at Oxford, took holy orders, and was attached to the suite of the English amba ador in France 1583-86. In 1603 he was made archdeacon of Westminster. While in France he published an annotated edi. tion of Martyr's "De or be novo," and an account of Laudonnière's expedition to Florida. His great collection of travels, "The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discov eries of the English Nation," first appeared in 1589, and was republished in a greatly enlarged form, in 3 vols., 1598 to 1600. There are modern editions. Hakluyt Society. [Named in honor of Richard Hakluyt.] Hakluyt.] A society established in in London, in 1846, with the object of printing annotated English editions of rare works on early geography, travels, and history. It has published a large and valuable series of books. Hakodate (hä-kō-dä'tā), or Hakodadi (hä-kōdä'de). A seaport in the island of Yezo, Japan, situated on the Bay of Hakodate in lat. 41°47′ N., long. 140° 44′ E. It was opened to American commerce in 1854. Population (1891), 55,677. Hakon (ha'kon), or Haco (hā'kō), I., surnamed It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and in 1493 he established on it the first Spanish colony in the New World. Subsequently it was neglected, and became the prey of freebooters and bucaneers. About 1632 French buca neers settled in the western part, which was definitely ceded to France in 1697. Bloody revolutionary and slave revolts in the French colony (1791-93) ended in the supremacy of the blacks. Their leader, To us saint Louverture, governed the whole island from 1795, and proclaimed its independence in 1801. Temporarily reduced by_Leclerc's expedition (1802-03), the blacks, aided by the English, recovered the western part, where Des salines was emperor 1801-06. Struggles between the blacks and mu lattos and between rival leaders led to the division of this part of the island; but it was reunited under Boyer, who in 1822 conquered the Spanish or eastern end. In 1844 the Spanish part became independent, and since then the island has been divided politically into Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the former occupying about one third in the western part. (See these names.) Total area, about 28,250 square miles. Population, estimated, 1,380,000. Haiti, or Hayti. A republic occupying the western portion of the island of Haiti. Capital, Port au-Prince. The chief export is coffee. The executive is vested in a president, now elected for 7 years; and legislation is intrusted to an a embly comprising a senate and chamber of representatives. The prevailing language is a debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catho lic. Independence was proclaimed 1801; Des salines was emperor 1804-06; the eastern portion of the island was annexed in 1822, and finally separated in 1843; and Sou louque was emperor 1849-59, under the title of Faustin I. It has suffered continually from revolutions. Area, 10,204 square miles. Population (about nine tenths of which are blacks), estimated, 950,000. Haizinger (hits'ing-er), Anton. Born at Wilfersdorf, Lower Austria, March 14, 1796: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Dec. 31, 1869. An Austrian tenor singer. King of Norway. He was an illegitimate son of Harold Haarfager, and was educated in England at the court of King Athelstan. He expelled Harold's son and succe or Eric and usurped the throne about 934. He alienated a majority of his subjects by attempting to introduce Christianity, and was defeated and killed by the son of Eric about 961. V., surnamed "The Old." Died 1, or Haco, V., Hakon, or H about 1263. King of Norway from 1217 to about 1263. He annexed Green land and Iceland to Norway. Haku (häʻkö). A country, tribe, and dialect of Angola, West Africa, between the Kuanza, Ngango, and Kutato rivers. The country is high, undulating, and covered with prairie and forest. The people are well built. Their dialect, still unstudied, belongs to the Kimbundu cluster. Hal (häl). A town in the province of Brabant, Belgium, situated on the Senne 10 miles southwest of Bru els. It is a pilgrim resort on account of the shrine in its Church of Notre Dame. Population (1890), 10,441. Hala, or Halla (hä'lä). A town in the Hyderabad district, Sind, British India, situated in lat. 25° 48′ N., long. 68° 27′ E. Halacha (ha-lak'ä). [From Heb. halach , to go, the way, rule.] Those portions of the Talmud which discu in a legal manner the precepts of religion and law regulating the life of man, as opposed to Agada (which see). Halah (hā'lä). A place mentioned in connection with Habor and Gozan as one in which Sargon settled the deported Israeli tes (2 Ki. xvii. 6, xviii. 