Guest, John

U. S. N., born in Mi ouri, in 1821, entered the navy as midshipman and attained the rank of commodore; served in the Mexican and Civil Wars. In the latter he took part in various engagements; commanded the Owasco at the bombardment of Vicksburg (1862), and the Iosco in the Fort Fisher engage. ments. Died Jan 12, 1879. IMG:content-0485.png:[graphic] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia A board with directions for travellers, placed at cro -roads, park drives, forest paths, . Guide'-book, n. A book containing information re- garding places, routes, ., for the convenience of travel- lers and tourists. Guillemin, AMADÉE VICTOR, scientist and author, born in Saône-et-Loire, France, July 5, 1826; profe or of mathematics at Paris. He was a writer on science; his works have been very popular, and have pa ed through many editions. They include: The Heavens; The Sun; The World of Comets, . A number of his books have been translated into English. Guirand, ERNEST, composer, born at New Orleans, La., June 23, 1830; studied with his father, producing his first opera, Le Roi David, before he was fifteen; entered the Conservatory in Paris and gained the Prix de Rome; was decorated with the cro of the Legion of Honor (1878); profe or of advanced composition in the Conservatory (1880). His many works include: Sylvie ; Gretna Green; Piccolino; Le Kobold, . Died May 6, 1892. Gum'drop, n. A molded confection of sweetened and flavored gum-arabic, but often adulterated or imi- tated with glucose, gelatine, . Gum-elastic, n. Caoutchouc, or India-rubber. Gump'tion, n. (Colloq.) Shrewdne ; cleverne ; native intelligence; common sense. ce ful from a mechanical point of view, the B. G. is probably of no value in actual practice. Its delivery is slow, because of the time required for loading, adjust- ment, .; and, in the nature of things, a batsman could easily judge, from the direction of the piece and the teresting as a mechanical experiment, however, and location of the fingers, the kind of a "curve" about to be delivered, and strike accordingly. It is highly in- may eventually develop into something more practical. A modification of the form shown in the accompanying illustration has been made, which has a short stock and, instead of resting on the ground, is fired from the shoulder, like a rifle. Gun, Machine and Rapid- machinery; generally has a num- fire. (Ordn.). A machine gun is one that is loaded and fired by ber of barrels, and uses ammuni- tion not larger than the largest of small arms. A rapid-fire gun is one that is loaded by hand, though in some cases discharged by ma- chinery; it has only one barrel, and its projectile ranges from about 11⁄2 inches (1-pounder) to 62 inches (100-pounder), the limit veniently handle. These guns dis- being apparently the weight of projectile which one man can con- charge armor-piercing shells, and are of special use in the navy for repelling torpedo boats, whose ar- warship carries a battery of rapid- mor is easily penetrated by those of medium caliber. Every modern fire guns, whose celerity and accu- racy of fire would render it very hazardous for a torpedo boat to approach within striking distance except under cover of darkne , fog, or battle-smoke. On ship- board, machine guns are usually placed in the fighting tops of the military masts, where they can sweep the decks of an adversary. On land they are particularly use- ful to defend ditches or defiles and to repel the charges of infantry, being capable of mowing down advancing troops by you sands. The best, if not the only, practical test of improved rapid-fire guns was afforded during the Chino- Japanese war, at the battle of the Yalu river, which, it is claimed, was won by the Japanese guns of this char- acter rather than by the heavier ordnance. While it is true that one well-directed shot from a 13-inch can- non may annihilate a heavily-armored antagonist, more dependence is to be placed upon the 3- to 6-inch armor- piercing shells discharged at the rate of six to eight a minute, with perfect accuracy of aim and with force enough to penetrate the lighter sponsons and gun- shields and burst with deadly effect among the gunners. As a result of this experience and subsequent experi- ments, it is probable that most of our ordnance up to 6-inch caliber will hereafter be constructed with rapid- IMG:content-0487.png:[graphic] IMG:content-0488.png:[graphic] and grooves, aided by the recoil of the piece, the breech is reopened, the empty shell