Population (1891), 40,848

Woon socket (wön-sok'et). A town in Providence County, Rhode Island, situated on Black stone River 13 miles north-northwest of Providence. It has extensive manufactures of cotton and woolen goods. Population (1890), 20,830. Wooster (wus'ter), David. Born at Str at ford, Conn., March 2, 1710: died at Danbury, Conn., May 2, 1777. An American Revolutionary general. He served in the Louis burg expedition in 1745, and in the French and Indian war; was one of the planners of the Ticonderoga expedition of 1775; became brigadier general in 1775; succeeded Montgomery as commander in Canada; and became major-general of Connecticut militia. He was mortally wounded in the defense of Danbury against Tryon. Worcester (wüs'ter), or Worcesters hire (wus'ter-shir). [AS. Wigeraceasterscir .] A midland county of England, bounded by Shropshire, Stafford. Warwick, Gloucester, and Here ford. It contains several exclaves. The surface is hilly (the Malvern and the Bredon hills are on the borders), and it is traversed by the Severn. Worcester is an agricultural county, and is noted for its vegetables, fruit, and hops. It was a part of the ancient Mercia. Area, 751 square miles. Population (1891), 413,760. army dispersed. Population (1891), 42,905. Worcester. The capital of Worcester County, Ma achusetts. It has extensive manufactures of iron and steel, machinery, cars, boots and shoes, woolen goods, etc.; and is the seat of the Roman Catholic College of the Holy Cro , of the State normal school, of Clark University, and of other institutions. It was permanently settled in 1713, and became a city in 1848. Population (1890), 84,655. Worcester, Florence of. Florence of Worcester. Worcester, Joseph Emerson. Born at Bedford, N. H., Aug. 24, 1784: died at Cambridge, Ma ., Oct. 27, 1865. An American lex i cog rap here He graduated at Yale in 1811, and settled at Cam published a "Geographical Diction ary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern" (1817: revised edition 1823), a "Gazetteer of the United States" (1818), "Elements of Geography" (1819), "Sketches of the Earth" (1823), "Elements of History, etc." (1826), an abridgment of Webster's dictionary (1829), "A Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary" (1830), and "А Universal and Critical Dictionary" (1846). The last, pa ing through several editions with little alteration, was at length revised and enlarged, and was published in quarto form as "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1st ed. 1860). Worcester Beacon. The highest point of the Malvern Hills, England, southwest of Worcester. Height, 1,444 feet. Worcester College. A college of Oxford University, incorporated (1714) on the foundation of the Benedictine Gloucester Hall (1283). The chapel has what is considered one of the finest Renai ance interiors in England. Worde (word), Winkin or Wynkin de. Born probably in Lorraine: died about 1535. An English printer. He went to England as an a istant of Caxton, and about 1491 became his succe or. He lived in Fleet street, London, from about 1502. Worden (wor'dn), John Lorimer. Born in New York, 1818. An American admiral. He entered the navy in 1885; was appointed commander in 1862; and became famous as commander of the Monitor in her battle with the Merrimac in that year. In 1863 he became captain, and commanded the Montauk in the blockading squadron; was promoted commodore in 1868, and rear-admiral in 1872; and was superintendent of the Naval Academy at Anna polis 1870-74. He retired in 1886. Words worth (werdz ́werth), Charles. Born at London, Aug. 22, 1806: died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Dec. 5, 1892. A British prelate, theologian, and scholar, son of Christopher Words worth (1774-1846): bishop of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dumblane. He was one of the New Testament revisers. Words worth, Christopher. Born at Cocker mouth, England, June 9, 1774: died at Buxted, England, Feb. 2, 1846. An English clergyman, brother of William Words worth: master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He wrote "Ecclesiastical Biography" (1810), etc., and advocated the claim of Charles I. to the authorship of "Eikon Basilike." Words worth, Christopher. Born at Boeking, Oct. 30,1807: died at Lincoln, March 20, 1885. An English prelate and author, son of Christopher Words worth (1774-1846). He was head-master of Harrow and canon of Westminster, and became bishop of Lincoln in 1868. He wrote "Athens and Attica" (1836), "Ancient Writings Copied from the Walls of Pompeii" (1837), "Greece, Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical" (1839), "Theophilus Anglicanus" (1843), "On the Canon of the Scriptures" (1848), "Memoirs of William Words worth" (1851), notes on the New Testament and the Bible, controversial works, and various theological and other works. Words worth, William. Born at Cocker mouth, Cumber land, England, April 7, 1770: died at Rydal Mount, April 23, 1850. A celebrated English poet. He was educated at Hawks head and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1791; traveled on the Continent in 1790; and traveled and lived in France 1791-92, where he sympathized at first with the republicans. He received a legacy in 1795, and settled with his sister Dorothy at Race down, Dorset. A Oct. 5, 1772. An American preacher of the Society of Friends. Among his works are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" (1754), "Con siderations on Pure Wisdom and Human Policy, "etc. (1768), "Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind" (1770). He