GARAT, DOMINIQUE JOSEF

pianist, | (1749-1833), Fr. mech eh lawyer, a Stud writer; made a senator and count Zurich,| Napoleon; member of Institute Studied France, 1803-16. Studied GARBAGE, DISPOSAL OF. G: Blanchet. vw bage may be divided into two cla es debut in to domestic and ¥ industrial. These agi taught|may be subdivided into mineral a with | organic, the former consisting of ash United | bottles, broken gla , tin cans, and on, and the latter of paper, rags, wa: conducOrchestra, from x vegetable and animal i food a Composer | similar products. In the United Sta it has become an almost universal cust concert to collect furnace ashes and other g bage in separate receptacles. The ¢ 10’ N.,| tom arose from the feeding of wa Africa; | food to pigs and cattle on the farms, a military in some urban districts it is still 1 custom for the farmers to collect t town, waste food from householders. Natu Hautes-|ly, the presence of mineral matter cathedral; objectionable in garbage used for st Pop. | purposes, and as it is advantage for the two types of waste to be k E.) separate when scientific methods 1.) hath custom wil become it pormanen is prob a A ’| disposal are employed, established. which| In thickly populated districts, former| disposal of omestic and indust epiwaste presents a problem of remedy. magnitude. The older method of « drop posal was to dump it on the land or run. bury it, but this is not only unsigh with and unsanitary, but soon becomes ova impo ibility owing to the scarcity synwaste land. Near the coast a comm sucker-like practice is to load the garbage i of scows and haul it out to sea where i will dumped. This method is msive ¢ which is frequently leads to highly objection a even pollution of the waters near shore ¢ I iA j a fouling of harbors and beaches. Both these practices are to be condemned as unsatisfactory and unhealthy, but civilized countries have been slow to adopt more scientific methods. Great Britain the pioneer in such methods and in recent much has been done in the United States along similar lines, but other European countries have shown but little inclination to follow their lead. Two methods of disposal are now in use. In the first, the garbago is burnt fn special furnaces, the heat evolved being used for steam raising purposes, while in the second valuable products are recovered from the garbage, firstly by sorting and secondly by extraction either with steam or solvents. The extraction yields a grease which has various industrial uses. The first garbage incinerator was erected in Great Britain in 1870, and in 1887 the city of Des Moines, Iowa, built the first incinerator in the United States. In 1897, an elaborate refuse destructor and electric lighting plant combined, was Se at Shore ditch near London, ngland. The plant consisted of twelve furnaces with a daily capacity of 144 tons garbage. The heat from the burning refuse generated 1200 H.P. which was used to drive dynamos for supplying electric light to part of the London suburbs. In San Francisco, a similar plant has a daily capacity of 600 tons refuse. Boston took the lead in the organization of a garbage sorting ar and both in that city and in ew York, combined sorting and incinerating plants are in existence. It is stated that English garbage will burn without the addition of extra fuel, but that American garbage requires extra fuel owing to the fact that it contains @ greater proportion of wet vegetable matter. Manufacturers of small domestic incinerators, however, Claim, that ordinary domestic garbage contains sufficient paper and other dry combustible matter to remove the moisture from the vegetable matter, which will itself then burn, thus avoiding the use of extra fuel. These small incinerators are now installed in a large number of dwellings in this country.