spoliative (spoʻliativ)

[= F. spoliative; as spoliate + -ive.] Tending to take away or diminish; specifically, in med., le ening the ma of the blood. dispersed through tropical regions of both hemispheres. the ends of the branches, with opposite and often very taper-pointed leaflets. The small short-pedicel led flowers form spreading terminal panicles. Each flower contains four or five spreading petals and a free ovary of as many cells, which becomes in fruit a fleshy drupe with a thick stone. The leaves and bark often yield medicinal and principally astringent preparations; the fruit is often austere and laxative; that of S. tuberosa is valued in Brazil as a remedy in fevers. The fruits of several species are known as hog - plums. S. purpure a, the purple or Span ish plum, is often cultivated in the West Indies, and is readily propagated by cuttings. S. lutea, a tree resembling the ash and reaching 40 or 50 feet, bears yellowish flower-buds, used as a sweetmeat with sugar, and a yellow oval fruit known as Jamaica plum or golden apple. S. dulcis, a similar tree abundant in most Polynesian islands, and known as Otaheite apple, yields a large yellow fruit with the smell of apples and an agreeable acid flavor, to the eye contrasting handsomely with the dark-green foliage. The tree is widely cultivated elsewhere in the tropics. A Brazilian tree, reported as S. tuberosa, produces long aërial roots which descend and form at the ground large black hollow and cellular tubers containing about a pint of water, supplying in dry weather the needs both of the tree and of travelers. S. mangifera of India is the source of a gum resembling gum arabic, known as hog gum, and of several medicinal remedies. Its smooth yel thesis. +-ic.] IMG:content-1809.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1810.jpg:[blocks in formation] 2. [l. c.] An oyster of this genus.-3. [l. c.] A riety. Among them are many starry figures and wheel- vertebra. sponet, n. A Middle English form of spoon1 . spong (spong), n. [Prob. a form of spang , a clasp, brooch (taken as a point, a gore?): see spang1.] A projection of land; land; an irregular, irreg narrow, projecting ecting part of a field. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.] Engl derich which tri radiated triradiate epicules are embedded; g , ova. as in those infusorians known as collar-bearing monads, or Choano- flag ell at a . Sponges propagate by budding or gemmation, a proce involving cell-fi ion or ordinary division of cells. They also repro- duce sexually by ova and sperm a- tozoa. Sponge-germs resulting from fi ion are called gemmules. The spermatozoa are spindle-shaped. The ova are like ordinary amœbiform cells, and are usually shed into the canals and pa out of the system to be developed; in some species they develop in the substance of the parent. The embryo forms a hollow ball with a ciliated cavity, and then acquires inhalent and exhalent pores. The living ti ue proper of sponges is disposed in three layers or sets of cells, as in all higher animals, These are an ectoderm, cuticle, or out-layer; an endo- derm, innermost layer, or in-layer; and a mesoderm, middle layer, or mid-layer, which may be quite thick. It is from the mid-layer that the reproductive elements, and all the many forms of skeletal elements, are derived. Special sense-organs have been described in some sponges. (See cut under synocil.) Sponges as a cla or phylum of ani- like forms, resembling snow-crystals; others are still more curious, in the forms of cro es, anchors, grapnels, shirt-studs, bodkins, etc. The six-rayed star is the char- act eristic shape in the gla -sponges. (See Hexactinellid a .) Sponge-spicules are named in an elaborate special vocabu- lary. (See sponge - spicule .) The gla -sponges have some but a few of the fibrous sponges are the only others out of commercial value from their beauty as objects of curiosity; many hundreds of species, both fo il and recent, of any economic importance. Sponges, when wetted, swell to a much greater size, and become very flexible; they are therefore used as vehicles and absorbents of water and other liquids, in wiping or cleansing surfaces, erasing marks, as from a slate, etc. See bath - sponge , Euspongia , and Hippos pong i a . The Spounge , and the Reed, of the whiche the Jewes zaven oure Lord Eyselle and Galle, in the Cros. Mandeville , Travels, p. 10. IMG:content-1811.jpg:[blocks in formation] Here wont the dean, when he's to seek, To sponge a breakfast once a week, ules of carbonic acid generated by the yeast or leaven. (b) A metal when obtained a finely divided condition, the particles having little coherence, and the ma more or le of a spongy texture. Thus, a "metallic sponge" of iron is obtained by the reduction of brown hematite ore by cementation with charcoal in the so-called "Chenot proce " for the manufacture of steel. Spongy iron is also prepared on a large scale by the reduction of various ores, and in this form is used for purifying water. Plati- num-sponge may be prepared by gently heating the double chlorid of platinum and ammonium. Platinum-black is a black powder not differing much in its properties from platinum-sponge, except that it is le dense; it may be made to take on the spongy character by repeated ignition in a mixture of air and a combustible gas: both are used as oxidizing agents. 4. A tool for cleaning a cannon after its dis- charge. The sponge used for smooth-bore guns con- sists of a cylinder of wood covered with sheepskin or some similar woolly fabric, and fitting the bore of the gun rather closely; this is secured to a long handle, or, for field- guns, to the reverse end of the rammer. For modern rifled guns and breech-loaders, sponges of different forms and materials have been introduced. A common form is a cylinder to which bristles are fixed, forming a cylindri cal brush, the rounded end being also covered with the bristles. See cut under gun - carriage . 5. Figuratively, one who or that which absorbs without discrimination, and as readily gives up, when subjected to pre ure, that which has been absorbed.-6. One who persistently lives upon others; a sycophantic or cringing dependent; a hanger-on for the sake of maintenance; a parasite. wealth flowes into the gracele e and injurious hands of common sponges to the impoverishing of good and loyall 7. In the manège , the extremity or point of a horseshoe answering to the heel.-8. The coral, or ma of eggs, under the abdomen of a crab. [Chesapeake Bay.] - Bahama sponge, one of three species or varieties of bath-sponges procured from the Ba- ham as. Burnt sponge, sponge that has been burnt, used in the treatment of goiter and scrofulous swellings. -Cal- careous sponge, a chalk-sponge. Crumb-of-bread sponge. See Halichondria . - Dog-head sponge, a kind of bath-sponge, Spongia agaric in a punctata .-Fibrous sponge, any horny sponge. -Glove-sponge, a finger- sponge; a reef-sponge. - Hardhead sponge, a kind of bath-sponge, the hardhead, Spongia dura .-Holy sponge, in the Gr. Ch . , a piece of compre ed sponge which the deacon uses in the office of prothesis to gather together the portions in the disk under the holy bread, and with which he wipes the disk after communion.-Honeycomb sponge, the gra -sponge, Spongia equina cerebriform is . -Horny sponge, a fibrous or fibro silicious sponge; a sponge of the group Ceratosa , as distinguished from a chalk-sponge or gla -sponge.- Pyrotechnical sponge. Same as amadou .-Red sponge, Micro cion a pro lifer a , the red beard of the oyster of the northern United States. nalis , var. var. tubulifera , growing on the Florida reefs and in the West Indies. - Sheepswool sponge. See sheeps- wool . - Sponge tent. See tent . - Toilet-sponge, a bath- sponge of fine quality; a Turkish sponge. - To set a sponge, in baking , to leaven a small ma of dough, to be See sponge -gourd. Velvet sponge, a fine soft sponge of the West Indies and Florida, Spongia equina , var. mean- sponge, horse-sponge, wool-sponge.) sponge (spunj), v .; pret. and pp. sponged , ppr. sponging. [Formerly also spunge ; = D. spon- sen = F. éponger = Sp. esponjar , sponge, LL. spongiare , wipe off with a sponge; cf. Gr. σπογ- γίζειν , sponge; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. IMG:content-1812.