SACCHAROMYCES

(Lat.), n. m. Saak(sask)-ka2r(ch;la3r)- O2m'i2(u6 )-sez(kas). Gen., -el'os (-et'i.t). From <ra.Kxa.pov. sugar, and JHUKTJS, a fungus. A genus of non-chlorophyllaeeous cryptogams forming a group the Saccharomyceteoe, or tiacckaromycetes (Fr., saccharomycetes; Ger., Hefepilze.) commonly known as the yeast fungi, by some botanists regarded as degenerate forms of the Ascomycetes. They include most of the Fungi capable of exciting alcoholic fermentation in saccharine liquids, and are able to live without free oxygen. They consist of rounded or ellipsoidal, apparently non-nucleated cells, which, under suitable conditions, reproduce themselves by repeated proce es of budding. [B, 121, 238, 291, 298, 316 (a, 35).] S. albicans. See OIDIUM albicans.S. a picul at us. A species composed of citron-shaped or oval cells, with short points at each end, rarely united into small, slightly branching colonies; it occurs, with other forms of yeast, on fermenting fruit and in other spontaneous fermentations. Formation by spores is unknown. ["Ctrlbl. f. Bakteriol. und Parasitenk.," July 28, 1891, p. 100; B, 238, 316 (a, 35).] S. capillitii. A species with spherical conidia. usually from 2-5 to 5'8 /u. in diameter, forming glomerules, and producing here and there little buds. It is found on the human scalp and other hairy parts, and, according to Pekelharing, is the probable cause of pityriasis capitis. [B, 316 (a, 35).] S. cere visite. Ger., Hefepilz. The yeast of beer (or brandy), brewers' yeast. The cells are generally spherical or oval, between 8 and 9 M in length, solitary or with branches composed of short chains. It also occurs in the fermentation of palm wine. In ordinary yeast as produced in the high fermentation (between 14 C. and 18 C.) of beer it forms, at the surface of the liquid, branched bands consisting of several buds; in low fermentation (between 4 C. and 10 C.) the yeast is deposited at the bottom of the ve el, the_ cells being mostly solitary or united in small numbers. If not fully immersed in the liquid, it pa es into forms similar to molds, and, like the latter, lives on atmospheric oxygen. These aerobiotic forms, however, pa again into s. if immersed in wort. [' Ctrlbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenk.." May 23, 1891, p. 663; B, 77, 238, 291, 316 (a, 35).] S. coiiglomSACCHAROMYCES CEREViSLK. LA. 327. | eratus. A species a, veastof sedimentary beer, budding magniSed 400 dicomposed of nearly a meters; b, yeast of surface beer, budding, magnified 400 Spherical cells, 5 to b diameters. /* in diameter, bound together in the form of glomerules or small balls. It occurs on fermenting grapes and at the beginning of the vinous fermentation. [B, 238, 316 (a, 35).] S. coprogenus. A species of a dirty-rose color, observed by Spegazzini in northern Italy on decomposing human faeces, on which it forms a somewhat wax-like layer. The conidia are spherical, from 12 to 14 /it in length and 10 to 11 m in breadth. They occur in very short chains, or solitary and increase (presumably by budding) by a tail-shaped appendage. [B, 316 (a, 35).] S. ellipsoideus. The ferment of wine, wine-yeast: found in all spontaneous fermentations, especially that of wine-juice. The cells, elliptical and usually 6 /u in length, are solitary or united in small branching colonies. The asci are generally solitary, with from 2 to 4 spores. ["Ctrlbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenk.," July 28, 1891, p. 100; B, 238, 291, 316 (a, 35).] S. exignus. A species occurring in the last stage of the fermentation of beer, forming conical or circular cells, 5 ft in length and 2'5 ft in thickne , in branching chains. The asci are solitary and contain 2 or 3 sporidia. [B, 238, 316 (a, 35).] S. gal act i col us. A form occurring in the fermentation of milk. The cells, which are oval or elliptical and 4 to 8 p. by 3 to 5 /u, are at first solitary, but eventually form chains. [B, 316 (a, 35).] S. glut iiii.s. Pink torula; a species forming slimy rose-colored coatings on gelatin, potatoes, etc. The pigment is not affected by acids or alkalies. The cells, which are spherical, oval, elliptical, or in short cylinders, about 4 /it in breadth, 5 to 11 it. in length, solitary or joined in groups of two or more, are hyaline in the fresh state, but if dried and again moistened show a faintly reddish nucleus. Development by sporiflcation has never been observed. [B. 238, 316 (a, 35).] S. gu 1 1 ulal us. A form occurring in the digestive tract of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The cells are elliptical or oblong-ovate, 15 to 24 It. by 5 to 8 /u. in size, of a deep-brown color, and opaque, and contain fro in 2 to 4 hyaline droplets. Growth by sporiflcation is unknown. [B. 316 (a, 35).] S. mesenteric us. A species destroying fruit acids. It forms on fermented liquids a rather strong scum which Nageli calls the mesenteric skin (Ger., Gekrosehaut) because it is folded like the mesentery, [a, 35.] S. minor. Ferment of bread. It resembles S. cerevisice, but the cells are somewhat smaller. [B. 316 (a, 35).] S. mycoclerma. A species consisting of oval, elliptical, or cylindrical cells from 6 to 7 /u. long by 2 to 4 /u. thick, forming very branching chains, occurring on fermenting liquids as a scum known as vinegar ferment or flowers of beer (or wine), though, according to Nageli and others, it is not the cause of acetic fermentation (see BACTERIUM aceti). It is found on fermenting wine, especially if poor in alcohol, on beer (see under MYCODERMA of beer), on fruit juices, and on sauerkraut. The asci attain a length of 20 /u and contain each from 1 to 4 sporidia. Some identify it with the Oidi. O, no; O", not; O3, whole; Th, thin; Th", the; U, like oo in [s. 425]