is, however, best known by his "Journal," first pub Wycetir, etc., AS. Wig orc easter , Wigeraccaster , Wig race aster, Wihraceaster .] The capital of Worcesters hire, England, situated on the Severn in lat. 52° 12′ N., long. 2° 14′ W. It has manufactures of gloves, porcelain, Worcesters hire sauce, vine visit from Cole ridge in 1797 determined his career, and in the next year he removed to Alfoxden in Somerset to be near him. He went to the Continent in 1798, and lived at Goslar; and returned to England in 1799, and settled at Grasmere, in the Lake District. In 1802 he married Mary Hutch in son; 1808; to Grasmere and settled at Rydal Mount; and traveled in Scotland in 1814 and 1832, and on the Continent in 1820 and 1837. He became poet laureate in 1843. His works include "An Evening Walk" (1793), "Descriptive Sketches"(1793), "Lyr ical Ballads"(this contains Cole ridge's "Ancient Mariner") (178), two volumes of poems (1807), "An E ay on the Re an expedition round the world 1825-27. Later he was governor of Ru ian America, and director of the Ru ian American Trading Company. He wrote an account of his expedition in Ru ian (1841). Extracts from his journal Words worth , William lations of Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal to each other" (1809), "The Excursion" (1814), new edition of poems (1815), "The White Doe of Rylstone" (1815), "Thanksgiving Ode" (1816), "Peter Bell" and "The Waggoner" (1819), "The River Duddon: a Series of Sonnets, etc." (1820), "Memorials of a Tour on the Continent" (1822), "Ecclesiastical Sketches" (1822), "Yarrow Revisited, and other Poems" (1835), "Sonnets, collected (1838), "The Borderers ara: finished 1805), etc. Tra Work (werk), Henry Clay. Born at Middle town, Conn., Oct. 1, 1832: died at Hartford, Conn., June 8,1884. An American song-writer. His songs include "Marching Through Georgia," dem us the Slave," "My Grandfather's Clock," "Lily Dale," etc. Working ton (wer'king-ton). A seaport in Cumber land, England, situated at the entrance of the Derwent into Solway Firth, 8 miles north of White haven. It has iron and steel manufactures and considerable trade. Population (1891), 23,522. Works and Days. [Gr. "Έργα καὶ Ἡμέραι .] The chief poem of Hesiod: so named because it treats of the labors of the farmer, and the lucky and unlucky days for doing them. In the "Works and Days" there are really three parts, which may once have been distinct: an introductory poem addre ed to his brother Perses - then "Works" proper-and then the "Days," or Calendar. Hesiod and his younger brother Perses had divided the property left by their father, but Perses had got the larger share, Hesiod says by bribing certain judges. Perses now lived in luxurious idlene , and presently threatened Hesiod with another lawsuit. Hesiod reminds Perses and the corrupt judges that Justice, when wronged on earth, takes refuge with her father Zeus. Here we meet with the earliest fable in Greek literature, the "Hawk and the Nightingale." The hawk has the nightingale in his clutches, and in answer to the captive's complaint reminds her that " might is right." Here, too, the poet describes the "Five Ages" of the world - the age of gold, of silver, of bronze, of heroes or demigods (put in, apparently, to make a place for the Homeric heroes), and of iron, in which the poet himself has the misfortune to live ish From justice the theme changes to work. "Work, foolish Perses; the work that gods have set for men." A man who means to work should provide himself with a house, an ox, and household stuff, and that speedily, for delay fills no granaries. The cry of the crane is the signal for ploughing: the master must guide the plough, with many a prayer to Zeus and Demeter, while a slave follows and covers up the seed, "to give trouble to the birds." Jebb , Greek Lit., p. 42. Worksop (werk's op). A town in Nottingham, England, 16 miles east by south of Sheffield. Population (1891), 12,734. Worldly Wiseman (wėrld'li wiz'man), Mr. A character in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progre ." World's Fairs. A series of international expositions, the most important of which were those held in London (1851 and 1862), Paris (1855, 1867, 1878, and 1889), Vienna (1873), Philadelphia (1876), and Chicago (1893). The first universal exhibition was held in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London, at the instigation of the Prince Consort (May 1 to Oct. 11, 1851). The total number of visitors to it was 6,039,195. The total attendance at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (May 1 to Oct. 30, 1893) was 27,529,400. There will be an international exposition at Paris in 1900. Wörlitz (ver'lits). A small town in Anhalt, Germany, 37 miles southeast of Magdeburg: famous for its ducal gardens and park, palace, Gothic house (with works of art), etc. Worms (võrms). [G. Worms , MHG. Wormz , Wormeze, Wormize , etc., OHG. Wormasza , Wor miz a , from L. Bor be to magus , Bor bito magus , Gr. Βορβητόμαγος, of Celtic origin.) A city in the province of Rhine-He e, grand duchy of He e, situated on the left bank of the Rhine, in lat. 49° 38′ N., long. 8° 22′ E. It is the center of a rich wine-producing region. Its cathedral was begun in the 11th and finished in the 12th century. It is a fine example of Rhenish Romanesque. The dimensions are 423 by 87 feet; length of transepts, 120; height of nave, 105. The baptistery, on the south side of the cathedral, is of the 14th century. Worms was originally the Celtic town Bor be to magus: a Roman until 5th century: became the capital of the