11): perhaps identical with Hale, Nathan Halahu mentioned in an A yrian geographical list between Arbaha (Arrapachitis) and Razappa (Reseph). Hala (hä'lä) Mountains. A mountain-range in eastern Balu chi stan and the western part of Sind, British India, intersected by the Bolan and Mula pa es. Halas (hoʻlosh). A town in the county of Pest Pilis-Sólt-Kiskún, Hungary, situated in lat. 46° 25′ N., long. 19° 31′ E. Population (1890), 17,136. Halberstadt (häl'ber-stät). A city in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, on the Holzemme 30 miles southwest of Magdeburg. It has large trade and manufactures. The cathedral, rebuilt very slowly after a fire in 1179, was not consecrated until 1491, so that it illustrates the entire development of medieval architecture from the Romanesque to the late Pointed. The west towers and façade are in large part Romanesque, the nave is of the 13th century, and the transepts and choir chiefly of the 14th. The choir-screen is of the richest Pointed work. There are notable sculptures in wood and in alabaster of the Crucifixion, and some fine 16thcentury paintings. The bishopric of Halberstadt, founded as early as the 9th century, was granted as a secular principality to Brandenburg in 1648. Population (1890), commune, 36,786. Halbig (häl'big), Johann. Born at Donnersdorf, Lower Franc on i a, Bavaria, July 13, 1814: died at Munich, Aug. 29, 1882. A German sculptor. His chief works are at Munich and near Obe rammer gau (group of the Crucifixion). Haldane (hal'dān), James Alexander. Born at Dundee, Scotland, July 14, 1768: died at Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Feb. 8, 1851. A Scottish preacher, brother of Robert Haldane. He officiated in a large "tabernacle" in Edinburgh, and spent much of his time in itinerant preaching. Haldane, Robert. Born at London, Feb. 28, 1764: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 12, 1842. A Scottish philanthropist and theological writer. He spent large amounts of money and much personal effort in schemes for the advancement of religion in Scotland. Both he and his brother James left the Church of Scotland, becoming Congregationalists and afterward Baptists. He published "Evidences and Authority of Divine Revelation" (1816: 2d ed. 1834), "Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans" (1835-39), etc. Haldeman (hal'de-man), Samuel Stehman. Born near Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa., Aug. 12, 1812: died at Chickies, near Columbia, Sept. 10, 1880. An American naturalist and philologist. He was appointed profe or of the natural sciences at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851, and at Delaware College in 1855, and became profe or of com parative philology at the niversity of Pennsylvania in "Freshwater of the United States" (1840), "On the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania" (in "Transactions of the American Philological Society" 1870; in book form 1872), "Zoological Contributions" (1842-43), "Elements of Latin Pronuncia (1851), "Affixes their Origin and Application" (1865), "Outlines of Etymology" (1877), "Word-building" (1881). Hale (hal), Benjamin. Born at Newbury, Ma ., Nov. 23, 1797: died there, July 15, 1863. An American clergyman and educator. He was profe or of chemistry and mineralogy in Dart mouth College 1827-35, and president of Hobart College, Geneva, New York, 1836-58. Hale, Edward Everett. Born at Boston, April 3, 1822. An American author, editor, and Unitarian clergyman, son of Nathan Hale (17841863). Among his works are "Ninety Days' Worth of Europe" (1861), "The Man without a Country" (1861), "Puritan Politics in England and New England" (1869), "The Ingham Papers" (1870), "His Level Best, etc.' (1872), "Philip Nolan's Friends" (1876), and a number of volumes of sermons, boys' books, etc. He was editor of the "Christian Examiner," founder and editor of "Old and New," and is now editor of "Lend a Hand" and a ociate editor of "The Lookout." Hale, John Parker. Born at Rochester, N. H., March 31, 1806: died at Dover, N. H., Nov. 19, 1873. An American statesman. He was member of Congre from New Hampshire 1843-45; United States senator 1847-53 and 1855-65; candidate of the Free Democratic party for the Presidency in 1852; and United States minister to Spain 1865-69. Hale, Sir Matthew. Born at Alderley, Gloucestershire, England, Nov. 1, 1609: died at Alderley, Dec. 25, 1676. A celebrated English jurist. He was judge of the Common Pleas 1653-58, and was made chief baron of the exchequer in 1660, and lord chief justice in 1671. His chief works are "Hist or i a