Earl of Clarendon

Born at London, Jan. 12, 1800: died at London, June 27, 1870. An English statesman and diplomatist. He was minister to Spain 1833-39; lord privy seal in 1840; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1840-41; lord lieutenant of Ireland 1847-52; foreign secretary 1853-58; plenipotentiary at Paris in 1856; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 18641865; and foreign secretary 1865-66 and 1868-70. He was Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (ve-ya' de lel-a-don'), Philippe de. Born at Beauvais, France, in 1464: died in Malta in 1534. Grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. elected grand master in 1521. In 1522, after six months' siege, he was compelled to surrender the island of Rhodes, the seat of the order, to Solyman. In 1530 he secured from Charles V. the ce ion of the islands of Malta and Gozo, which became the new seat of the order. Villon (vēl-lon'), François. Born at Paris, 1431: died about 1484. One of the earliest French poets. Little is known of his life except what very humble extraction, he found means to acquire a good education. Beginning with his student days, he led throughout his whole life a wild Bohemian existence. Three times he appeared before the courts to answer serious charges (see the extract). The first time he was sentenced to be flogged. Between his first and second rests he wrote petit testament (1456). For his second offense he was condemned to death: he owed his life, it is said, to one of the prince es of the royal household, to whom he had inscribed a poem, "Le dit de la nai ance Marie." She was presumably the daughter of the duke Charles d'Orléans, himself a poet, who raised Villon to an honorable position. In 1461 he again was imprisoned. On regaining his liberty he composed his masterpiece, "Le grand testament," in which he incorporated a large number of his older ballads. Besides the works already named, Villon wrote several separate poems and a series of obscure slang rimes, "Le jargon." François Villon, or Corbueil, or Corbier, or de Montcorbier, or des Loges, was certainly born at Paris in the year 1431. Of the date of his death nothing certain is known, some authorities extending his life towards the close of the century in order to adjust Rabelais' anecdotes of him, others supposing him to have died before the publication of the first edition of his works in 1489. That Villon was not his patronymic, whichsoever of his numerous aliases may really deserve that distinction, is certain. He was a citizen of Paris and a member of the university, having the status of clere . But his youth was occupied in other matters than study. In 1455 he killed, apparently in self defence, a priest named Philip Sermaise, fled from Paris, was condemned to banishment in default of appearance, and six months afterwards received letters of pardon. In 1456 a faithle mistre , Catherine de Vaus selles, drew him into a second affray, in which he had the worst, and again he fled from Paris. During his absence a burglary committed in the capital put the police on the track of a gang of young good-for-nothings among whom Villon's name figured, and he was arrested, tried, tortured, and condemned to death. On appeal, however, the sentence was commuted to banishment. Four years after he was in prison at Meung, consigned thither by the Bishop of Orléans; but the king, Louis the Eleventh, set him free. Thenceforward nothing certain is known of him. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 156. Vilna, or Wilna (vil'nä). A government of West Ru ia, surrounded by the governments of Kovno, Vitebsk, Minsk, Minsk, Grodno, and Suwalki. It exports timber, mber. f flax, etc. Area, 16, 421 square miles. Population, 1,367,100. Vilna, or Wilna, tal of the government of Vilna, situated in the Vilia about lat. 54° 40′ N.: the ancient capital of Lithuania. It has a trade in timber and grain, and contains a Greek and a Roman Catholic cathedral and a or Wilno (vil'no). The capi ruined castle of the Jagellons. Formerly it had a university. Population (1897), 159,568. Vilyui. A range of mountains in Siberia, between the Lena and the Vilyui. Vinet Vincennes.] A pleasure park near Paris, directly south of Vincennes. Vincent (vin's ent), or Vincent i us (vin-sen's hi-us), Saint. [Sp. Vincente , Pg. Vicente , It. Vin cenzio , from LL. Vincent i us , from vincens , conquering.] Martyred 304 A. D. A Spanish martyr, deacon of Sarago a. Vincent de Paul (van-son' dė pol' or vin's ent dē pâl') or de Paulo, Saint. Born at Pouy, Gascony, France, April 24, 1576: died at St. Lazare, Paris, Sept. 27, 1660. The founder of the Lazarists, of the order of "Filles de la Charité," and of the Foundling Hospital, Paris. He was canonized in 1737. Vincentio (vin-sen's hiō). 1. The reigning duke, a character in Shakspere's “Measure for Measure."