Burgundian kingdom, and famous from its connection with the German heroic cycle (Siegfried, Kriemhild, Brunhild, the Nibelungs); was one of the chief German cities in the middle ages; and from the time of Charles the Great was a frequent royal res i dence and the seat of diets. It was one of the chief places in the league of Rhenish cities; suffered severely in the Thirty Years' War; wa was burned by the French in 1689; remained a free imperial city until it was annexed by France in 1801 through the peace of Lunéville; and was ceded to He e-Darmstadt in 1815. (See Concordat of Worms.) Population (1890), 25,474. Worms. The German of Bormio, Italy. name Worms (vorms), Gustave. Bornat Paris, March 21, 1837. A noted French actor. His first succe was in Ru ia, where he played for ten years. He returned to Paris in 1875, and in 1877 appeared at the Comédie Française, and has since remained one of the chief exponents of the modern drama. Worms, Diet of. A diet, famous in the history of the Reformation, opened by the emperor Charles V. at Worms, Jan. 28, 1521. On March 6 IMG:content-1026.png:[blocks in formation] Luther was cited to appear before the diet, and he arrived Wrangel, Count Fried rich He in rich Ernst. in Worms on April 16. On April 17 and 18 he appeared Born at Stettin, April 13, 1784: died at Berbefore the diet, and on the latter day refused to defended his position. His determination was expre ed in the famous words: "Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.1 God help me. Amen." Worringen (vor'ring-en). A town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, situated on the Rhine nine miles north-northwest of Cologne. A victory was gained here, June 12, 1288, by the Duke of Brabant and allies over the Count of Gelder land. Worsaae (vor'sa-e), Jens Jacob Asmu en. Born at Veile, Jutland, March 14, 1821: died near Holbäk, Aug. 15, 1885. A Danish historian and antiquary. He was director of the Museum of Northern Antiquities, etc., at Copenhagen, from 1866, lin, Nov. 1, 1877. A Pru ian field-marshal. He served in the Napoleonic wars; commanded in SchleswigHolstein and in Berlin in 1848; and commanded the army against Denmark in 1864. Wrangel, Count Karl Gustav 676 Born Dec. 13, 1613: died in Rügen, June 24, A Swedish field-marshal. He served in the army and navy in the Thirty Years' War; succeeded Tors tenson as commander in-chief; with Turenne defeated the Imperialists and Bavarians at Zus mars hausen May 17, 1648; commanded in the wars against Poland and Denmark; commanded against Brandenburg in 1674; and was defeated at Fehrbellin in 1675 . and minister of public worship 1874-75. Among his Alaska, northwest of Mount St. Elias. Height, works are "Denmarks Oldtid" (1843: trans. in English as "Primeval Antiquities of Denmark"), "Minder om de Danske og Nordmändene i England, Skotland, og Irland' ("Account of the Danes in England, Scotland, and Ire- land," 1851), "De Danskes Erobering af England og Nor- mandiet" ("The Danish Conquest of England and Nor- mandy," 1863), etc. Wörth (vert). A small town in Lower Alsace, situated on the Sauer 25 miles north of Stras- burg. Wörth, Battle of, or Battle of Fröschweiler or Reichshofen. A victory gained near Wörth, Alsace, Aug. 6, 1870, by the Germans under the Crown Prince of Pru ia over the French under MacMahon. The German lo was about 10,000; the French lo , about 8,000, and 9,000 prisoners. Worth (werth), William Jenkins. Born at Hudson, N. Y., March 1, 1794: died at San Antonio, Texas, May 17, 1849. An American general. He entered the army in 1813; fought at the battle of Niagara in 1814, and was promoted major; was superintendent at West Point after the war; became commander in the Seminole war in 1841, which he ended; and was second in command under Taylor at the opening of the Mexican war. He gained distinction by his storming of the bishop's palace at the battle of Monterey in 1846; was sent to join General Scott's army; was brevetted major-general; fought in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Perote, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec, and took part in the occupation of the city of Mexico. Later he commanded in Texas. Worthies of England, History of the. A biographical work by Thomas Fuller, published after his death, in 1662. It is his masterpiece. Worthing (wer'Thing). A seaside resort in Su ex, England, situated on the English Channel 11 miles west of Brighton. Population (1891), 16,606. Wotton (wot'on), Sir Henry. Born at Bocton (Bought on) Malherbe, Kent, England, 1568: died at Eton, Dec., 1639. An English diplomatist and author. He was educated at Winchester and Ox. ford; and went on the Continent in 1590, where he remained for nearly nine years. In 1598 he became secretary to the Earl of E ex; and was special envoy from Tuscany to James VI. of Scotland; English amba ador to Venice, Germany, etc.; and in 1624 provost of Eton College. He wrote poems, various Latin pamphlets, "The Elements of Architecture, and "State of Christen dom." The "Reliquiæ Wottonianæ, published in 1651, contains most of his works. Wotton, William. Born at Wrentham, Suffolk, England, Aug. 13, 1666: died at Buxted, E ex, Feb. 13, 1726. An English clergyman and scholar. He was educated at Cambridge, where he was admitted in his tenth year. He was a remarkable instance of precocity. When only twelve years old he was noted for his skill in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, three or four of the Eastern tongues, philosophy, mathematics, etc.; took his degree of B. A. in Jan., 1679, then knowing 12 languages; and