John

(jön,) the baptismal appellation of quite a host of European monarchs and princes,-spiritual as well as temporal,- the chief of whom are the following, arranged in the order of their respective countries: Aragon: J. I. s. his father Pedro IV. in 1387; D. 1395.J. ІІ., B. 1397, became king of Navarre in 1425 by his marriage with Queen Blanche of that country; in 1458 he ascended the Aragonese throne, and carried on war succe fully against Catalonia, Castile, and France. D. 1479.-Austria: DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA, One of the most illustrious warriors of any age or country, was a natural son of the emperor Charles V., B. at Ratisbon, 1546. At the age of 22 he was given by his brother, Philip II. of Spain, the chief command against the Moors of Granada, whom he brought into subjection. In 1571 he acted as generali imo of the combined fleets of Spain and Italy, and on the 7th Oct. gained over the Turks the great naval victory of Lepanto, which for a time paralyzed the Ottoman power. Refusing the throne of Greece, he carried his victorious arms into Africa, where he took Tunis and other cities. In 1576 he became viceroy of the Netherlands, and gained a series of brilliant succe es over the revolted subjects of the king, his brother. D., it was suspected of poison, 1578. -Bretagne: Of 6 dukes of Britt any bearing this name, 1217-14-43, the most noteworthy was J. IV., known also in history as Jean de Montfort, B. 1293, who carried on along contest for po e ion of the duchy (supported by England) against Charles of Blois, the nominee of France. Failing at length to retain his throne, he fell into the hands of the French, and, after a 4 years' imprisonment in the Louvre, D. in 1345.-Burgundy: J., surnamed Sans Peur, or THE FEARLESS, by the Sultan Bajazet, B. 1371, s. his father Philip the Bold on the Burgundian throne. He fought against the Turks, by whom he was made prisoner; and against the English, caused the a a ination of his rival at the French court, the Duc d'Orleans, 1407, and obtained almost sovereigu power in France as guardian of the Dauphin, at whose instigation he was murdered in 1419. Bohemia: J. OF LUXEMBOURG, son of the emperor Henry VII., was in 1309 elected king of Bohemia. He conquered Silesia, subjugated Poland, and entered into an alliance with France against the English, and fell at the battle of Fig.420. Crécy, in 1346.- Castile COURT COSTUMES (1405). and Leon: J. I. s. his father Henry II. in 1379, unsucce fully carried on war against Portugal, and D. in 1390.-J. II., son of Henry III., ascended the throne in 1406, levied succe ful wars against the Navarrese and the Moors, and restored Castilian literature. By his second queen, he was father of Isabella the Catholic. D. 1454. -Denmark: J. I. (II. of Sweden), son of Christian I. of Oldenburg, a umed the crown in 1481, and lost that of Sweden by a revolt of his subjects. D. 1513. - England: J.(surnamed Sansterre or Lackland), B. 1166, was the youngest son of Henry II. His whole career for nis bu tone record of basene and turpitude. Intriguing 30 for the crown during his brother Richard Cœur de Lion's absence in the Crusade, he instigated the treacherous imprisonment of the latter by Leopold of Austria. Richard dying without i ue in 1199, J. 8. him. He speedily brought himself into popular odium; was excommunicated by the Pope in 1208, and abjectly made submi ion to the papal legate; next, he sought to deprive the nation of the charter of liberties granted it by Henry I. This proceeding united all cla es against him; the Varons raised a powerful army in cooperation with the citizens, and compelled the despicable monarch by force to recognize the liberties of the people by the signing of the famous Magna Charta, 1215. J. D. in 1216, execrated by his subjects as a man without one redeeming virtue. France: John I., B. 1316; D. the same year.- J. II., calledLE BON, 8. his father Philip of Valois, 1350. His reign was signalized by the battle of Poitiers, where he was defeated, and conducted prisoner to London; and by the revolt known as the Jacquerie (q. v.). D. in London, 1364. Jerusalem: J. OF BRIENNE, a French man, after taking Jerusalem and Damietta, 1204-18, became king of the former city, and, in 1229, Regent of Constantinople. D. 1237.- l'oland: J. I. s. his father Casimir IV. in 1492. After waging war against the Turks and Tartars, he D. in 1501.-J. III. See SOBIESKI.- Portugal: J. I., styled THE GREAT, B. 1357, was a natural son of Peter I., and, after the death of his brother Ferdinand, in 1385, a umed the monarchical power, to the exclusion of his niece Beatrix, wife of John I. of Castile. A war with Spain followed, in which J. was victorious, even as he also was, later, against the Moors. J.'s reign was distinguished by the progre of Portuguese maritime discovery and colonization. D. 1433.-J. II., surnamed THE PERFECT, s. his father, Alfonso V., in 1481. His reign was signalized by victories gained over the Moors and Castilians, and by expeditions to the East Indies. D. 1495.-J. III. s. his father, Emmanuel the Great, in 1521. He established the Inquisition in his realms, colonized Brazil, and sent out the expedition which discovered Japan. D. 1557.-J. IV. (Braganza) reigned 1640-56; he freed his country from the Spanish yoke, and was the enactor of much wise national legislation.-J. V., son of Peter II., reigned 1707-50. - J. VI., B. 1769, was appointed Regent of Portugal in 1793. In 1807 he left his kingdom in consequence of its occupation by the French, and retired to Brazil, of which country he became the first emperor. - Sweden: J. I. s. Eric in 1216, and established Christianity in his kingdom. D. 1222.-J. II. Same as JOHN II. OF DENMARK.J. III., son of Gustavus Vasa, B. 1537, ascended the throne in 1568, after deposing his brother Eric, and strove, but unsucce fully, to restore the Roman Catholic religion. D.1592.- Popes. There were 23 pontiffs of this name, who reigned in the following order: John I 523-526 John XIII....... 965-972 John II 533-535 John XIV. 983-985 John III 560-573 John XV 985 John IV.640-642 John XVI..... 985-996 John V.685-686 John XVI., (anti-pope), 997 John VI.701-705 John XVII. 1003 John VII.. 705-707 John XVIII... 1003-1009 John VIII 872-8-2 John XIX..1024-1033 John IX...... 898-900 John XX 1045-1046 John X.....914-928 John.XXI.. 1276-1277 John XI... 931-936 John XXII 1316-1334 John XII..... 956-964 John XXIII........ 1410-1415 [s. 505]