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1813.png:[graphic] IMG:content-1814.png:[blocks in formation] spongeous (spun'jus), a. [ sponge +-ous. Cf. spongious .] Same as spongy . sponger (spun'jer), n. [Formerly also spunger ; sponge + -erl.] 1. One who uses a sponge. -2. A person or ve el engaged in fishing for sponges. Fisheries of U. S., V. ii. 823.-3. In cloth-manuf., a machine in which cloth is damp- ened previous to ironing. It has a perforated adjustable cylinder, which is filled with steam, and about which the cloth is rolled.-4. A par- as i tical dependent; a hanger-on for mainte- nance; a sponge. Trencher-flies and spungers . the body; to sponge a slate or a cannon. Brush thou, and spunge thy cloaths to, That thou that day shalt weare. 2. To wipe out with a sponge, as letters or writing; efface; remove with a sponge; destroy all traces of: with out , off , etc. spongian (spon'ji-an), n. [ Spongiæ + -an.] A member of the Spongiæ ; any sponge. spongicell (spon'ji-sel), n. [ spongia , a sponge, + cella , a cell.] A sponge-cell. spongicolous (spon-jik'ō-lus), a. a . [L. gia , a sponge, + colere , inhabit.] Inhabiting Spongidæ, Spongiidæ (spon'ji-dē, spon-ji'i-dē), n . pl . [NL., Spongiæ + -idæ .] 1. Sponges; sponge, + form a , form.] 1. Having the form or structure of a sponge; poriferous, as a member of the Spongiæ ; of or pertaining to the Spongiæ . Hence-2. Sponge-like; spongy; soft, elastic, and porous, like an ordinary bath-sponge: not- ing various objects or substances not sponges. -Spongiform quartz, float stone. Spongilla (spon-jil'ä), n. [NL. (Lamarck, 1816), dim. of Spongiæ , the sponges: see sponge .] The only genus of fresh-water sponges, belonging to the group Fibros pong iæ . The type-species is S. fluvial is , which grows on the banks of rivers and ponds, +-ic.] Of the nature of a spongiolite; con- taining spongiolites, or characterized by their presence: as, spongiolitic flint. spongiopiline (spon" ji-o-pi'lin), n. [ γίoν , dim. of σπόγγος, sponge, + πίλος , felt, + -ine2.] A substitute for cataplasms. It is a thick cloth into which sponge is incorporated in the weaving, in a manner analogous to that of pile-weaving, to form a uni- form pile, and coated on the opposite side with rubber. spongioplasm (spon'ji-o-plazm), n. [ γίον , dim. of σπόγγος , sponge, + πλάσμα , anything formed or molded: see plasm .] The substance, resembling neuroglia, which supports the so- called "primitive tubules" or subdivisions of nerve-fiber containing hyaloplasm. Nansen , 1886. IMG:content-1815.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-1816.png:[graphic] a and b , ostioles, or inhalent apertures; c, ciliated chambers; d , os culum, or exhalent aperture. (Arrows indicate the direction of the current of water.) on submerged timber and other supports, forming thick greenish incrustations. It represents a highly specialized and somewhat aberrant family, Spongillidæ . See also cuts under ciliate and Porifer a . Spongillidæ (spon-jil'i-dē), n . pl . [NL., Spon- which are not marine, characterized by their gemmules, and typified by the genus Spongilla . spongilline (spon'ji-lin), a . [ -ine1 .] Pertaining to the Spongillidæ , or hav- ing their characters. spongin (spun'jin), n. [ sponge + -in2.] The proper horny or fibrous substance of sponges; ceratose or ceratode. Also spongiolin . spongin blast (spun'jin-blåst), n. [ spongin + Gr. βλαστός , a germ.] One of the cells of sponges from which spongin is produced; the formative blastema in which spongin arises. W. J. Sollas , Encyc. Brit., XXII. 420. Also spongoblast . sponginblastic (spun-jin-blas'tik), a. [ spon- ginblast + -ic .] Producing spongin, as a spon- ginblast; formative or germinating, as spongin. spongine (spun'ji-nes), n. The state or char- acter of being soft and porous, or spongy; po- rosity: said of various objects and substances not sponges. sponging-house (spun'jing-hous), n. [Formerly also spunging - house ; sponging , verbal n. of sponge, v ., 6, + house1 .] A victualing-house or tavern where persons arrested for debt were kept by a bailiff for twenty-four hours before being lodged in prison, in order that their friends might have an opportunity of settling the debt. Sponging-houses were usually the private dwellings of bailiffs, and were so named from the ext or tionate charges made upon prisoners for their accommo- dation therein. A