became a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1685. He became chaplain to the Earl of Nottingham and rector of Middle ton Keynes, Bucking hams hire, in 1693, and prebendary of Salisbury in 1705. He is best known from his "Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learn- ing" (1694). Would-be (wud'bē), Sir Politick and Lady. An amusingly important politician and his pedantic wife, in Jonson's "Volpone." Wouverman (wou'ver-män), or Wouvermans (-mänz), Philip. Born at Haarlem, Netherlands (baptized May 24, 1619): died there, May 19, 1668. A Dutch painter, famous for his battle-pieces, hunting-scenes, cavalry skirmishes, horses, etc. His works are in Dresden, Paris, The Hague, Munich, Vienna, etc. Among them are the "Coup de Pistolet" (Bucking ham Palace) and "The Watering-Place" (Old Pinakothek, Munich). Some of his works have been confounded with those of his brothers Pieter (1623-82?) and Jan (1629-66). Wrangel, or Wrangell (vräng'el), Baron Ferdinand von. Born at Pskoff, Ru ia, Dec. 29, 1796: died at Dorpat, June 6, 1870. A Ru ian vice-admiral and explorer. He accompanied an expedition round the world 1817-19; conducted an exploring expedition in the arctic regions 1820-24; and was chief of Wrangell (rang'gel), Mount. A mountain in not more than 17,500 feet (greater heights have been given). Wrangel Land, or Wrangell Land, or New Columbia (kō-lum'bi-ä). [Named for F. von Wrangel.] An island in the Arctic Ocean, north of Siberia, about lat. 71°-72° N., long. 179°-180° W.: discovered by Kellet in 1849. Wrath (räth), Cape. The northwestern headland of Scotland, in lat. 58° 38′ N., long. 5° W. Wraxall (rak's al), Sir Nathaniel William. Born at Bristol, April 8, 1751: died at Dover, Nov. 7, 1831. An English historical writer. He went to Bombay, in the service of the East India Company, in 1769; remained in India till 1772; spent a number of years in travel; and entered Parliament in 1780. He was the author of "Memoirs of the Kings of France of the House of Valois, etc." (1777), "History of France" (1795), and several volumes of contemporary memoirs (among them "Historical Memoirs of My Own Time, 1772-1784," published in 1815). His own "Memoirs" were published in 1836. Wray, John. See Ray . Wrayburn (rā'bėrn), Eugene. Alight-hearted, sarcastic, flippant, clever young attorney, the rival of Bradley Headstone, and nearly mur dered by him: a character in Charles Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." He is afterward married to Lizzie Hexam. Wrede (vra'de), Prince Karl Philipp. Born at Heidelberg, April 29, 1767: died at Ellingen, Dec. 12, 1838. A Bavarian field-marshal. He served as major-general with the Austrians at Hohenlinden in 1800; commanded the Bavarian forces in alliance with the French in the campaigns of 1805, 1807, and 1809; took part in the conquest of Tyrol in 1809; served with distinction at Wagram in 1809; commanded the Bavarian con tingent in the invasion of Ru ia in 1812; went over to the Allies in 1813; was defeated by the French at Hanau in 1813; took part in the battle of La Rothière in 1814; was distinguished at Rosny, Bar-sur-Aube, and Arcis-sur-Aube in 1814; took part in the Congre of Vienna 1814-15; and was generali imo of the Bavarian army in 1822. Wren (ren), Sir Christopher. Born at East Knoyle, Wilts hire, England, Oct. 20, 1632: died at Hampton Court, Feb. 25, 1723. A celebrated English architect. He was educated at Westminster School and at Wadham College, Oxford; and was made profe or of astronomy at Gresham College in 1657; Savilian profe or of astronomy at Oxford in 1660; and deputy surveyor-general of public works in 1661. He designed the fortifications of Tangier in 1663; was created president of the Royal Society in 1680; and designed St. Paul's Cathedral (which see). Among his other designs were the cloister and chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford (1656), and the central spire of Lich field Cathedral (1662-69). He was appointed on a committee for the survey of Old St. Paul's (1663); and designed Pembroke College Chapel, Cambridge (1663-65). He was surveyor at Green wich (1663-67), and designed the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford (1664-69). On Oct. 4, 1666, he was appointed on a committee with May, Pratt, and others, to survey the ruins of London after the fire, and to make plans for the reconstruction of the burned district; was appointed surveyor-general of all the royal works in 1669; and built Mary-le-Bow, Cheap side (1667-71), Temple Bar, Fleet street (which see), the "Monument," 202 feet high (1671-81), St. Bride, Fleet street (1671-80), St. Stephen's, Walbrook (1677-79), Drury Lane Theatre (which see), Royal Observatory, Green wich (1675), and Hampton Court Palace for King William III. (1690). He built the Royal Naval Hospital (1692-1716), giving his services without compensation. In 1706 he remodeled St. Stephen's Chapel for the enlarged membership (Scottish) of Parliament (see West minster Palace , St. Stephen's Chapel ); in 1709-10 Marl borough House, Pall Mall; and in 1713 designed the towers of Westminster Abbey - largely, however, built under the supervision of his a istant. Wren, Jenny. See Cleaver , Fanny. Wrestlers (res'lerz), The. A Greek original group, of marble, in the Tribuna of the Uffizi, Florence. It represents two youths struggling to the utmost stretch of every muscle, though one is already vanquished. The composition is skilful, and the technical were published in German in 1839. 