Placitorum Corone" (published in 1736), "History of the Common Law of England," and "Contemplations, Moral and Divine." Hale, Nathan. Born at Coventry, Conn., June 6, 1755: died at New York, Sept. 22, 1776. An American patriot. He graduated at Yale College in 1773, entered the army in 1775, and became a captain in 1776. In Sept., 1776, he was sent by General Washington to procure intelligence concerning the British at New York; was arrested in the British camp; and was executed as a spy by order of Sir William Howe. A statue was erected to his memory in New York in 1893. Hale, Nathan. Born at West hampton, Ma ., Aug. 16, 1784: died at Brook line, Ma ., Feb. 9, Hale, Nathan of Scopas and the most celebrated of contemporary sculp. tors. It consisted of a noble quadrangular peristyle of Ionic columns on a high basenient, above which rose a pyramid of 24 steps, supporting a quadriga. Important remains of the abundant sculptured decoration are in the British Museum. It is also famous as the birthplace of Hero dot us and of Dionysius. The site is now occupied by the modern Budrun. Ed Haleb. See Aleppo . 12 mains" (1659). Halévy (a-1 évy (a-la-ve'), Jacques François Fro mental Elie. Born at Paris, May May 27, 1799: died fat Nice, March 17, 1862. A French composer, of Hebrew descent. He entered the Conservatoire in 1809, and studied with Berton and Cherubin i. In 1819 he Hungary, situated on the Dniester 59 miles southeast of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 3,887. Halidon Hill. A hill about 2 miles northwest of Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Here, July 19, 1333, the English under Edward III. defeated the Scots under the regent Archibald Douglas. Halifax (hal'i-faks). [ME. Halifax , appar. from AS. halig , holy, and feax , hair. Another view makes the second element face . The legends which explain these different views appear to inventions.] A town in the West Riding of England, situated on the Hebbele, IMG:content-0568.png:[blocks in formation] Halifax. A seaport and the capital of Nova Scotia, situated on Halifax harbor in lat. 44° 40′ N., long. 63° 35' W. It has important commerce and fisheries, is a leading military post, and is the chief na- val station in British North America. It is very strongly fortified. It was founded in 1749. Population (1901), 40,832. took the grand prix with his "Herminie." In 1827 he was profe or of harmony at the Conservatoire, in 1833 pro- fe or of counterpoint and fugue, and in 1840 profe or of composition. He wrote "Leçons de lecture musicale (1857), "Souvenirs et portraits, etc." (1861)., Among his numerous operas are "La Juive" (1835), "L'Eclair" (1835), Halifax, Earl of. See Montagu , Charles . "Le Juif errant" (1852). Halle Hall, Fitzedward. Born at Troy, N. Y., March 21, 1825: died at Marles ford, Suffolk, Feb. 1, 1901. An American philologist. He graduated at Harvard in 1846; resided in India 1846-62, becoming profe or in the government college at Benares in 1853, and serving as inspector of schools for various districts 1855-62; went to London in 1862, and became profe or of Sanskrit in King's College; and to Suffolks He published in 1869 removed for Marles ford, Exemplifications of False Philology” (1872), “Modern English" (1873), "On English Adjectives in -able" (1877), etc. Hall, James. Born at Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 1793: died near Cincinnati, Ohio, July 5, 1868. An American author. He published "Letters from the West" (1829), "Legends of the West" (1832), "Tales of the Border" (1835), “Sketches of the West" (1836), and, with McKenney, "History of the Indian Tribes" (1838-44). Hall, James. Born at Hingham, Ma ., Sept. 12, 1811: died at Bethlehem, N. H., Aug. 7, 1898. A noted American geologist ist and leon to log ist. He was a istant profe or of chemistry pa at the Ren elaer Polytechnic School 1832-36, when he became profe or of geology. He began his labors on the geological survey of New York in 1836, devoting himself after 1843 chiefly to paleontology. He published "The Paleontology of New York," etc. Hall, Joseph. Born at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England, July 1, 1574: died at Higham, near Norwich, England, Sept. 8, 1656. An English bishop and author. