Susdal

See Suzdal. Susiana ana (su-si-a'nä). A province of the Persian empire empire: the same as Elam. It was an independent state after the first destruction of Nineveh, and was subdued by Sargon. Suspension Bridge. A village in Niagara County, New York, situated on the Niagara River below the falls. Near it is the suspension railroad bridge over the Niagara. Population (1890), 4,405. Suspicious Husband, The. A com comedy by Dr. Hoadley, produced in 1747. David Garrick was the original Ranger in this play. Susquehanna (sus-kwe-han'ä). Ariver in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. It rises in Otsego Lake, New York; flows generally south-southwest past the Great Bend in Pennsylvania; reënters New York; flows southeast and then southwest through Pennsylvania (and is also called the North or East Branch); unites at North umber land with the West Branch; and flows into Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Among its tributaries are the Chenango and Juniata. Length of united stream, about 150 miles; total length, including the North Branch, over 400 miles; length of West Branch to the junction, over 200 miles. Su ex (sus'eks). [ME. Su ex , Su exe , AS. Suth sexe, Suth seaxe , South Saxons. Cf. E ex , We ex .] A maritime county of southern England. It is bounded by Surrey, Kent, the English Channel, and Hampshire, and traversed by the range of the South Downs. The northern part of the county is called the Weald (part of the ancient And reds weald). It is mainly an agricultural county. Formerly it was the chief seat of the English iron manufactures. It contains many seaside resorts. It nearly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of and came under the supremacy of We ex about 685. It Su ex, which was founded by Ælle (who landed here 477), and of the battles of Senlac and Lewes. Area, 1,458 square was the scene of the landing of William the Conquerre miles. Population (1891), 550,446. Su ex, Duke of. See August us Frederick . Sustenpa (zös'ten-päs). A pa of the Urner Alps, Switzerland, which connects the Hasli Valley, in the eastern part of the canton of Bern, with the valley of the Reu , canton of Uri. Sustermans (sus'ter-mäns), or Suttermans (sut'ter-mäns), Justus. Born at Antwerp, 1597: died at Florence, April 23, 1681. A Flemish portrait-painter, pupil of Willem de Vos and of Franz Pourbes the younger in Paris. At Flor. ence he was patronized by Grand Dukes Cosmo II. and III. and Ferdinand II. At Vienna (1623-24) he painted the emperor's portrait. In 1627 he painted Pope Urban VIII. He returned to Florence in 1653. He was a friend of Rubens and of Vandyke. Sutherland (suTH'er-land). The northwesternmost county of Scotland. It is bounded by the At. lantic on the west and north, Caithne on the east, the North Sea on the southeast, and Ro and Cromarty on the south and southwest. The surface is generally mountainous and elevated. Area, 2,028 square miles. Population (1891), 21,896. Sutherland, First Duke of. See Leveson Gower, George Granville. Sutherland Falls. A noted cascade near Milford Sound, in New Zealand. Height, 1,900 feet. Sutlej, or Satlej (sut'lej). One of the chief rivers of the Panjab. It rises in Tibet near the source of the Brahmaputra; flows generally west; breaks through the Himalaya; receives the Bias, and is known also as the Ghara; unites with the Chenab, and is known as the Panjnad; and flows into the Indus about lat. 29° N. Length, about 1,000 miles; navigable to near Ludhiana. Sutra (sö'tra). In Sanskrit, originally a 'thread, cord,' and then a brief rule, or book of such rules, so named because each rule was a short 'line,'or because the collection was a 'string' of rules. These rules appear to have been at first mere aids to the memory of teachers, whence they came to be the basis of teaching not only in religious ritual but also in philosophy and grammar. Thus there are the Shrautasutras, and among them especially the Kalpa sutras, founded on Shruti (see Smriti and Shruti ) and treating Svendborg especially of ritual, and the Grihyasutras and Samayacharikasutras or Dharma sutras, which are 'rules for domestic ceremonies' and 'rules for conventional customs,' the last two being called collectively Smart a sutras, as based on Smriti. Out of the last grew the Dharma shastras or 'law-books.' Each system of philosophy has its text-book written in Sutras. Examples in grammar and related subjects are the celebrated Sutras of Panini, the Unadisutras on certain affixes, and the Prat i shaky as on Vedic accent and phonetics. Sutri (sö'trē). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 29 miles north-northwest of Rome: the ancient Sutrium. It contains many antiquities. It was an ancient Etruscan town, and later a Roman colony. Population (1881), 2,266. Sutro (sö'tro), Adolph He in rich Joseph. Born at Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Pru ia, April 29, 1830. A German-American mining engineer. He received his education in the polytechnic schools in Ger many; emigrated to the United States in 1850; and in 1860 went to Nevada, where he planned the famous Sutro tunnel at Virginia City, connecting with and draining the mines of the Com stock Lode. The main tunnel is over 20,000 feet in length. It was begun in 1869, and connec tion was made with the first of the mines in 1878. Sutter (sut'er), John August us. Born at Kandern, Baden, Feb. 15, 1803: died at Washington, D. C., June 17, 1880. A Swi -American pioneer and trader. He founded a settlement on the site of Sacramento. Gold was first discovered in California on his property in 1848. Sutton (sut'on), Charles Manners, first Viscount Canterbury. Born 1780: died 1845. An Canterbury glish politician, for many years speaker of sh politician: the House of Commons. Suva (sö'vä). A seaport on the southern coast of Viti Levu, capital of the Fiji Islands. Suvaroff (sö-vä'rof), or Suvoroff (sö-võ'rof), or Suwarrow (sö-vä'rov), or Suwaroff (sö-vä'rof), Count Alexander. Born in Finland, Nov. 25, 1729: died at St. Petersburg, May 18, 1800. A celebrated Ru ian field-marshal, of Swedish descent. He served in the Seven Years' War against the Poles, and 1773-74 against the Turks; suppre ed the revolt of Pugatcheff 1774-75; defeated the Turks at Kinburn in 1787, and at Fokshani and Rymnik in 1789 (being surnamed Rymnimski for this last victory); stormed Is mail in 1790: stormed Praga, near Warsaw, and was made field-marshal in 1794; defeated the French at the battles of Ca ano, the Trebbia, and Novi in 1799 (for which he was surnamed Italüski); and cro ed the Alps and traversed Switzerland 1799. Having been recalled in disgrace by the emperor Paul, he retired to his country-seat, where he died. Suwalki (sö-väl'kē). The northernmost government in Ru ian Poland, bordering on East Pru ia and the governments of Kovno, Vilna, Grodno, and Lomza. Area, 4,846 square miles. Population, 656,932. Suwalki. The capital of the government of Suwalki, in lat. 54° 12′ N., long. 22° 55′ E. Population, 16,863. Suwanee, or Suwannee (su-wa'nē). A river in southern Georgia and Florida which flows into the Gulf of Mexico about lat. 29° 18' N. Length, about 250 miles. Suwaroff, or Suwarrow. See Suvaroff . Suwonada (sö-wō-nä'dä), or Inland Sea. A part of the Pacific Ocean which lies southwest of the main island of Japan, and is nearly inclosed by it and the islands of Kiusiu and Shi koku. Its length is about 240 miles. Suzdal (söz-däl'), or Susdal (sös-däl'), or Souzdal (söz-däl'). A town in the government of Vladimir, Ru ia, situated on the Kamenka 115 miles east-northeast of Moscow. It was the seat of a medieval Ru ian principality. Population (1885-89), 6,991. Suzdal, Principality of (or Vladimir). A principality, and at times grand principality, of Ru ia, about the upper basin of the Volga: founded in the middle of the 12th century. It supplanted Kieff as the chief Ru ian state, and was united with the principality of Moscow in the 14th century. Svalocin (sval'ō-sin). [ Nicol a us reversed: see Rotanev .] The name given in the Palermo Catalogue to the fourth-magnitude star a Delphin i. Svartisen (svärt'e-sen). ['Black