1 This sentence is, perhaps, not authentic. knowledge and execution are remarkable. Wrexham (reks'am). A town in Denbighshire, Wales, 25 miles south of Liverpool. It has a noted church. Population (1891), 12,552, Wright (rīt), Carroll Davidson. Born at Dun- barton, N. H., July 25, 1840. An American stat- istician. He served in the Union army in the Civil War, attaining the rank of colonel; was admitted to the bar in 1865; was chief of the Ma achusetts bureau of labor sta- tistics 1873-88; and was appointed first commi ioner of labor in the Interior Department, Washington, in 1884. He has published various reports of Ma achusetts censuses, Wright, George Frederick. Bornat White hall, N. Y., Jan. 22, 1838. An American Congrega- tional clergyman and geologist, profe or of New Testament language and literature at Oberlin Theological Seminary 1881-92, profe or of the Harmony of Science and Revelation 1892, and connected with the U. S. Survey 1884-92. He has written "Logic of Christian Evidences" (1880), "Studies in Science and Religion" (1882), "Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky" (1884), "Divine Authority of the Bible" (1884), "Ice Age in North America" (1889), "Man and the Glacial Period" (1892), etc. Wright, Horatio Govern eur. Born at Clinton, Conn., March 6, 1820. An American general and engineer. He graduated at West Point in 1841; served as engineer at Bull Run and in the Port Royal expedition in 1861; served in Florida in 1862 as brigadier-general of vol- unteers; became major-general of volunteers in July, 1862; as "Wright of Derby." He was a pupil of Hudson, Sir Joshua Reynolds's master, and originally painted por traits only, in which he was a rival of Gains borough. Wright, Joseph. Born at Bordentown, N. J., July 16, 1756: died at Philadelphia, 1793. An American portrait-painter. He studied in London and Paris; settled in New York in 1787; removed to Phila- delphia in 1790; and became die-sinker to the mint in 1792. He painted General and Mrs. Washington, Madison, John Jay, and other distinguished persons. clude "Early English Poetry," in black letter (1836), an edition of Geoffrey of Mon mouth's "Life of Merlin" (with Michel, 1838), "Queen Elizabeth and her Times," a series of original letters (1838). He edited "Political Songs of England" (1839), "Reliquiæ Antique" (with Hall i well, 1839), "Political Ballads" (1841), Map's Latin poems (1841), "The Vision and Creed of Piers Plowman" (1842), "Bio- graphia Literaria" (1842), “The Chester Plays" Anecdota Literaria" (1844), "The Archæological Album" (1845). He also wrote "E ays on Subjects Connected with the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and History of Eng- land in the Middle Ages" (1846); edited "The Canterbury Tales" (1847-51), "Early Travels in Palestine" (1848), and various editions of Early English works; wrote "England under the House of Hanover, illustrated from the Cari- catures and Satires of the Day" (1848: a new edition in 1868, entitled "Caricature History of the Georges, etc."), "His- tory of Ireland" (1848-52), "Narratives of Sorcery and Magic" (1851), "The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon" (1852), "Universal Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language" (1852-56), "History of Scotland" (1852- 1857), "Wanderings of an Antiquary" (1854), "Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English" (1857), "A Volume of Vocabularies" (1857), "History of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table," compiled from Malory (1858), "History of France" (1858-62), "Les cent nouvelles nou- velles" (medieval tales, 1858), descriptions of Uri conium, "Political Poems and Songs relating to English History (1859-61), "E ays on Archæological Subjects" (1861), "Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England during the Middle Ages" (1862); edited Giraldus Cam brens is (1863); wrote a "History of Caricature and Grotesque" (1865); translated, at the author's request, Napoleon's (1) de Jules Cesar (1865-66); and wrote "Womankind in Western Europe” (1869), “Uri conium” (1872), and “Anglo- Latin Satirical Poets of the Twelfth Century" (1877). Wright, William Aldis. Born about 1836. An English writer and editor. He was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge; and became its librarian, and in 1888 itsvice-master. He edited "Bacon's E ays, etc." who dedicated to him "Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece." He was accused of taking part in the treason of E ex. He was a leading colonizer of North America, and governor of the Virginia Company. Wroxeter (rok'se-tėr). A village in Shropshire, England, situated on the Severn 5 miles south- east of Shrews bury. It is on the site of the Roman city of Uri conium. Wulfila. See Ulfilas . Wülker (vülk'er), Richard Paul. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 29, 1845. A Ger- man student of Old English philology, profes- sor at Leipsic from 1875. Since 1876 he has been the editor of "Anglia." Wun (wön). A district in Berar, British India, intersected by lat. 20° N., long. 78° 30′ E. Area, 3,911 square miles. Population (1891), 471,613. Wunderlich (vön'der-lich), Karl August. Born at Sulz on the Neckar, Aug. 4, 1815: died at Leipsic, Sept. 25, 1877. A German physician in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situ- and medical writer, profe or at Leipsic from 1850. His chief work is "Handbuch der Pa- thologie und Therapie" (1846-54). Wundt (vönt), Wilhelm Max. Born at Neck- arau, Baden, Aug. 16, 1832. A distinguished German physiologist and psychologist, profes- sor of philosophy at Leipsie from 1875. Ang his works are "Die Lehre von