cast out, and position taken for a fresh cartridge, which is automatically pushed into place, the breech closed, and the piece instantly fired if the operator's finger be kept pre ed on the trigger.Tests. On government trial the Driggs-Schroeder gun has fired 34 shots in one minute, 83 shots in three minutes; the time taken to dismount the piece and replace it in firing position was two minutes and 44 seconds. Corresponding data for the Hotch ki gun, at the same The Maxim Automatic Machine Gun, as its name indicates, is designed to be almost wholly automatic in its action; and, in fact, after one shot is fired, the operator has but to keep one finger pre ed upon the trigger, and the discharges will continue until the magazine is empty. Like the Gatling, this gun is the invention of an American. It differs e entially from the other machine guns described, having a single barrel and a most ingenious though rather complicated mechanism that cannot be intelligibly described in the space now at our disposal. RAPID-FIRE GUNS.-The distinguishing feature of rapid-fire guns is the breech mechanism, which is so designed that the operation of loading and firing is expedited in the highest po ible degree. The efforts of inventors in this line are almost wholly directed toward attaining simplicity of construction and ease and rapidity of handling, combined with the requisite qualities of strength and gas-tight breech-blocks. The Hotch ki rapid-fire gun has a breech-block that moves vertically in a slotted breech. By means of hand levers at the sides, the breech-block is dropped down until the end of the barrel is uncovered, the same motion discharging the empty shell and cocking the hammer; after inserting a new cartridge (by hand) the movement of the levers is reversed, by which means the cartridge is driven home and the barrel again closed. The trigger is then pulled by hand. The Driggs-Schroeder gun, invented and manufactured in the U. S., has a breech-block that both slides and rotates; on its upper surface (which is convex, corresponding to the interior form of the breech) are projecting ribs which fit into corresponding grooves in the inner and upper face of the breech, thus, by interlocking, resisting the recoil. After a discharge the block is slid downward far enough to disengage the ribs and grooves, and then revolved to the rear, throwing open the chamber of the gun. All this is accomplished by the action of a rotating handle and cam, and by the same movement the piece is cocked and the empty shell thrown out. After inserting a fresh cartridge the lever motion is reversed, the rotary swing of the breech-block driving the cartridge into place, and the upward slide firmly closing the breech. By many this is considered the very best gun of its kind yet devised. The Nordenfeldt gun has a breech-block divided into two parts, of which the rear portion functions as a wedge, and the forward part as the block. Like the Driggs-Schroeder, the whole block has a combined sliding and rotary motion, but at its beginning the rear portion only slides downward, while the front part remains in position. When the former has reached a certain place, a cam action rotates the whole block to the rear, in much the same manner and with the same result as in the Driggs-Schroeder gun. By reversing the motion of the levers, after inserting the cartridge by hand, the breech-block resumes its former position, its rear portion rises vertically into its place in the slotted breech, and the gun is ready for firing. The Maxim rapid-fire gun, like the machinegun of the same inventor, is more nearly automatic than others of the same cla . After the first shot the gun itself performs all subsequent operations except the introduction of the cartridge. Following each discharge, by a complex arrangement of springs, fingers speed coupled with light draught. These characteristics enable them to ascend rivers and cruise in shallow waters which heavier ve els cannot enter, and provide a means of escape when pursued by more powerful adversaries of deeper draught. Nine of these ve els have been constructed since 1893, foreshadowing, as many a ume, a more active foreign policy, inasmuch as warships of this type are of special utility on such foreign stations as the Asiatic, where it is occasionally nece ary to ascend rivers that are entirely unnavigable for even our light cruisers. The smallest of our gunboat fleet is the Petrel , 892 tons, the keel of which was laid in 1887. This boat is 176 feet