ice.'] Anice covered tract near the northwestern coast of Norway, just north of the Arctic Circle. Length, about 35 miles. Height above sea-level, about 4,000 feet. Sveaborg (svā'ä-borg). A fortre in the harbor of Helsingfors, Finland. It was constructed in 1749; was betrayed to the Ru ians May 3, 1808; and was bombarded by the Anglo-French fleet Aug. 9-10, 1855. Svealand (svä'ä-länd). The historical name of central Sweden. It comprised Söderm an land, Upland, Wester man land, Nerike, Wermland, and Dale carl i a. Svend. See Sweyn . Svendborg (svendborg). An amt of Denmark, comprising part of Fünen with Lan gel and, Taasinge, etc. Population, 120,707. com IMG:content-0940.png:[blocks in formation] Svetchine. See Swetchine. Sviatoi (svē-ä'toi), Cape. A headland on the northern coast of Ru ia, projecting into the Arctic Ocean near the entrance to the White Sea. Svir (svēr). A river in the government of Olonetz, northern Ru ia, which flows from Lake Onega into Lake Ladoga. Length, about 125 Swabia, or Suabia (swa'bi-a). [F. Souabe , ML. Suabia , from MHG. Swaben , G. Schwaben , Swabia, orig. dat. pl. of Swab , G. Schwabe , a Swabian.] An ancient duchy of Germany, cor responding in general to Würtemberg, Baden, and southwestern Bavaria, and also, at various times, to eastern Switzerland, Alsace, part of Tyrol, etc.: sometimes called Alamannia . It was one of the four great duchies of the early German kingdom, and endured from 917 to 1268. The Swabian house of Hohenstaufen furnished a famous dynasty of German kings and emperors. The name Swabia was revived as that of one of the circles of the Empire, and now includes the southern central part of Würtemberg, the adjoining part of Baden, and the southwestern part of Bavaria. Swabia and Neuburg (G. pron. noi'börg). A governmental district of Bavaria, bounded by Middle Franc on i a on the north, Upper Bavaria on the east, Tyrol and Vorarlberg and Lake Con stance on the south, sout and Würtemberg on the west. Capital, Augsburg. Area, 3,788 square miles. Population (1890), 668,316. Swabian Alp. See Swabian Jura . Swabian (swa'bi-an) Circle. [G. Schwäbischer Kreis.] One of the ten circles of the old German Empire, as established by the emperor Maximilian I., 1512. It comprised substantially the modern Würtemberg, a part of Bavaria, and a great part of Baden. Swabian Emperors. The German-Romanem Swammerdam (swäm'mer-däm), Jan. Born at Amsterdam, Feb. 12, 1637: died there, Feb. 15, 1680. A noted Dutch naturalist, distinguished as an anatomist and entomologist. Swamp (swomp), The. A low-lying region in the lower part of New York city, east of the post-office, known as a center of the hide and leather trade. Swamp Angel, The. A name given by the Federal soldiers to an 8-inch Parrott gun which was mounted on a battery built on piles driven into a swamp outside of Charleston, and used during the siege of that city. It burst Aug. 22, 1863. After the war it was bought with some condemned metal and sent to Trenton, New Jersey, to be melted; but, having been identified, was set up on a granite base on the corner of Perry and Clinton streets in that city. Swamp scott (swomp's kot). (swomp's kot). A watering-place in E ex County, Ma achusetts, on Ma achusetts Bay 11 miles northeast of Boston. Swan (swon), The. See Cygnus. Swan, The. A playhouse opened on the Bank Swan side, South wark, London, about 1581. Swan, The Mantuan. See Mantuan Swan. Swan, Knight of the. A local religious myth of Brabantine origin. The principal part of the story is that of a mysterious knight who appears in a small boat drawn by a swan, and performs helpful deeds, saves the lady of the story, and marries her, but who can remain with her only on condition that she does not ask his name: this connects him with the Knights of the Grail, who were obliged to disappear if questioned. The condition having been broken, the swan and boat reappear and he is carried swiftly away. This story is very ancient, and is told of Helias, Lohengrin (in the Round Table cycle), Salvius, Gerhard the Swan, and others, and