FRONDE, THE

outbreak of constitutional factiousne and _ personal ambition, causing civil war in France (1648-52), and having as sequel war with Spain (1653-59); hatred to Mazarin, chief factor of revolution. Paris Parlement refused to register an octroi duty (1648), and demanded constitutional. reform. Mazarin arrested leader, but infuriated Parisians compelled court to release him and accept charter of reform. Nobility took leadership of movement from Parlement; intrigues - prevailed, and civil war devastated — France; but_ divisions arose amongst Frondeurs. Condé was defeated (1652), - and joined enemies of France. Failure of F. proved that the only practical party in France was the monarchical one. a COMTE DE (1620-98), Fr. colonial administrator; entered army, becoming colonel, 1643, and field-marshal, 1646; app. gov. of Canada (Sept. 1672); re- — called in 1682, owing to quarrels with — Intendant and Church, but sent back — to Canada and warmly welcomed by colonists, 1689; repulsed attack on if Quebec, 1690; conducted campaign all against Iroquois, 1695; a brave, energetic 4 administrator, choleric, but very capable. 4 wrote on aqueducts and fortification. (II. cent. A.D.), Rom. rhetorician and grammarian; consul (143); tutor of Marcus Aurelius; disciples formed school of Front on i an i. E.), town, ancient Frusino, Rome, Italy. Pop, 10,000.