bailiff by mistake seized you for a debtor, and kept you the whole evening in a spunging - house . Swift , Advice to Servants (General Directions). Spongiocarpeæ (sponji-ō-kärpē-ē), n. pl . [NL., σπογγιά , a sponge, + καρπός , & fruit, + -ex .] An order of florideous algæ, founded upon a single species, Polyides rotund us. The fronds are blackish-red, cylindrical, cartilaginous, from 3 to 6 inches long, and attached by a disk, with an undivided stipe, which becomes repeatedly dichotomous above. The be rances, which are borne on the upper parts of the frond. cystocarps are in external flesh-colored wart-like protu- It grows on stones in deep water. spongiola , dim. of spongia , a sponge: see sponge .] In bot ., a former name of the spongy ti ue of a root-tip, from its supposed property of suck- ing up moisture like a sponge. Also called sponge let. spongiolin (spon'ji-o-lin), n. [ spon- giole + -in2.] Same as spongin. W. J. Sollas , Encyc. Brit., XXII. 416. spongiolite (spon ji-o-lit), n. [ σπογγίον, dim. of σπόγγος , sponge (see giole (mag- sponge), + λίθος, stone.] A fo il nified). sponge-spicule; one of the minute silicious ele- ments of a sponge in a fo il state. spongoid (spong'goid), a. [ σπόγγος , sponge, + εἶδος , form.] Spongi- form, in any sense; spongy. spongological (spong-go-loj'i-kal), a . [ spon- golog - y + -ic - al . ] Of or pertaining to spongolo- gy, or the science of sponges. spongologist (spong-gol'ō-jist), n. [ og -y + -ist .] One who is versed in the science of sponges. spongology (spong-gol'ō-ji), n. [ -λογία , λέγειν , speak: see -ology .] The science of sponges; the study of the Spon- giæ , and the body of knowledge thence obtained. spongomeral (spong'gō-mer-al), a . [ spongo- mere + -al .] Of or pertaining to a spongomere; choanosomal, as that part of a sponge which is characterized by flagellated chambers. spongomere (spong gō-mer), n. [ μέρος , a part.] The upper, cho a- nosomal part of a sponge, characterized by the presence of flagellated chambers: distinguished from hypomere . Encyc. Brit., XXII. 415. spongozoön (spong-gō-zō'on), n. [ ζῷον , animal.] Same as spongiozoön . Hyatt. Here pits of crag, with spongy , plashy base, To some enrich th' uncultivated space. His spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt Of our great quell? Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims, Which spongy April at thy hest betrims, To make cold nymphs chaste crowns. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary Such actions, though voluntary, lack recognizable motive, and appear to depend upon the tension of a vigorous nervous system refreshed by repose. Such spontaneity is notable in the great activity of children and the gam- bols of young animals. - Spontaneity of certain cogni- tive faculties, in the philosophy of Kant, the self-activity of those faculties which are not determined to act by any- thing in the sense-impre ions on which they act. But the conception is not made very clear by Kant. spontaneous (spon-tā'nē-us), a. [= F. spontané = Sp. Pg. espontaneo = It. spontaneo , tane us , willing, spon ( t-) s , will, only in gen. spontis and abl. sponte , of one's own will, of one's own accord.] 1. Proceeding from a con- scious or unconscious internal impulse; occur- ring or done without the intervention of exter- nal causes; in a restricted sense, springing from one's own desire or volition, apart from any external suggestion or incitement. of late the employment of spontaneous in the sense of 'irreflective' or 'not controlled by a definite purpose' is creeping in from the French; but this is an objectionable use of the term. The spontaneous grace with which these homely duties seemed to bloom out of her character. ing surety for another.-2. In international law , an act or engagement made on behalf of a state by an agent not specially authorized. Such conventions must be confirmed by expre or tacit ratification. sponsional (spon's hon-al), a. [ spon- sional person he put on. Abp . Leighton , Sermons, v. sponson (spon's on), n. [Also sponsing ; origin obscure. Naut ., the curve of the timbers and planking toward the outer part of the wing, a, a , Sponson. IMG:content-1818.