- 2. An old gentleman of Pisa, a character in Shakspere's "Taming of the Shrew." Vinci (vin'che), Leonardo (or Lionardo) da. Born at Vinci, near Empoli, Italy, 1452: died at Cloux, near Amboise, France, May 2, 1519. A famous Italian painter, architect, sculptor, scientist, engineer, mechanician, and musician. He was taken by his father to Verocchio about 1470, with whom he remained until he was past twenty, drawing, modeling, designing for architecture, and planning engineering schemes. His studio companions were Lorenzo di Credi and Perugino. He was in the Company of Painters in 1472, and received his first recorded commi ion in 1478. He seems to have gone to Milan about 1487, having prospered little at Florence. He returned to Florence in 1503; went to Milan again in 1506; and lived in Rome 15141515. He painted his famous Cenacolo, or Last Supper, on the wall of the refectory in the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie: it was finished in 1498. Owing to the dampne of the wall, it has been frequently repainted: the original sketches, however, still exist, and from a copy of it by Marco d'Oggione Raphael Morghen produced his celebrated engraving published in 1800. While living in Milan under the protection of Ludovico il Moro, he occupied himself with the colo al equestrian statue of Duke Francesco I., the model of which was exhibited in 1493 and demolished by the French in 1499. On his return to Florence he drew the cartoon from which Filippino painted the altarpiece of the monks of Servi. His principal work subsequently seems to have been in portraiture, and he did many portraits of women: the best-known is the "Mona Lisa" in the Louvre, Paris, completed about 1504. He was also commi ioned to paint a wall of the council-hall at Florence, for which he made a cartoon corresponding to the went to France in 1516, at the invitation of Francis I., and died there at the Château de Cloux. Among his works are "La belle Ferronnière," "The Virgin of the Rocks" (Na Junot. Vimeure (ve-mer'), Donatien Marie Joseph de, Vicomte de Rochambeau. Born near Vendôme, April 7, 1750: killed at the battle of Leipsic, in Saxony, Oct. 18, 1813. A French general, son of the Comte de Rochambeau. He served with his father in North America, and in 1792 was made lieutenant-general and governor of the Leeward Islands, where he capitulated to the English March 22, 1794. In 1802 he was second in command in the French expedition against Santo Domingo, and after Leclerc's death (Dec. 2, 1802) succeeded him in the leadership. Closely besieged in Cape François, he abandoned it Nov. 30, 1803, and surrendered to the British admiral whose fleet was blockad ing the bay. He remained in captivity until 1811, and subsequently served under Napoleon. tional Gallery, London, and another version at the Louvre), "St. John the Baptist" (Louvre), "St. Anne" (Louvre), and a cartoon of St. Anne in the Royal Academy, London. He wrote a celebrated treatise on painting, "Trattura dell a pittura," published in 1651. A portrait of him, by himself, is in the Royal Library, Turin. Vincy (vin'si), Rosamond. One of the principal female characters in George Eliot's novel "Middle march.” She marries Lydgate, a physician, and checkmates his endeavors after a higher career by her stubborn and selfish nature and narrow intellect. Her brother Frederick has been spoiled by the expectation of a fortune. Vindelicia (vin-de-lish'i-ä). In ancient geography, a Roman province: also called Rhætia Secund a, and sometimes united with Rhætia. It was bounded by the Danube, the Inn (separating it from Noricum), and Rhætia. Its chief town was August a Vin de Rochambeau. Born 1725: died 1807. A French marshal. He served in the War of the Austrian Succes the French forces in America in 1780; coöperated with sion and the Seven Years' War; became commander of Washington in the siege and capture of York town in 1781; became a marshal in 1791; and was imprisoned in the Reign of Terror. Viminal (vim'i-nal). [L. Mons Viminal is .] The northeasternmost of the group of the seven hills of ancient Rome, east of the Quirinal and north of the Esquiline. The baths of Diocletian lie below it to the north. Vinaroz (ve-nä-roth'). A seaport in the province of Cas tell on, Spain, situated on the Mediterranean 45 miles northeast of Cas tell on de la Plana. Here, Nov., 1810, the French under Musniers defeated the Spaniards. Population 9,851. tic origin. Vindelicia occupied in general southern part of Baden, Würtemberg, and Bavaria, and the northern part of Tyrol. Vindhya (vind'yä) Mountains. A group of ranges of mountains and hills in central India, connecting at the extremities with the Eastern and Western Ghats, and forming the northern boundary of the Deccan. Vineam Domini (vin'ē-am dom'i-nī). [L., 'the vineyard of the Lord': words occurring in the bull.] A bull i ued by Pope Clement XI. against the Jansenists in 1705. Vinegar Bible, The. An edition printed at the Clarendon