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow; held the living Hawstead and a canonry at Wolver hampton; and became bishop succe ively of Exeter and Norwich. Of the latter see he was deprived by Parliament. He published satires under the title "Virgidemiarum: First three books of toothle Satires" (1597), and a second volume "Last -three books of byting Satires" (1598), "Epistles" (1608-11), "Contemplations" (1612-26), "Paraphrase of Hard Texte, etc." (1633), controversial works, etc. Halévy, Joseph. Born at Adrianople, Turkey, Halifax, Marquis of. See Savile , George. Deep French Orientalist and tray Hall (hal), Mrs. (Anna Maria Fielding). Hall, Marshall,90 Born at Basford, Notts, Eng- eler in Arabia and Aby in i a, noted as an A yriologist. His works include "Rapport sur une mi ion archéologique dans le Yémen" (1872), "Mélanges d'épigraphie et d'archéologie sémitiques" (1874), "Recherches antiques sur l'origine de la civilisation babylonienne" (1876), "Documents religieux de l'A yrie et de la Babylonie, etc." (1883), etc. He founded the "Revue Sémitique d'Epigraphie et d'His to ire Ancienne." Halévy, Léon. Born at Paris, Jan. 14, 1802: died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 3, 1883. A French poet and man of letters, brother of J. F. F. E. Halévy. He published theatrical = pieces, translations, historical works, etc. Halévy, Ludovic. Born at Paris, Jan. 1, 1834. - A French dramatist and author, son of Léon Halévy. His works include librettos for the opéras bouffes "La belle Hélène" (1864), "Barbe bleue" (1866), "La grande duche e de Gérolstein" (1867), "La Périchole" (1868), and for the opéras comiques "Carmen" from Merimée (1875), "Le petit duc" (1878), "La petite mademoiselle" (1879), and the comedies "Frou-frou" (1869), "Le réveillon" (1872), "La boule" (1875), "La cigale" (1877), "La petite mère" (1880), "Larou otte" (1881). All these were written in collaboration with Meilhac. Among his novels and romances, written alone, are "Un scandale (1860), "L'Abbé Constant in" (1882), "Deux mariages, etc." (1885), "Mon camarade Mou ard, etc." (1886), and stories in "Karikari" (1892). Half Dome (häf dom), or South Dome (south dom). An inacce ible mountain near the eastern end of the Yosemite valley, California, 4,735 feet above the valley, and about 8,800 feet above sea-level. Half Moon. The ve el in which Henry Hudson sailed from Holland for America in 1609. He explored the coast in her, and went up the river called from him the Hudson River. Half Moon, The. An old house standing in Alders gate, London. It was formerly the Half Moon Tavern, was much frequented by literary men, and is now also called, for no particular reason, "Shakspere's house." Halford (hal'ford) (originally Vaughan), Sir Henry. Born at Leicester, England, Oct. 2, 1766: died at London, March 9, 1844. An English physician. He published "E ays and Orations delivered at the Royal College of Physicians" (1831), etc. Haliburton (hal'i-ber-ton), Thomas Chandler: pseudonym Sam Slick. Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia, Dec., 1796: died at Isle worth, near London, Aug. 27, 1865. A British-American humorist. He practised law at Anna polis Royal, and became chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Nova Scotia in 1828, and, on the abolition of this court in 1840, judge of the Supreme Court. He resigned and went to England in 1856. He wrote "The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville" (1837: 2d series 1838, 3d series 1840), histories of Nova Scotia, “The Attaché, or Sam Slick in England" (1843), "The Bubbles of Canada" (1839), "The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony" (1843), etc. Halicarna us (hal"i-kär-nasʼus). [Gr. ' Αλικαρ νασσός.] In ancient geography, a city of Caria, Asia, situated on the Ceramic Gulf, on the mainland and the island of Zephyr i a, in lat. 37° 2. N., long. 270 25′ E. It was founded by Dorians, Born at Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 6, 1800: died at East Moulsey, Surrey, England, Jan. 30, 1881. A British author, wife of S. C. Hall. She wrote "Sketches of Irish Character" (1829), "Lights and Shadows of Irish Life" (1838), and other novels and tales of Irish life; with her husband, "Ireland, its Scenery, etc." (1841-43), and other works. Hall, Asaph. Born at Goshen, Conn., Oct. 15, 1829. An American astronomer. He was profe or of mathematics in the navy from 1863, and was stationed at the naval observatory in Washington from 1862, retiring in 1891. In 1874 he observed the transit of Venus at Vladivostok, Siberia. Hall, Basil. Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 31,1788: died at Portsmouth, England, Sept. 11, 1844. A British naval officer, traveler, and author. In the Lyra he accompanied Lord Amherst's emba y to China in 1815, returning in 1817. During this voyage imp or tant explorations of the eastern seas were made. Hall had an interview with Napoleon at St. Helena. In 18271828 he visited the United States. He became insane in 1842. Among his works are "Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, etc." (1818), "Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico" (1824), "Travels in North America" (1829), "Fragments of Voyages and Travels" (1831-33). Hall, Charles Francis. Born at Rochester, N. H., 1821: died in Green land, Nov. 8, 1871. An American arctic explorer. He received a common school education, and followed various occupations, including those of blacksmithing and engraving. Becoming interested in the fate of Sir John Franklin, he undertook, fitted out by private subscription, a journey to the arctic regions in search of the documents and po ible survivors of his expedition. He left New London May 29, 1860, and habits brought him over much of the territory he desired domesticated himself with the Eskimos, whose roving to explore. He returned to New London Sept. 13, 1862, having failed in the main object of his journey, but having discovered relics of Frobisher's expedition of 1577-78. He made a second journey of a similar character 1864-69, during which he discovered numerous relics of the Franklin expedition. July 3, 1871, he sailed from New London pole. The Polar is pa ed through Smith Sound into Kane in the Polar is, in command of an expedition to the north Sea, thence through Kennedy and Robeson channels to the Polar Sea, and Aug. 30, 1871, reached lat. 82° 11′ N., the highest point then attained by any ve el. The expedition went into winter quarters at Thank God Harbor, Green land. He became ill Oct. 24, 1871, on the return from a sledge journey to Cape Brevoort, and died of apoplexy Nov. 8, 1871, the command devolving on S. O. Budding ton. He published "Arctic Researches" (1864). Hall, Dominick Augustine. Born in South Carolina, 1765: died at New Orleans, Dec. 12, 1820. An American jurist. He became United States judge for Louisiana in 1812. In March, 1815, while New Orleans was under martial law, he granted a writ of habeas corpus for the release of Louis Louillier, who had been arrested by General Andrew Jackson for exciting discontent among the troops. General Jackson refused to recognize the authority of the court, rearrested Louil lier, and committed Hall to jail. Hall, having been released the next day, fined the general $1,000 for contempt of court in disregarding a writ of habeas corpus and in imprison IMG:content-0569.png:[blocks in formation] and was and nearly destroyed by the Maced on i ans about 334 В. С. It is celebrated for the Mausoleum, the tomb of Mausolus, in antiquity one of the seven wonders of the world. It was built in 352 B. C., with the coöper at i on cle"). Grafton, Holinshed, and Stow borrowed from him, and Shakspere followed him in some of his historical plays. The chronicle was reprinted in 1809 by Ellis. IMG:content-0570.png:[blocks in formation] Hall, Newman. Born May 22, 1816: died Feb. 18, 1902. An English Congregational clergyman. He was minister of the Albion Congregational Church at Hull from 1842 to 1854, when he took charge of Surrey Chapel, known as Rowland Hill's Chapel, in Black friars Road, London. In 1876 he removed with his congregation to Christ Church, a splendid edifice erected chiefly through his exertions. He resigned his pastorate in 1892. He was the author of "Lectures in America" (1868), "Pilgrim Songs" (1871), " Come to Jesus" and other tracts, etc. Hall, Robert. Born at Arnesby, Leicestershire, May 2, 1764: died at Bristol, Feb. 21, 1831. An English pulpit orator of the Baptist Church. He preached at Bristol 1785-90, at Cambridge 1791-1806, at Leicester 1807-26, and at Bristol 1826-31. His works in 6 vols. were edited by Olinthus Gregory (1832). Hall, Samuel Carter. Born at Water ford, Ireland, May 9, 1800: died at Kensington, London, March 16, 1889. A British author and editor. He edited or subedited "The Literary Observer," "The Amulet," "New Monthly Magazine," "The Town," "Art Union Journal," "Social Notes." He wrote "Baronial Halls of England, etc." (1848), etc., and, with his wife, "Ireland, its Scenery, etc." (1841-43), and very many other works. Halla. See Hala . Hallam (hal'am), Arthur Henry. Born at London, Feb. 1, 1811: died at Vienna, Sept. 15, 1833. An English e ayist, son of Henry Hallam. He formed an intimacy with Tennyson, to whose sister he was betrothed, and by whom he has been commemorated in the poem "In Memoriam." His literary remains were published in 1834. Hallam (hal'am), Henry. Born at Windsor, England, July 9,1777: died at Pens hurst, Kent, England, Jan. 21, 1859. An English historian. He graduated with the degree of B. A. at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1799, was afterward called to