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1819.jpg:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1820.png:[blocks in formation] 3. Growing as native; indigenous. [Rare.] Whence they had their Indian corn I can give no ac- count; for I don't believe that it was spontaneous in those parts. Beverley, Hist. Virginia, iv. 20. 4. In biol ., instinctive or automatic, as some actions of animals which depend upon no ex- ternal stimulus and are performed without ap- parent motive or purpose; uninfluenced by ex- ternal conditions, as a change in structural character. Compare spontaneity , 2. Spontaneous actions may be either voluntary, in a usual sense, as the gambols of puppies or kittens, or involuntary and quite uncontrollable by the will. Of the latter cla , some are abnormal, as spontaneous (in distinction from induced ) somnambulism, and these are also called idiopathic.- Center of spontaneous rotation. See rotation . - Spon- taneous axis, an axis of rotation of a body under instan- taneous forces, in case there is no translation in the first instant. Spontaneous cause, a cause that is moved to causing by the end or the object. - Spontaneous com- busti on. See combustion . - Spontaneous dislocation. See dislocation , 2 ( a ). - Spontaneous energy, free energy, unrepre ed and unforced. - Spontaneous evolution, in obstet ., the spontaneous expulsion of the fetus in a case of shoulder presentation, the body being delivered before the head. Spontaneous generation. See generation and abiogenesis . - Spontaneous suggestion, suggestion IMG:content-1821.jpg:[blocks in formation] tone, spuntone , a sharp point, a bill, javelin, pike, spontoon; cf. spuntare , shoot forth, break off the point, blunt; puntone , a point, punto , a prick, a point: see point1 .] A kind of halberd or par- tizan formerly serving as the distinguishing arm for certain officers of the British infantry. Com- pare half - pike . Also called dem i - pike . spoocke = MLG. spök , spūk , LG. spook = G.spuch (obs. except in dial. use), also spuk (after LG.) = Sw.spöke (cf. D. spooksel , MD. spoocksel , Dan. spögelse ), a spook, ghost. There is nothing to show any connection with Ir. puca , elf, sprite, = W. pwca , pwci : see puck , pug1 .] A ghost; a IMG:content-1822.jpg:[blocks in formation] spoomt (spöm), v . [Supposed to be a var. of spume, q. v. Cf. spoon2.] I. in trans. Naut., to sail steadily and rapidly, as before the wind. We'll spare her our main-top sail; She shall not look us long, we are no starters. Down with the fore-sail too! we'll spoom before her. Fletcher, Double Marriage, ii. 1. II. trans. To cause to scud, as before the wind. IMG:content-1823.png:[graphic][merged small] O Moon! far spooming Ocean bows to thee. Keats , Endymion, iii. spoon1 (spön), n. [ span , spōn , a splinter of wood, chip, = OFries. spõn , span = D. spaen , spa an = MLG. spon , LG. spoon = MHG. spān , G. span, a thin piece of wood, shaving, chip, = Icel. spānn, spõnn = Sw. spån = Dan. spa an , a chip; root uncertain. Cf. span-new, spick - and - span - new .] 11. A thin piece of wood; a splinter; a chip. IMG:content-1824.jpg:[merged small][merged small][ocr errors] Yet still the New World spooked it in his veins, A ghost he could not lay with all his pains. Lowell , Fitz Adam's Story. [ spook + -ish1.] 1. spookish (spö'kish), a . Like a spook or ghost; ghostly.-2. Given over to spooks; congenial to ghosts; haunted: as, a spookish house. -3. Affected by a sense or fear of ghosts; suggestive of the presence or a spookish sensation. [Colloq. in all uses.] as, to lie spoon-fashion. The Century, XXXV. 771. [Colloq.] spoon flower (spön'flou"er), n . A plant, Pel- tandra alba , of the arum family, having con- sider able resemblance to a calla-lily. It is found sparingly in the United States southward near the Atlan- tic coast. More fully written arrow -leafed spoon flower. [Local, U. S.] spoonful (spön'ful), n. [ spoon1 + -ful .] As much as a spoon contains. spoon-gouge (spön'gouj), n. In carp ., a gouge with a crooked end, used for hollowing out deep spoon-hook (spön'hük), n . A fish-hook with a spoon attached; an anglers' spoon. Belabour thy neighbour, and spoon through thy hoops. F. Locker, Mr. Placid's Flirtation. 2. To fish with spoon-bait.