Pre , Oxford, in 1717, with the heading to Luke xx. as the "Parable of the Vine gar " instead of the "Parable of the Vineyard ." Vinegar Hill. A place in Ireland, 14 miles north of Wexford: stronghold of the Irish in town in the department of Seine, France, about two miles east of the fortifications of Paris: noted for its castle. The castle is of medieval foun dation, and was at once a royal residence and a fortre in the reign of Louis XV. It is now an armory and artillery station. The donjon is an imposing square tower, 170 high, with turrets at the angles. The beautiful chapel, 1379, finished Henry II.: it po e es a picturesque façade, lofty vaulting, and beautiful gla . In the dungeons of the castle were confined Mirabeau and the Vincennes (vin-senz'). The capital of Knox County, Indiana, situated on the Wabash 103 miles southwest of Indianapolis: an important railroad center. It was settled by the French in 1702, and was the capital of Indiana Territory. Population (1900), 10,249. d'Enghien. Population (1891), commune, 24,626. Vincennes (van-sen'), Bois de. [F., 'wood of ish troops and dispersed in June. Vineland (vin'land). A borough in Cumber land County, New Jersey, 33 miles south by east of Philadelphia. Fruit-raising is its principal industry. Population (1900), 4,370. Vinet (vē-nā'), Alexandre Rodolphe. Born near Lausanne, Switzerland, June 17, 1797: died at Clarens, Switzerland, May 4, 1847. A Swi Protestant theologian and literary critic, profe or in Basel (1819), and later (1837) in Lausanne. He was one of the leaders of the Free-church moveise" (1829), "Discours sur quelques sujets religieux" (1831), "Études sur Pascal" (1848), "Études sur la littérature française aux XIXe siècle" (1849-51), "Théologie pastorale" (1850), "His to ire de la littérature française au in Vaud. His works include "Chrestomathie XVIIIe siècle" (1851), “Homilétique" (1853), "His to ire de la IMG:content-1155.png:[blocks in formation] Vineta (vi-ne'tä). A medieval city on the site of the present Wollin, island of Wollin, Germany: an important Wendish commercial cen ter about the 10th and 11th centuries. Vineyard Sound (vin'yard sound). A sea pa age, southeast of Ma achusetts, which separates Martha's Vineyard from the Elizabeth Islands. Width, 4-7 miles. Vingt Ans Après (van ton zä-prā'). [F., Twenty Years After.] A novel by Dumas père , published in 1845: a sequel to "Les trois mousquetaires." It was followed by "Dix ans plus tard, ou le vicomte de Bragelonne" (1848-50). Vinland (vin'land). [Icel. Viniand , wine-land, from the grapes found by the discoverers.] The region in which a Norse settlement was probably made in North America about 1006. It has been identified with various regions on the coast from Labrador to New Jersey. Vintschgau (vintsh'gou). See Adige . Viola (vì'ō-la). [L., 'a violet.'] iolet.] 1. The principal female character in Shakspere's "Twelfth Night." She is the sister of Sebastian, is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria, and, disguised as Cesario, wins the heart of the duke. 2. The principal character in Fletcher's “Coxcomb." Violet, Corporal or Papa. See Corporal Violet . Violet-Crowned City. A name sometimes given to Athens. Viollet-le-Duc (vyō-lā'lė-dük'), Eugène Emmanuel. Born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1814: died at Lausanne, Sept. 17, 1879. A French architect, archæologist, and writer on art. He was employed in the restoration of many medieval buildings in France, including Notre Dame in Paris and the cathedrals of Amiens and Laon. His works include "Dictionnaire de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle" (10 vols. 1854-69), "E ai sur l'architecture militaire au moyen Age" (1854), "Dictionnaire du mobilier français" (1855), "Description de Notre Dame de Paris" (1856), "Entretiens sur l'architecture" (1858), "His to ire d'une maison," "His toire d'une fortere e," "His to ire de l'habitation humaine," "His to ire d'hôtel de ville et d'une cathédrale" (all 1873-75). In Roman legend, the daughter of Virgin i us, a plebeian, who was slain by her father to keep her from the power of the decemvir Appius Claudius (449 в. с.). This act led to the overthrow of the decemvirate. Virginia. A tragedy by Alfieri, printed in 1783. See Appius and Virginia . Virginia. An asteroid (No. 50) discovered by Ferguson at Washington, Oct. 4, 1857. Virginia. [Named from Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen."] One of the South Atlantic States of the United States of America, ex Vishnu mond. It is bounded by West Virginia on the north from long. 75° 13' to 83° 37′ W. Capital, Richbeth of England. (separated by the Potomac) on the north and northeast, Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Carolina and Tenne ee on the south, and Kentucky on the west, and contains a small detached portion east of Chesapeake Bay. It is called the "Old Dominion" and the "Mother of