der Muskelbewegung" (1858), “Vorlesungen über die Menschen und Tierseele" (1863), "Lehrbuch der Physio logie des Menschen" (1865), "Grund- züge der physio log is chen Psycho logie" (1874: 2d ed. 1880), "Logik" (1880-83), "Ethik" (1886), etc. He has edited the series of "Philosophische Studien" beginning with 1883. Wupper (vöp'per), or Wipper (vip'per). A river in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, which joins the Rhine 7 miles north of Cologne. Its valley contains the manufacturing towns Elberfeld, Bar- men, Solingen, etc. Length, 65 miles. Wurmser (vörm'zer), Count Dagobert Sig- mund von. Born in Alsace, May 7, 1724: died at Vienna, Aug. 27, 1797. An Austrian field-mar- shal. He entered the French army in 1741; served in the Seven Years' War; entered the Austrian service as colonel in 1762; became a lieutenant field-marshal; and served in the War of the Bavarian Succe ion (capturing Habel- schwerdt Jan. 18, 1779). On the outbreak of the war with France in 1793 he cro ed the Rhine at the head of an army corps; conquered at Rohrbach June 29, at Germers- heim July 5, and at E lingen July 27, and aided in the capture of the We is sen burg lines; but was obliged to recro the Rhine in December. He defeated the French near Mannheim Oct. 23 and 29, 1795, and captured Mann- heim. In 1796 he was appointed commander in Italy against Napoleon, but was defeated by him at Castiglione, Roveredo, and Ba ano, and was besieged in Mantua and forced to surrender Feb. 2, 1797. Wurschen (vörsh'en). A village near Bautzen, Saxony: the headquarters of the sovereigns of Ru ia and Pru ia at the battle of Bautzen in May, 1813, whence the battle is sometimes called the battle of Wurschen. Würtemberg, G. Württemberg (vürt'tem- berg), formerly Wirtemberg. A kingdom of southern Germany, and a state of the German population. Capital, Stuttgart. It is bounded by Bavaria on the northeast, east, and southeast, by Lake and has exclaves in Hohenzollern and Baden. The Black Forest is in the southwest, and the Swabian Jura traverses the country from southwest to northeast. The chief rivers producing wheat, oats, hemp, barley, potatoes, hops, wine, timber, etc.; it has also manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, paper, machinery, musical instruments, linen, clocks, beer, arms, powder, etc. Würtemberg is divided into four circles (Kreise): Neckar, Jagst, Black Forest, and Danube. The government is a hereditary constitu. tional monarchy. The estates of the realm consist of an upper chamber and a second chamber. It sends 4 repre- sentatives to the Bundesrat and 17 to the Reichstag. Over two thirds of the population are Protestant, and le than one third Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants of this region were the Suevi. It was partly under Roman rule from the 1st to the 3d century; was overrun by the Alamanni, who were conquered by Clovis; and formed part of the duchy of Swabia. The real history of Wir- temberg begins in the 13th century with its counts. Count Eberhard im Bart was raised to the rank of duke in 1495. Würtemberg suffered in the Thirty Years' War; ceded Montbéliard to France (which had seized it in 1793) in electorate; became a kingdom in 1896, and joined the Confederation of the Rhine; sided with the Allies in 1813; entered the Germanic Confederation; received a constitution in 1819; was the scene of liberal movements in 1848-50; and sided with Austria in 1866, and was forced to pay an indemnity. It entered the German Empire in 1871. Area, 7,528 square miles. Population (1895), 2,071,407. istry at the Sorbonne, and of Orfila as profe or of toxicology at the École de Médecine, and Würzburg (vürts'börg). An ancient bishoprie and principality of the German Empire, founded in 741 (?). The greater part of it was granted to Bavaria in 1803; it was given to the former Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1805, and made an electorate; entered the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, and became a grand duchy; and was ceded to Bavaria in 1815. dot (won'dot). [The name means 'calf of the leg, referring to a peculiar style of cutting meat. The French name was Huron , from the French hure , the arrangement of the hair by the tribe suggesting the bristles of a wild boar.] A tribe of North American Indians. When first known (about 1615) they occupied a narrow territory between Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe in On- tario. They were then at war with the Iroquois, and the contest was continued until their defeat by the latter in 1648-49, when many fled to the Tion on tat i, and with them were driven from place to place. The present name came into use after the removal of part of the tribe to- gether with the Tion on tat i, then incorporated in it, from Detroit to Sandusky in 1751. Subsequently they spread along the whole south and west shores of Lake Erie, and acquired a permanent influence among the tribes of the region. They sided with the French until the close of Pon- tiac's war, and afterward supported the British in the War of 1812. They now number about 700, chiefly at Quapaw agency (Indian Territory) and in Canada. See Iroquoian . Wyandotte (wi'an-dot). A city in Wayne County, Michigan, situated on the Detroit River 10 miles south-southwest of Detroit. Popula- tion (1890), 3,817. Wyandotte. A novel by Cooper, published in 1843. Wyandotte Cave. A cave in Crawford County, southern Indiana, situated near Leaven worth: noted for its extensive chambers and its sta- lactites and stalagmites. Length, 22 miles. Wyandotte Constitution. The