-3. To lie spoon- fashion. Compare I., 2. [Colloq.] spoon3 (spön), n. [Usually a umed to be a particular use of spoon1 ; but rather a back-for- mation from spoony , orig. in allusion to the use of a spoon in feeding an infant.] 1. A foolish fellow; a simpleton; a spoony; a silly lover. [Colloq.] A man that's fond precociously of stirring Must be a spoon. 2. A fit of silline ; especially, love. [Colloq.]- To be spoons on, to be sillily in love with. [Slang.] spoon in e (spö'ni-nes), n. Spoony character or state; silline ; especially, silly fondne . E. H. Yates , Land at Last, I. 107. spoon-meat (spön'mēt), n. Food that is or has to be taken with a spoon; liquid food; fig- uratively, food for babes or weaklings. Cour. Will you go with me? We'll mend our dinner here? Dro. S. Master, if you do, expect spoon - meat ; or bespeak a long spoon. Shak ., C. of E., iv. 3. 61. spoon-net (spön'net), n. by anglers. IMG:content-1825.png:[blocks in formation] spoon wood (spön'wud), n. The mountain- laurel or calico-bush, Kalmia latifolia , of the eastern United States. It is commonly a shrub, but in the Alleghanies southward becomes a tree 20 or 30 feet high. Its wood is hard and heavy, and is used for tool- handles, in turnery, and for fuel. The leaves are consid- ered poisonous, and have a slight medicinal repute. See spoonbeak (spön'bēk), n. Same as spoonbill , 1 (6). [Prov. Eng.] spoonbill (spön'bil), n. 1. In ornith.: ( a ) A large grallatorial large grallatorial bird of either of the genera Platalea and Aiaia : so called from the broad, broad, flat, spatulate dilatation of the end of the bill, likened to a spoon. See cuts under Platalea and aiaia . (b) The shoveler-duck, Spatula cly- peat a. See cut under shoveler2 . (c) The scaup- duck, Fuligula marila . See cut under scaup . [East Lothian.] (d) The ruddy duck, Erisma- tura rubida ; the broadbill: more fully called spoon- billed butterball . See cut under Erisma- tura. [Ma achusetts and New York.]-2. In ichth., the spoon-billed cat, or paddle-fish, Polyo- don spatula . See cuts under paddle - fish .-Rose- spoon-chisel (spön'chiz"el), n. See chisel2 . E. H. Knight. spoon-drift (spön'drift), n. [ drift .] Naut . , a showery sprinkling of sea-water or fine spray swept from the tops of the waves by the violence of the wind in a tempest, and driven along before it, covering the surface of the sea; scud. Sometimes called spindrift . spooney, a . and n. See spoony . spoon-fashion (spön'fash" on), adv . Like spoons close together; with the face of one to the back of the other and with the knees bent: spoonworm (spön' wėrm), n. A gephyrean worm; especially, a sipunculoid worm. See Gephyrea , and cuts under Sipunculus . Nep- tune's spoonworm. See Neptune . spoonwortt (spön'wert), n. [ spoon1 + wort1 .] The scurvy-gra , Cochlear i a officinal is . spoon3.] spoon3.] I. a. Soft; silly; silly; weak-minded; weak-minded; spe- cifically, weakly or foolishly fond; sent i men- tal. His grandson was not to his taste; amiable, no doubt, II. n.; pl. spoonies (-niz). A stupid or silly fellow; a noodle; a ninny; a simpleton; espe- cially, a sillily fond sentimental fellow. Also spoon . [Slang.] In short, I began the proce of ruining myself in the received style, like any other spoonie . What the deuce can she find in that spooney of a Pitt Crawley?. The fellow has not pluck enough to say Bo to a goose. Thackeray , Vanity Fair, xxxiv. spoor (spör), n. [ spoor = MLG. spor = OHG. MHG. spor, G. spur = Icel. spor = Sw. II. trans. To track by the spoor. The three bulls, according to the natives, have been spoored into the dense patch of bush above the kloof. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 192. spoorer (spör'èr), n . One who follows or tracks game by the spoor or scent. Ventvogel was one of the most perfect spoorers I ever had to do with. IMG:content-1826.png:[blocks in formation] Sporades (spor'a-dēz), n. pl . [NL., σπο- ράδες, ράδες , sc. νῆσοι , 'the scattered islands,' a group of islands off the west coast of Asia Minor, pl. of σποράς , scattered: see sporadic .] 