Presidents." It is level in the southeast and mountainous in the northwest and west, and is traversed from northeast to southwest by the Blue Ridge and other ranges of the Appal a chi ans (highest point, about 5,700 feet wat is sometimes divided into the physical regions Appal a chia. The principal river-systems are those of the Potomac (with the Shenandoah), Rappahannock, York, James, Roanoke, and Tenne ee. Virginia is rich in agricultural and mineral resources; is the second State in the Union in the production of tobacco, and has also a constellation and sign of the zodiac. The figure represents a winged woman in a robe holding a spike of large production of wheat, corn, vegetables, fruit, timber, coal, iron, salt, and building-stone; has iron, coke, tobacco, leather, and other manufactures; and has various mineral springs and natural curiosities (as the Natural Bridge, Luray Caverns, etc.). It has 100 counties, sends 2 senators and 10 representatives to Congre , and has 12 electoral votes. It was the first of the original colonies, and one of the 13 original States, and was settled by the English at James town in 1607. Among the early leaders were John Smith, Newport, Somers, Gates, and Delawarr. It was governed at first by the London Company. Negro slavery was introduced in 1619. It became a royal colony in 1624; was the scene of Bacon's rebellion in 1676; took part in the French and Indian war; took a prominent part in the events leading to the Revolution; ceded its territory beyond the Ohio in 1784; ratified the Constitution in 1788; was the leading State in influence in the early history of the country, furnishing four of the first five Presidents; seceded from the Union April 17, 1861; be came the center of the Confederate States, and contained their capital; and was one of the chief seats of the war. Among the events of which it was the scene were the battle of Bull Run, Peninsular and Valley campaigns, second Bull Run campaign, Fred ericks burg and Chancellorsville campaigns, Wilderne campaign, siege and cap. ture of Richmond, and surrender of Lee's army. The State was readmitted to the Union in 1870. Area, 42,450 square miles. Population (1900), 1,854,184. Virginia, Army of. A Federal army in the Civil War, formed in Aug., 1862, out of the commands of Frémont, Banks, and McDowell. It was commanded by General Pope, and took part in the second Bull Run campaign, after which it was disc on Vionville (vyôn-vēl′), or Mars-la-Tour (märslä-tör'), Battle of. A battle between the French and Germans, fought near the villages of Vionville and Mars-la-Tour, about 12 miles west of Metz, Aug. 16, 1870. The Germans (about 67,000) were commanded by Prince Frederick Charles; the French (120,000-138,000) by Marshal Bazaine. The result of the battle, which was one of the most fiercely contested and bloodiest of the century, was the preventing of the retreat of the French from Metz to Verdun. (See Metz ) The German lo in killed, wounded, and prisoners was about 17,000. The third Westphalian infantry regiment lost 49 officers and tinued. 1,736 men the heaviest regimental lo of the war. about 16,000; Viper (vi'per), Doctor. A character in Foote's play "The Capuchin": severely lashed an Irish clergyman named Jackson, in the pay of the Duche of Kingston, as a ": under this name he revenge for the suppre ion of his play "The Trip to Calais" (which see). Vique. See Vich . Virginia, University of. An institution of lear learning situated near Charlottesville, Virginia: chartered 1819. Its chief founder was Thomas Jefferson. Virginia City (ver-jin'i-ä sit'i). The capital of Madison County, Montana, situated on Creek 60 miles southeast of Butte. It is a gold Viraravira vertend Bantu (ve'rä), or (wä-vē'rä). A mining center. Population (1900), 2,695. Tanganyika. They produce iron, wooden articles, and baskets, which are sold to the people on the shore of the lake. The land is called Uvira. Viracocha. See Uiracocha . Viracocha, Temple of. A name often given to Virchow (ver'cho), Rudolf. Born at Schivel. the temple of Cacha (which see). bein, Pomerania, Pru ia, Oct. 13, 1821: died at Berlin, Sept. 5, 1902. A celebrated German anatomist, physiologist, and anthropologist, the founder of cellular pathology: profe or at Würzburg 1849-56, and at Berlin 1856-1902. He was a member of the Pru ian Landtag 1862-1902, and of the German Reichstag 1880-93, and one of the leaders of the Progre ist and later of the German Liberal party. He published numerous technical works. He was one of the Physio logie. Punders of the "Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Vire (ver). [ML. Vira .] A river in Normandy, France, which flows into the English Channel 30 miles southeast of Cherbourg. Length, 80 miles. Vire. A town in the department of Calvados, France, situated on the Vire 35 miles southwest of Caen. It has manufactures of woolen goods. Population (1891), commune, 6,635.