constitution under which Kansas was admitted to the Union, adopted at Wyandotte (now a part of Kansas City, Kan.) in 1859. Wyant (wi'ant), Alexander H. Born at Port Washington, Ohio, Jan. 11, 1836: died at New York, Nov. 29, 1892. An American landscape- painter. He studied in Germany, and settled in New York in 1864. He suffered a stroke of paralysis about 1877, and afterward painted with his left hand. Wyat, Sir Thomas. See Wyatt . Wyatt (wi'at), or Wyat (wi'at), Sir Thomas. Born in Kent, 1503: died at Sherborne, Dorset- shire, Oct. 10, 1542. An English diplomatist and poet, sent by Henry VIII. on various diplomatic mi ions. He wrote the first English sonnets, and his poems were printed with Surrey's in 1557. Wyatt, Sir Thomas, "The Younger." Born about 1520: executed at London, April 11, 1554. Son of Sir Thomas Wyatt. He commanded at Boulogne; joined with the Duke of Suffolk in favor of Lady Jane Grey and against Queen Mary 1553-54; and led the men of Kent against London in Feb., 1554, but was captured. Webster and Dekker wrote a play on the subject, called "The Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyatt." It was Wycherley the court of Charles II.; and was imprisoned several years for debt after the death of his first wife, the Counte of Drogheda, whose fortune involved him in litigation. James II. set him free, gave him a pension, and paid his debts out of admiration for his play "The Plain Dealer." In 1715 he married again, but died shortly after. He wrote the plays "Love in a Wood" (1672), "The Gentleman Dancing Master" (1672), "The Country Wife" (1673), and "The Plain Dealer" (1677). Wych (wich) street. A London street which opens behind Holy well street, close to the entrance of Clement's Inn. It contains some curious old houses, and is very narrow. This street is famous in the annals of London thieving for the exploits of Jack Sheppard, who gave rendezvous to his boon companions at the White Lion (now pulled down) in White Lion Pa age. It was from the Angel Inn in Wych street that Bishop Hooper, in 1554, was taken to die for his faith at Gloucester. Hare , London, I. 45. of Here ford. The latter translated the Old Testament and the apocryphal books to about the third chapter of the Book of Baruch. Wyclif certainly translated the Gospels (probably about 1360), and presumably all the rest. He wrote many tracts and sermons: "De Jura men to Ar. naldi," "Trialogus," "De officio pastorali," "De ecclesia," "De benedict a in carn at i one," "De Dominio divi no," etc. His works were edited by the Wyclif Society 1882-92. Wyclifites, or Wycliffites (wik'lif-its). The followers of Wyclif: commonly called Lollards. Wyclif's doctrines, propagated in his lifetime, and later by open-air preachers called "poor priests," largely coincided with the later teachings of Luther. Wycombe (wi'kom), or High Wycombe, or Chipping Wycombe (chip'ing wi'kom). Atown in Bucking hams hire, England, 31 miles west northwest of London. It has manufactures of chairs and lace. Population (1891), 13,435. Wye (wi). A river in Wales and England. It forms in its lower course the boundary between Mon mouths hire and Gloucestershire, and joins the estuary of the Severn near Chepstow, 11 miles north by west of Bristol. It is noted for its picturesque scenery. Length, about 130 miles; navigable for barges to Here ford. Wygo, or Vigo (vē'gō), Lake. A lake in the government of Olonetz, Ru ia, 30 miles north of Lake Onega. Its outlet is by the Wyg to the Bay of Onega. Length, 45 miles. Wykeham, William of. See William of Wyke ham . Wyman (wi'man), Jeffries. Born at Chelmsford, Ma ., Aug. 11, 1814: died at Bethlehem, N. H., Sept. 4, 1874. An American comparative anatomist. He graduated at Harvard in 1833; was profe or at Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia, 1843 Wythe Wynkin de Worde. See Worde. Wyntoun, or Winton (win'ton), Andrew of. Lived in the beginning of the 15th century. A Scottish chronicler, canon of St. Andrews. He wrote a chronicle of Scotland (ed. by D. Laing 1872-79). Wyoming (wi-ō'ming). A State of the United States, bounded by Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho. Capital, Cheyenne. The surface is mountainous (the Rocky Mountains), the chief ranges being the Medicine Bow, Laramie, Sweet Water, Big Horn, Wind River, Absaroka, Teton, and Shoshone. The leading industry is stock-rais ing. There are also valuable coal-mines and silver-mines. It contains 13 counties, has 2 senators, and sends 1 representative to Congre . Wyoming was included in large part in the Louisiana purchase; belonged formerly to Dakota Territory; was organized as a Territory in 1868; and was admitted to the Union in 1890. Area, 97,890 square miles. Population (1890), 60,705. Wyoming Valley. A valley in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, traversed by the North Branch of the Susquehanna. It is very fertile, and contains beds of anthracite coal. It was settled in 1762 and later years by colonists from Connecticut and Pennsylvania; and was invaded by Tories and Indians under Butler. The defeat of the Americans, July 3, 1778, and the subsequent surrender of the fort, were attended by ma acres on the part of the Indians (much exaggerated in Campbell's description in his "Gertrude of Wyoming"). The settlers were finally confirmed in the po e ion of the valley about 1787. Wyre (wir) Forest. A forest in Worcesters hire, England. Wy (vis), Johann Rudolf. Born at Bern, March 13, 1781: died there, March 31, 1830. Á Swi author, profe or of philosophy and chief librarian at Bern. His best-known work is "Der