1. A group of scattered islands in the Greek Archipelago. -2. [1. c.] In anc. astron., stars which were not included in any constellation. sporadial (spo-ra'di-al), a . pad scat IMG:content-1827.png:[blocks in formation] sporal (spo'ral), a. [ spore2 + -al .] Relating to or resembling spores. sporange (spō-ranj'), n . [ sporangium .] In bot . , same as sporangium . sporangia, n. Plural of sporangium. sporangial (spo-ran'ji-al), a. [ sporangium + -al.] 1. Of or relating to the sporangium: as, the sporangial layer.-2. Containing spores; having the character of a sporangium; per- taining to sporangia. IMG:content-1828.png:[blocks in formation] and in which each cell is an independent spore with the power of germination. Also called spore- group , semen - multiplex , compound spore, multilocular spore, cellular spore , plurilocular spore , septate spore, etc. De Bary. sporidia, n. Plural of sporidium . sporidiferous (spo-ri-dif'e-rus), a. [ spo- ridium + L. ferre = E. bear1 .] In bot ., bearing sporidia. Also sporidiiferous . sporidiole (spō-rid'i-ol), n. [ NL.sporidiolum .] In bot . , same as sporidiolum . sporidiolum (spō-ri-dī'ō-lum), n.; pl. sporidiola (-lä). [NL., dim. of sporidium .] In bot . , one of the minute globose bodies produced upon slender pedicles by germinating spores in cer- tain fungi. They are regarded by Tulasne as spermatia. sporidium (spo-rid'i-um), n.; pl. sporidia (-a). [NL., σπορά , σπόρος , seed (see spore2 ), + dim. -ίδιον.] In bot .: (a) A name restricted by some to the reproductive organs or so-called spores which are borne upon and detached from a promycelium; by others also given to the spores produced in asci or ascospores. (b) sporiert, n. An obsolete form of spurrier . sporiferous (spō-rif'e-rus), a. [NL. spora , spore, + L. ferre = E. bear1 .] In bot . and zool ., bearing or producing spores. 1. Of Lycopodium ladium clavatum . minating. 3. Of Isočtes lacustris. 4. Of Equisetum arvense 5. Of Marsilea quadrifolia, 6. Of Sal- vinia natans. 7. Of Marattia fraxinifolia. 8. Of Aneimia sp. 9. Of Poly podium aureu Of Parmelia ciliaris . 11. Of Par- melia parietina. 12. Of Cera- mium purpureum. 13. Of Coleo- chate pulvinata. spora, spore, + L. -ficatio , -ficare : see -fy.] In bot . and zool . , the proce of bearing spores; production of spores; spore-formation. sporiparity (spo-ri-par'i-ti), n. [ sporiparous + -ity .] Reproduction by means of spores; the character of being sporiparous. See sporation , sporulation . sporiparous (spō-rip'a-rus), a . [ spora , spore, + L. parere , produce.] Reproducing by means of spores or sporular encystment, as an infusorian; sporogenous. W. S. Kent. pore, which is thick and rigid, frequently dark-colored, and beset externally with spines or bo es, and which spornet, v. and n. A Middle English form of consists of cutin. In certain plants, as some algæ and fungi, spores are produced which are for a time destitute spurn . of any cell-wall. They are further peculiar in that they sporoblast (spōrō-blast), n. [ , IMG:content-1829.png:[ocr errors] sporocyst (spōrō-sist), n. [ NL.spora , spore, + Gr. κύστις , a bag or pouch: see cyst.] In zool .: (a) The cyst, sac, or capsule which is developed in the proce of sporular encystment; any uni- cellular organism which be- comes encysted and proceeds to sporulation. (b) A cyst or sac containing spores or germs, such as is developed in the larval state of certain flukes, or trematoid worms, as Bucephalus ; this state of such worms; a redia containing cer- car iæ. See redia , and cuts un- der cercaria , germarium , and (a) Containing spores, as a cyst. (b) Contained in a cyst, as spores; encysted. (c) Em- bryonic and asexual, as a stage IMG:content-1830.png:[blocks in formation] of a trematoid worm; of or pertaining to a sporocyst. sporocyte (spo'ro-sīt), n. [NL. spora , spore, + Gr. κύτος , a hollow.] In bot . , the mother-cell of a Goebel . sporoderm (spōrō - derm), n. [ spora , spore, + Gr. δέρμα , skin.] In bot . , the covering or coating of a spore. Compare exospore . sporoduct (spo'ro-dukt), n. [ spora , spore, + L. ducere , carry: see duct .] A duct or pas- sage in which spores are lodged, or through which they pa . of the tribe Agrostideæ , type of the subtribe Spo- roboleæ . It is characterized by a diffuse or cylindrical and spike-like panicle, generally containing very numer- ous and small one flowered