the bar, and was for many years a commi ioner of stamps. In 1812 he inherited a competent fortune from his father, which enabled him to withdraw from the practice of law and devote himself to historical studies. His chief works are "A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages" (1818), "The Constitutional History of England from the Acce ion of Henry VII. to the Death of George II." (1827), and the "Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries" (1837-39). Hall and (hälländ). A maritime laen of southern Sweden, lying on the Cattegat. Area, 1,899 square miles. Population (1893), 137,002. Halle, or Halle-an-der-Saale (häl'le-än-derzä'le), formerly also Halle-in-Sachsen (häl'lein-zäk's en). A city in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, on the Saale 20 miles northwest of Leipsic. It has important salt-works and considerable trade, and manufactures machinery, starch, and sugar. Objects of interest are the university, cathedral, Marktkirche, Church of St. Maurice, Red Tower, Rathaus, and Francke's Institutions. It was the birthplace of Handel. Halle was a Hanseatic town. It was acquired by Bran. denburg in 1648. The French stormed it in 1806. Popu lati on (1900), 156,611. Halle, Adam de la Halle, Adam de la. See La Halle . Halleck (hal'ek), Fitz-Greene. Born at Guilford, Conn., July 8, 1790: died at Guilford, Nov. 19, 1867. An American poet. He was one of the original trustees of the Astor Library (New York). With J. R. Drake he wrote the "Croaker" papers in the New York "Evening Post" (1819). Among his poems are "Fanny" (1819), "Marco Bozzaris" (1827). His poetical works were edited and published in by James Wilson. Halleck, Henry Wager. Born at Westernville, Oneida Louisville, Ky., Jan. 9, 1872. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1839; served in the Mexican war; was promoted captain of engineers in 1853; and in 1854 resigned his commi ion in order to take up the practice of law at San Francisco. He was appointed major-general in the Union army at the IMG:content-0571.png:[ocr errors] command of Department Mi ouri Nov. 9, 1861, Department of the sound of the the siege of Corinth, which he occupied May 30, 1862. He a umed command as general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States, with headquarters at Washington, July 11, 1862, an office in which he was superseded by General Grant, March 12, 1864. He was chief of staff to Grant, March 12, 1864, April 19, 1865, when he was appointed to the command of the division of the James. He published "International Law" (1861), "Elements of International Law and Laws of War" (1866), etc. Hallein (häl'lin). A town in Salzburg, Austria Hungary, situated on the Salzach 8 miles south of Salzburg. It is noted for its salt-mines. Population (1890), 3,945. Hallelujah Victory, The. A victory said to have been gained by the Britons over the Picts and Scots at Mold in Flints hire, March 30, 430. It was named from the war-cry adopted by the Britons at the suggestion of St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre, who was present at the battle. Hallenga (häl-leng'gä). See Bisharin . Haller (häl'ler), Albrecht von. Born at Bern, Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1708: died at Bern, Dec. 12, 1777. A distinguished Swi physiologist, anatomist, botanist, and poet. He studied at Tübingen, Leyden, and Basel; traveled in France, England, Holland, Germany; and settled as a physician in 1729, where he became city physician and librarian. His works include "Element a physio log iæ corp or is human i" (1757-66), "Bibliotheca botanica" (1771-72), “Bibliotheca anatomic a" (1774–77), “Bibliotheca chirurgica” (1774-75), "Bibliotheca medic inæ practice" (1776-87), "Iconum Haller, Berth old. Born at Aldingen, near Rottweil, Würtemberg, 1492: died at Bern, Feb. 25, 1536. A Swi preacher, influential in establishing the Reformation at Bern. anatomic arum, etc." (1743), etc. Halley (hal'i), Edmund. Born at Hagg erst on, Shore ditch, London, Nov. 8, 1656: died at Green wich, Jan. 14, 1742. Á celebrated English astronomer. His father was engaged in the busine of soap boiling in London. He studied at St. Paul's School, and in 1673 entered Queen's College, Oxford, but left the university in 1676 without taking a degree. His astronomical studies were begun in his boyhood (his first communica tion to the Royal Society was sent before he was 20), and in 1676 he sailed for St. Helena for the purpose of observing the positions of the fixed stars in the southern hemisphere. The importance of observations made during this trip led Flamsteed to name him "the Southern Tycho."