long, with 31 feet beam; has a draught of 11-7 feet, a recorded speed of 11.7 knots 1,095 horse-power, and an armament of 4 6-inch breech loading rifles, 1 1-pounder rapid-fire gun, 2 Hotch ki revolving cannon, and 2 gatlings; contract price, $247,000. The Bennington, Concord, and York town, each of 1,710 tons, are 230 feet long by 36 feet beam, with a mean draught of 14 feet; a recorded speed of 17-5, 16-8 and 16:14 knots, and a horse-power of 3,436, 3,405 and 3,392 respectively. Their armament consists of 6 6-inch breech-loading rifles, 2 6-pounder and 2 3-pounder rapid-fire rifles, 2 Hotch ki revolving cannon and 2 gatlings each. The Bennington and Concord (keels laid in 1888) cost $490,000 each for hull and machinery; the York town (keel laid in 1887) cost $455,000. The Machias and Castine were built in 1891-94, at a cost of $318,000 and $318,500 respectively. These boats are 204 feet long, with 32-1 feet beam and 12 feet mean draught; speed about 16 knots. They carry 8 4-inch, 4 6-pounder and 2 1-pounder rapid-fire rifles. An act of Congre on March 3, 1893, authorized the construction of three gunboats, which were subsequently named Helena, Wilmington and Nashville . These were built at Newport News, Va., the keels being laid in 1894. The two first named are sister ships, specially designed for service in Asiatic rivers. Their principal dimensions and specifications are: length, 250 feet, 9 inches; beam, 40 feet, 13 inches; mean draught, 8 feet; displacement, 1,392 tons; horse-power, 1,600; speed required by contract, 13 knots. On trial the Wilmington steamed 15-1 knots, and the Helena made a record of 15-8, earning a substantial bonus for the builders, who were entitled to $20,000 for every knot in exce of the stipulated 13. These boats are devoid of sail-power, and have one military mast with two fighting tops, carrying 2 gatlings in the upper top and 2 6-pounders in the lower. The other guns are thus disposed: 44-inch rapid-fire guns mounted in pairs, respectively, 2 forward and 2 aft, those aft being mounted on the main deck, those forward on the forecastle deck, without other protection than that of gun-shields; 4 4-inch rapid-fire guns mounted in armored sponsons on the gun deck, amidships; 2 6-pounder Hotch ki guns mounted forward on the forecastle deck; and 21-pounder Hotch ki guns on the bridge. The Nashville is of the flush-deck pattern, and has two masts carrying triangular sails: IMG:content-0489.png:[graphic] IMG:content-0490.png:[graphic][merged small] ing the guns, even if it were physically po ible to serve them. Gun'boat, n. ( Nary . ) Not the least useful addition to the navy of the United States is a fleet of 15 gunboats, built since 1887, and especially adapted for service on the inland waters of both home and foreign stations. These ve els have comparatively little defensive power, being practically destitute of armor, if we except a light protective deck; but they are provided with batteries of small calibre but of high power, and have considerable length, 220 feet; beam, 36 feet; draught, 11 feet; displacement, 1,371 tons; horse-power, 1,750. The contract required a speed of 14 knots, but on trial 16-76 knots, or about 19 statute miles, were developed, earning a premium of $50,000 for the builders. The Nashville is propelled by twin screws. Her armament consists of 8 4-inch rapid-fire guns, arranged in sponsons on the gun deck, and in the open on the main deck; 4 6-pounder Hotch ki rapid-fire guns on the gun deck, forward and aft, and 2 1-pounder Hotch ki and 2 gatlings disposed The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia on the main deck. There is one torpedo tube in the bow. The contract price for these three ve els was $280,000 each.-Composite Gunboats. Of a somewhat different type are the six ve els authorized by act of Congre , March 2, 1895. These are of the composite type, a mixed structure of wood and metal. The rapid accumulation of barnacles and marine vegetation on the bottoms of iron and steel warships is a source of continual expense and lo of time, incident to docking, to say nothing of decreased speed and increased consumption of coal due to these hindrances. In the composite type this difficulty is largely overcome by the employment of wooden planking riveted to the steel frames and covered externally with a copper sheathing. An inner sheathing of steel may be added if required for strength, the whole so fastened by composition bolts that galvanic action is practically avoided. Ve