schweizerische Robinson" ("The Swi Family Robinson," 1813). Wythe (wiTH), George. Born in Virginia, 1726: died at Richmond, June 8, 1806. An American X. Pseudonym of Eustace Budgell in the "Spectator." Xalapa. See Jalapa . Xalisco. See Jalisco . Wyclif, or Wycliffe, or Wiclif, or Wickliffe (wik'lif), John. Born at Spreswel (thought to be either Hips well or Barford), near Richmond, Yorkshire, about 1324: died at Lutterworth, Leicestershire, Dec. 31, 1384. A celebrated English religious reformer, called "the Morning Star of the Reformation." He was a fellow, and later (1360) master, of Balliol College, Oxford; and became rector of Filling ham, Lincoln shire, in the same year, and in 1368 of Lud ger shall, Bucking hams hire, and in 1374 of Lutterworth. (The warden of Canterbury Hall 1365-67 was probably another John Wyclif, of Merton, Oxford, vicar of May field: there is much confusion between the early life of these two.) He went with John of Gaunt as royal amba ador to confer with papal nuncios at Bruges in 1374; was a popular preacher in London; and was summoned before Convocation in 1377 as an enemy to Rome on account of his attacks on the inordinate arrogance and wealth and power of the higher clergy (this blow was really aimed at John of Gaunt). The Pope signed five bulls against him, authorizing his imprisonment. The schism in the papacy, due to the election of Clement VII. in place of Urban VI., induced him to throw off his allegiance to the papacy. He opposed the doctrine of transubstantiation at Oxford in 1380; was condemned by the uni in 1382. versity and his party was opposed and persecutedy He went back to Lutterworth, where he wrote ceasele ly and fearle ly against papal claims, and in opposition to mere formalism. On Dec. 28, 1384, he was seized with paralysis while hearing ma , and died in a few days. In 1428 his bones were exhumed, burned, and their ashes cast into the Swift, by order of the Synod of Con stance. He made the first complete translation of the Bible into English (about 1882) from the Vulgate, a isted by Nicholas Courtenay (archbishop of Canterbury) 1847; and became profe or of anatomy at Harvard in 1847. He founded the Museum of Comparative Anato- my; was curator of the Peabody Museum; and was presi- dent of the Boston Society of Natural History. He lec- tured on comparative anatomy and physiology before the Lowell Institute in 1849. He published various technical works. Wyndham (win'dam), Charles. Born in 1841. An English actor. He studied medicine, but pre- ferred the stage. He went to the United States in 1862, and made his first appearance at Washington. He then served for some time as surgeon in the 19th army corps. He made his first appearance in London in 1868, returned to America the next year, and has since been succe ful on both sides of the Atlantic. From 1876 to 1886 he man- aged the Criterion, London. statesman and jurist. As a member of the Virginia House of Burge es he drew up a remonstrance to the House of Commons against the Stamp Act; was delegate to the Continental Congre and a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence; was speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates; was chancellor of the Virginia court; and was profe or of law at William and Mary College. He was poisoned in his eighty-first year. IMG:content-1027.png:[graphic] Xanthippe (zan-thip'ē). [Gr. Ξανθίππη.] The wife of the Greek philosopher So crates, proverbial for her bad temper. disciple of So crates. He joined the expedition of Cyrus the Younger in 401, and after the battle of Cunaxa and the murder of the Greek generals became the chief leader of the 10,000 Greeks in their march to the Black Sea. (See Anabasis .) He later entered the Lacedæmonian service; fought on the Spartan side at the battle of Coronea in 394; was banished from Athens; settled at Scillus in Eleia; and spent his last years in Corinth (?). He wrote the "Anabasis," "Hellenica" (in 7 books), the romance "Cyropædia," "Memorabilia of So crates" (a defense of his master's memory), "Economics," e ays on Athens," "Hiero," "Agesilaus," etc. Xanthippus (zan-thip'us). [Gr. Ξάνθιππος.] hunting and horsemanship, "Symposium," "Revenues of The father of Pericles. He commanded the A then i an fleet at the victory of Mycale 479 B. C. Xanthippus. A Spartan commander. He organ- ized the Cart hag in i an army in the first Punic war, and won a victory over Regulus in 255 B. C. Xanthus (zan'thus). [Gr. Ξάνθος.] In ancient geography, a city of Lycia, Asia Minor, situated on the river Xanthus near its mouth. It was besieged and destroyed by the Persian general Harpagus about 545 B. C., and again by the Romans under Brutus 43 or 42 B. C. Important antiquities were discovered there by Fellows about 1838. Among them is the Nereid monument, so called, a cella with a beautiful Ionic peristyle, dating from the middle of the 4th century B. C. The chief frieze, on the basement, represents a battle of cavalry and foot soldiers; the second frieze illustrates a siege; the third frieze, on the cella, is sculptured with sacrificial and feast. ing scenes; the fourth frieze, on the entablature, shows hunting episodes and homage to an official personage. The principal parts of the monument have been transported to the British Museum. Xanthus. See Scamander . Xaraes, or Xarayes. See Charaes . Xaragua (Hä-räg'wä). A region or "province" in the southwestern part of the island of Haiti at the time of the conquest. Its principal chief was Behechio, whose sister, Anacáona, is celebrated in the early history of the island. See these names.