Cent

a copper coin stamped with various designs and i ued first by the States, later by the Federal Government. Vermont was the first State to i ue copper cents, having permitted, June, 1785, Reuben Harmon, Jr., to make money for the State for two years, He started a mint at Rupert, Bennington County, coining the Vermont cent of 1785. Obverse, wooded mountains and rising sun with a plow, Vermont is. Res, Public a. Exergue 1785. Reverse, a ring surrounded by thirteen stars with rays springing from the circle; legend, Stella. Quarta, 1 Decima. Connecticut, in October, 1785, granted to Bishop, Hopkins, Hill house and Good rich the right to coin £10,000 of copper cents, known as the Connecticut cent of 1785, Obverse, a mailed bust, head laureated; legend, Auctori. Connec. Reverse, Godde of Liberty grasping olive branch in right hand and liberty staff in left, which is surmounted by a liberty cap; legend, Inde. Et Lib. Exergue 1785. Ma achusetts established a mint in 1786, and coined $60,000 in cents and half cents. Obverse of cent: a clothed Indian, in his right hand a bow, in his left an arrow; legend, Common * Wealth. Reverse, a spread eagle, a shield on his breast bearing the word cent, his talons grasping an olive branch and a bundle of arrows; legend, Ma achusetts, Exergue 1787, beneath a horizontal bar. New Jersey granted to Goadsby and Cox, in 1786, the right to coin £10,000 at fifteen coppers to the shilling, known as New Jersey copper coin of 1786. Obverse, horse’s head, heraldic wreath and plow; legend, Nova. Czsarea, Exergue 1786. Reverse, a shield; legend, E Pluribus Unum. In 1781 the Continental Congre directed Robert Morris to look into the matter of Governmental Coinage. Morris proposed a money unit equal to one-fourth of a grain of fine silver, an equivalent of one-fourteen-hundred-and-fortieth of a Spanish dollar. The coin equal to one hundred of these units was to be called a cent [Latin centum, one hundred], 500 units a quint, 10,000 units a mark. These were not accepted, but in 1784 Jefferson proposed in his coinage report to Congre that the “smallest coin be of copper, of which two hundred shall pa for one dollar.” In 1786 the hundredth was substituted. Copper cents began to be coined in 1793. In 1796 their weight was reduced. In 1857 the small nicxel cent was substituted, in 1864 the small bronze. Centennial Exhibition, an international exhibition of arts, manufactures and products of the soil and mines held at Fair mount Park, Philadelphia, during the summer of 1876. It was the first international exhibition held in this country, and was also an anniversary exhibition of the world’s progre in the hundredth year of the existence of the United States. The exhibition was proposed by the citizens of Philadelphia in 1870, In 1872 Congre permitted the appointment of a Board of Finance. ‘This board raised a capital stock of $10,000,000 from among the citizens of Philadelphia. Congre afterward appro- Priated $2,000,000 as a loan, the State of Pennsylvania $1,000,000, and Philadelphia $1,500,000. Many European and other foreign countries sent exhibits, which were admitted free of duty under bond. The exhibition was open from May 10 to November 10. The paid admi ions uumbered 8,000,000, Cerro Gordo, a mountain pa commanding General Taylor's line of march from Vera Cruz toward the City of Mexico. It was occupied and fortified by the Mexican leader, Santa Anna, and a battle took place there April 17-18, 1847. Taylor first succeeded in occupying the Ataloga heights, which overlooked Santa Anna's position and which he had, contrary to the advice of his generals, left unguarded as impo ible of acce to the Americans. This step of Taylor’s practically won the day. Actual fighting began early April 18. The guns on the Ataloga heights opened fire upon Santa Anna's fortifications on Cerro Gordo, while General Twiggs and Colonel Baker attacked the Mexican's unprotected rear. This resulted in defeat for the Mexicans. Santa Anna fled. Number engaged: Americans, 8,500; Mexicans, 12,000, Chaffee, Gen. A. R., see appendix, page 477. China, Insurrection of Boxers, see appendix, page 477. Chalmette’s (near New Orleans), one of the fights preceding the battle of New Orleans, General Jackson, here entrenched, was attacked December 28, 1814, by the British under General Pakenham, After severe fighting the British were driven back with the lo of 150 men. Chambers burg, Pa., burned by M’Causland and Johason of Earty’s Confederate army July 30, 1864. These generals were at the time engaged in raiding toward the Susquehanna with a cavalry troop of 3,000 men, They demanded of the cifizens of Chambers burg, largely Union sympathizers, $200,000 in gold, or $500,000 in greenbacks. This being refused, the town was fired. This is said to have been done in retaliation for Hunter’s burning of Governor Letcher’s house at Lexington, Va. Champion Hille, Mi . At this place during Grant’s pursuit in 1863 of Pemberton toward Vicksburg, Pemberton having 25,000 Confederates, there occurred, on May 12, a severe battle in which the Confederates were beaten. The Confederates held a position along a narrow ridge, their left resting on a height overlooking the Vicksburg road. Hovey’s division of Grant's army was engaged in building a bridge at this point, and that leader began the battle. He was quickly reinforced by McClernand and McPherson. Logan's brigade had meantime reaohed the Confederate flank by a detour, so they were compelled to; retreat hurriedly to escape being captured. As it was, many of their; batteries fell into the hands of the Federals, | Cham plain, Samuel de (1567-1635), French navigator. In 1599 he sailed in the ‘St. Julien ’’ for the West Indies, and returned by way of the Isthmus of Panama, acro which he conceived the plan of a | ship-canal. In 1603-04 he in two voyages explored the St. Lawrence | River. In 1604-06 he explored and mapped the coast as far as Cape Cod. | Qn his next voyage he founded Queovc tn 1608, In 1609 he joined the |: | | Montagumis against the Iroquois. They ascended the Sorel River and entered the lake to which he gave his own name. 136