els of this cla will be of particular utility in patrolling stations like the sealing-grounds of Alaska or the middle waters of the Yukon river, remote from docks, of which they will be made measurably independent by their copper bottoms. Three of these new boats, the Anna polis , Newport , and Vicksburg , have full sail-power, in addition to a single screw propelled by triple-expansion engines of 800 horse-power. The other three, Marietta , Princeton and Wheeling , carry only enough canvas to steady them in a seaway, and have twin screws driven by similar engines of the same power. These six ve els have a mean draught of 12 feet; displacement, 1,000 tons; speed required by contract, 12 knots. Those of Anna polis type are 168 feet long with 36 feet beam; of the Marietta type, 174 feet long with 34 feet beam. The contract price was $230,000 each, exclusive of armament. The latter consists, in each case, of 12 rapid-fire guns of the latest pattern, viz.: six 4-inch rifles, four 6-pounders and two 1-pounders. The Anna polis , which was the first of the six to be completed, was built by the Crescent Iron Co.; the Princeton at Camden, N. J.; the Vicksburg and Newport at Bath, Me.; the Marietta and Wheeling at the Union Iron Works, San Francisco. Gun'delow, n. [Perhaps a corruption of gondola.] A flat-bottomed or unwieldy boat or barge; a transport. Gung'l, JOSEF, composer of popular dance music, was born in Hungary, in 1810, the son of a stocking weaver. In early life he was a school teacher; but, having studied music and composition, he entered the Austrian army as a band-master. His marches, polkas, waltzes, , are still widely used on both continents. Died in 1889. Gun'nis on, in Colorado , a W. co.; area 3,200 sq. m.; drained by the Grand and Gunnison Rivers. Surface, mountainous. Mining, smelting, and stock raising are the chief industries. Cap . Gunnison. Pop . (1890) 4,359. -A city, cap. of Gunnison co., 63 m. N.E. of Montrose, on D. & R. G. and Union Pac. R.Rs.; has smelting works. Iron and coal are very abundant in the vicinity. Gold, silver and manganese are also mined. Pop . (1890) 1,105. Gun'powder Creek, in North Carolina, enters the Catawba river, in Caldwell co. Gur'don, in Arkansas , a post-town of Clark co., 16 m. S.W. of Ark a delph i a, on St. L., I. Mt. & S. R. R.; ships lumber and cotton. Pop . (1890) 802. Gur'ney, SIR GOLD WORTHY, inventor, born in Cornwall, England, in 1793; studied medicine, but gave his attention to chemistry, delivering a course of lectures on the subject at the Surrey Institute; was the inventor of the Bude, oil gas, lime, and magnesium lights; claimed the invention of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe, and to have been the first to observe the deflection of the magnetic needle by voltaic cro -currents; also invented the high-pre ure steam jet and tubular boiler; was knighted in 1863. Died Feb. 25, 1875. Guthrie, THOMAS, born July 12, 1803, at Brechin, For far shire, Scotland; student of the University of Edinburgh; was licensed as a preacher (1825); appointed one of the ministers of Old Grey friars parish in Edinburgh (1837). He was eminent as a pulpit and platform orator, also as a social reformer and philanthropist, working among the most degraded of the population of Edinburgh. He joined the Free Church, and for many years held the ministry of Free St. John's, Edinburgh; was Moderator of the General A embly of the Free Church of Scotland (1862), and one of the vice-presidents of the Evangelical Alliance; editor of the Sunday Magazine , and author of The Way to Life ; A Plea for Ragged Schools; Studies of Character; Para bles, . Died Feb. 24, 1873. [SECTION II.] Guthrie, THOMAS ANTHONY, author, born in Ken- sington, England, in 1856; educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge; admitted to the bar, but never practiced; contributed short stories to magazines under the pen- name of F. ANSTEY. His works include: Vice Versa , which was succe fully dramatized; The Giants Robe; Guthrie, in Oklahoma , a thriving city, capital of the The Black Poodle; The Tinted Venus; The Fallen Idol , . These novels are noted for their grotesque humor. Territory, 90 m. S. of Arkansas City, Kansas, on the Gut'tenburg, in New Jersey , a post-town of Hudson A., T. & S. Fé R. R. Has had a rapid growth, with considerable floating population. Pop . (1897) abt. 8,500. Gut'ter-snipe, n. A single-slip poster for attaching co., on Hudson on river, opposite 70th St., New York city; has some manufactures. Pop . (1895) 3,626. Gutz/kow, KARL FERDINAND, a noted author, was to curb-stones. (N. Y. Slang .) A curb-stone broker. -A street Arab; a destitute child living on the street. born in Germany in 1811; educated at the Friedrichs- werder Gymnasium, and studied philosophy and theol- ogy at the University of Berlin. In 1830 he became one of the leading spirits of the Young German Party, and started the publication of a newspaper in 1831. He went to Stuttgart and became a istant editor of Menzel's Literaturblatt , afterwards continuing his studies at the Universities of Heidelberg, Jena, and Munich, developing very radical ideas in morals and sociology, which were expre ed during his career as a journalist at Frankfort. As a result of the atheistic and unortho- dox views expre ed in his novel, Wally , die Zweiflerin, G. was sentenced to prison for three months and all his writings were suppre ed. In the same year, however, he published another book, Nero , a dramatic work, in which his radical notions were even more fully elabo- rated. G. went to Hamburg in 1837, to escape the sur- veil lance of the Pru ian authorities, and thence to various German cities, finally locating in Berlin (1870) undoubtedly worthy of condemnation from a moral where he died in 1878. His works were numerous and standpoint. varied in character, were very popular in their day, but Gutzlaff, KARL FREIDRICH AUGUST, a celebrated mis- sionary, was born in Germany in 1803, and at an early age was apprenticed to a shoemaker in Stettin. While thus engaged he composed an elaborate poem in which was expre ed his ardent desire to become a mi ionary and labor among the heathen. This poem was pre- sented to the Pru ian King in 1821, who at once directed that G. be placed in the mi ionary institution at Berlin. After two years of study there he was trans- ferred to the Dutch Mi ionary Society at Rotter dam, by whom he was sent to Sumatra in August, 1826. Being detained by some means on the island of Java, G. established a residence at Batavia, and in two years mastered the Chinese language, and familiarized him- self with the habits and disposition of the Chinese by a ociating with people of that nationality at Batavia. He now resolved to abandon the Dutch mi ion and labor in China; and in 1828 he joined the English mis- sionary, Tomlin, in his work at Bangkok, Siam. Here he acquired the Siamese language, and perfected him- self in the Chinese tongue. Proceeding to China, he established himself at Macao, and became closely as so- ciated with Robert Morrison. Here, in conjunction with Medhurst and others, G. began a new translation China, in the interest of which he published a monthly of the Bible into Chinese. He also founded a society for the diffusion of general knowledge throughout points. He was later appointed chief interpreter to the magazine in the language of the country, all the time preaching the gospel at Macao and other acce ible British super visional government in China, a position 1835), but the hostility of the natives made the effort a he was well qualified to fill. In this capacity he attempted to penetrate the province of Fo-kien (May, prohibited the printing of books or other publications relating to Christianity in the Chinese language, and failure. About the same time the Chinese authorities also the distribution by aliens of any kind of literature in that tongue. The methods of peace having failed in his conflict against heathenism, G. joined the British in their war with the Chinese and was able to render ing about the peace of 1842. In 1844 he established a invaluable service because of his thorough knowledge of the language. He was also instrumental in bring- society whose purpose was to diffuse the gospel through China by means of native mi ionaries, which effort GYPS was so succe ful that by 1848 no le than 50 Christian i zed Chinese had been sent as laborers through the 1849-50, returning to Hong Kong early in 1851, where interior of the country. In the interest of this society G. visited England, Germany, and other countries in Guyot ( ge'yō ), ARNOLD HENRY, scientist, born near he died a few months later in the same year. Neufchâtel, Switzerland, 1807. He received his education at the college of his native city, the gymnasia of Aga iz, A. Braun, and Schimper, and with them began Stuttgart and Carlsruhe, and Berlin University. At Carlsruhe he formed an intimate friendship with ology for four years at Neufchâtel and Berlin. In 1835 the study of physical