spikelets, each with three awnle glumes, the flowering glume equal to the others or shorter, and the grain free and often readily deciduous from the glumes and palet. In typical species the peri carp, unlike that of most gra es, is a utricle; other spe- cies having the usual caryopsis are sometimes separated as a genus Vilfa (Beauvois, 1812). There are about 80 species, widely scattered through temperate and warmer regions, numerous in America, but with only one species, S. pun- gens , in Europe. They are commonly perennials, slender or sometimes coarse, the leaves flat or rolled, the panicle va- rio us, sometimes inclosed in the leaf-sheaths, the spike- lets sometimes minute. They are known in general as drop seed- gra , some as rush - gra (which see). sporocarp (spōrō-kärp), n. [ NL.spora , spore, + Gr. καρπός , fruit.] In bot . , a pluricellu- lar body developed as the product of a sexual act, serving e entially for the formation of spores, and ceasing to exist after having once, with comparative rapidity, formed a number of spores. The fructification developed from an archicarp or procarp in Fungi and Rhodophyceæ is a sporocarp; such, also, is the sporogonium in Muscineæ . The term is also used for the capsule-like structure formed by the indusi- um inclosing the sporangia in the heterosporous Filicineæ. Sporocarpeæ (spō-rō-kär'pē-ē), n . pl . [NL., sporocarp + -eæ , from the nature of the fruit.] A group proposed by late systematists to include certain well-marked cla es of fungi, such as the Ascomycetes and Uredineæ . They are char- acterized by the production of sporocarps. See cut under ascus . sporocarpium (spō-rō-kär'pi-um), n.; pl. sporo- carpi a (-a). [NL., spora , spore, + Gr. καρπός , fruit.] In bot . , a sporocarp. Sporochnaceæ (spō-rok-nā sē-ē), n. pl . [ Spo- rochnus + -aceæ .] An order of olive-colored seaweeds, of the cla Phæosporeæ , taking its name from the genus Sporochnus . The fronds are cylindrical or tubular, branching, and composed within roundish at the surface: the fructification is external of elongated cuboidal cells, which become smaller and scattered sori. The order contains 4 or 5 genera and about 25 species. Sporochnus (spō-rok'nus), n. [NL. (Agardh, 1844), σπορά , seed, + χνόος , χνοῦς , down, bloom.) A genus of olive-colored inarticulate sporogenous (spo-roj'e-nus), a . [ spora , spore, + Gr. -γενής , producing: see -genous .] sporiparous; bearing or producing spores.- sporogenous layer, in hymenomycetous fungi, same as hymenium . - Sporogenous ti ue, in bot . , the ti ue from which the spores are developed. sporogone (spo'rō-gōn), n. [NL. sporogoni- um.] In bot . , same as sporogonium . sporogonium (spō-rō-gō'ni-um), n.; pl. sporogo- nia (-a). [NL. spora , spore,+ Gr. γονή , genera- tion. In bot . , the sporocarp in the Muscineæ. It is the capsule or "mo -fruit," with its various appen- dages, being the whole product of the sexual act, and re- maining attached to, but not in organic connection with, the plant bearing the sexual organs. See Musci , and cut under mos8 . sporogony (spō-rog'ō-ni), n. [ spora , spore, + Gr. -γονία, sporogenesis , 2. sporoid (spo'roid), a. [ spora , spore, + Gr. είδος , form.] Resembling a spore; sporular. sporologist (spo-rol'ō-jist), n. [ sporolog - y ( spora , spore, + Gr. -λογία, λέγειν , speak) + -ist .] In bot . , a botanist, especially a lichenolo- gist, who gives prominence to the spore as a basis of cla ification. sporont (spo'ront), n. [ σπορά , seed, + ὧν (όντ-), being, ppr. of εἶναι , be: see ens and bel .] A gregarine not provided with an epimerite, or pro bos cid i form organ which attaches the para- site to its host: distinguished from cephalont . sporophore (spōrō-for), n. [ spora , spore, + Gr. -φόρος, bot .: (a ) A placenta. (b) The branch or part of the thallus which bears spores or spore mother- cells. The various forms are further dist in- guished as gonidiophore, sporangiophore, asco- phore, etc. (c) In Archegoniateæ , a sporophyte. Also called encarpium . - Compound sporophore, a sporophore formed by the cohesion of the ramifications of separate hyphal branches. - Filamentous sporо- sporophydium sporophydium (spō-rō-fid'i-um), n.; pl. sporo phydia (-a). [NL. (T. F. Allen, 1888),