science, though studying the he was graduated Ph.D. at Berlin University, his thesis being dedicated, by permi ion, to Humboldt and Ritter. He then proceeded to Paris, where he spent five years in teaching and studying, making scientific summer tours in France, Belgium, Holland, and Italy, for the purpose of investigating the glaciers and erratic boulders. He discovered and communicated to the Geological Society of France, in 1838, the principal laws which govern the formation and motions of the glaciers, which the subsequent observations of others have confirmed; he also showed how the distribution of the Alpine boulders in the regions around proved the extension and limits of the great diluvian glaciers in Switzerland and Lombardy. From 1839 to 1848 he was profe or of History and Physical Geography in the College of Neufchâtel. A political revolution having broken up that institution, he resolved in 1848 to follow his friend and colleague, Aga iz, who had emigrated to the U. S. In 1848-9 he delivered a course of lectures in French on The Relations between Physical Geography and History, at Boston, which, translated by Prof. Felton, were published under the title of The Earth and Man (1849). He afterwards lectured at the Lowell Institute, the Smithsonian, and other Institutions; organized for the Smithsonian Institution a system of meteorological observations, and prepared for it the extensive series of practical tables, introducing physical structure and elevation of the Appal a chi an and improving the barometers now generally employed. For ten years he was engaged in investigating the Geology in the College of New Jersey. He published system of mountains, from N. H. to Ga.; and in 1855 was appointed profe or of Physical Geography and numerous large wall-maps of physical geography, a physical atlas, cla ical maps, and a series of geographical text-books for the use of schools, all of high merit, Guy'ton, in Georgia , a post-town of Effing ham co., 30 as well as many papers in the scientific periodicals. Died in 1884. Guz'man-Blanco, ANTONIO, born in Caracas, 1830; m. N.W. of Savannah, on Central R. R. of Ga. Turpentine is distilled here. Pop . (1897) about 750. vice-president of Venezuela (1863); was deprived of the office (1868), but restored to power (1870). Although others filled the position of president, Guzman was for many years the actual head of affairs, and in 1889 was acting as envoy to all the European courts. Popular discontent was aroused by reports of corrupt contracts made in Paris, and he was deposed from power. Gwin, WILLIAM MCKENDRY, politician, born in Sumner co., Tenn., Oct. 9, 1805; educated at Transylvania (1850-61); imprisoned for alleged disloyalty (1861-63). University; studied medicine; removed to Vicksburg, Mi .; was member of Congre (1841-43); U.S. Senator In 1864 he went to Mexico and entered the service of Maximilian, who created him Duke of Sonora. After the collapse of Maximilian, G. made a futile attempt to Gylden, HUGO, astronomer, was born in 1841, at colonize his vast po e ions in Sonora with people of Helsingfors, Finland; was for a long time one of the Southern birth. Died Sept. 3, 1885. principal astronomers at the Imperial Ru ian Observatory, at Pulkowa, and has since been director of the observatory at Stockholm, Sweden. His principal achievements have been in the problems of atmospheric Gyniaci, Morbi, n. pl . [From Gr. gyne, woman, refraction, the constant of abberration, and the lunar theory. Gypsum City, or Gypsum, in Kansas , a post parturient state, amenorrhea, . and Lat. morbus , disease.] (Path.) Developmental diseases of women, as chlorosis, .; those attending the R. R.; has manufactures of cement. Pop . (1895) 620. village of Saline co., 16 m. S.E. of Salina on M. Pac. The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia H. HAAR The eighth letter in the English language, is an aspirate belonging to the order of gutturals in most modern and ancient languages, and a simple attenuation of the sound expre ed by the Greek x and ( Mus .) H is the designation given by the Germans to the note B; their B being equivalent to the English Bb., and in their music denotes the seventh diatonic interval, or the twelfth string of the chromatic scale. Ha, (interj.) An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Hal what art thou I thou horrid headle trunk?" Rowe. -v. a. To expre surprise; to hesitate; as, to hum and ha. Haa, ( hd,) a small island of Scotland, co. Sutherland, 4 m. from Far-out Head.