the lady is Else of Brabant or Be at rice of Cleves. There are numerous romances in French, German, and English on this subject. The story of the seven swan-maidens is another myth pieced on to the genuine story of the Knight of the Swan. It was in commemoration of the beautiful myth of the Swan-Knight that Frederick II. of Brandenburg instituted the Order of the Swan, in 1440. The badge of the Cleves order of knighthood was also a silver swan sus pended from a gold chain. Charles, Duke of Cleves, attempted to revive the Order of the Swan. When Cleves fell to Pru ia, the Count de Bar endeavored to persuade Frederick the Great to resuscitate the order, but in vain. With Anne of Cleves, the white swan pa ed to our tavern sign-boards. S. Baring - Gould , Curious Myths of the Mid. Ages, 2d ser., [p. 335. perors who reigned from 1138 to 1254 (the Ho- Swan (swon) Lake. A small lake in Nicollet henstaufen line): so called because the founder County, southern Minnesota, northwest of Man was duke of Swabia. kato. Swabian Jura, or Swabian Alp, or Rauhe Swan-maidens. See Swan , Knight of the . Alp (rou'e älp) or Alb. A mountain-range Swan of Avon, Sweet. A name given by Ben in Würtemberg and Hohenzollern, which ex- Jonson to Shakspere. tends from near Sulz northeasterly to near the Swan of Cambrai, The. Fénelon. Bavarian frontier, between the valleys of the Swan of Lich field, The. A name given to Mi Neckar and Danube. Among its divisions are the Hardt and the Rauhe Alp proper. Swabian League, or Swabian Cities' League. A league of various Swabian cities formed in 1376, and extended into Franc on i a, Bavaria, and the Rhine lands, as a defense against the extortions and depredations of the counts of Würtemberg. It fell into decay after 1388. Swabian League, Great. A league of Swabian cities and governments formed in 1488 for the maintenance of the public peace. It was di olved in 1533 on account of religious dis sen Swab i an Poets, The. In German literature: (a) sions. A former collective name of the Minnesingers. (b) A group of modern poets of Würtemberg, the chief of whom were Uhland, Kerner, and Schwab. Anna Seward, the friend of Dr. Johnson. Swan of Padua, The. Francesco Algarotti. Swan of the Thames, The. John Taylor. Swan (swon) River. [Named from the black swans seen in it by its discoverer, Willem de Vlaming, 1697.] which flows into the Indian Ocean near Perth. It gave name to the colony which formed the A river in West Australia nucleus of West Australia. Swansea (swon'sē). A seaport of Glam organs hire, Wales, situated at the entrance of the river Tawe into Swansea Bay, in lat. 51°37′ N., long. 3° 56′ W. It is the principal seat of copper smelting in Great Britain, and perhaps in the world, and has also manufactures of lead, iron, tin-plate, zinc, and metals, chemicals, etc. There extensive coal mines in its vicinity. It has docks, and exports of tin plate and other manufactured goods, coal, etc. The castle was built in 1099. Population (1891), 90,423. Swansea, or Swanzey (swon'zi). A village in Bristol County, Ma achusetts, 4 miles northwest of Fall River. Here, June 24, 1675, the Indians murdered several settlers: this event was the immediate cause of King Philip's war. Swan's Island. An island of Hancock County, Maine, 5 miles southwest of Mount Desert. Length, 5 miles. Swabian Sea. An occasional name of the Lake of Con stance. The baths of Fried rich sha fen attract many visitors, especially from Swabia. Swain (swan), Charles. Born at Manchester, England, 1803: died Sept. 22, 1874. An Eng called "the Manchester Poet." He wrote "Dryburgh Abbey" (1832), etc. Swains on (swans on), William. Born at Liverpool, Oct. 8, 1789: died in New Zealand. A Swanzey. See Swansea .. British naturalist. His works include "Zoological Swarga (swär'ga), or Swerga (swer'gä). In Illustrations" (1820), "Exotic Conchology" (1821), "Nat- Hindu mythology, the heaven of Indra and uralist's Guide," "Ornithological Drawings" (1834-41), and volumes in Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopædia" and in Jardine's "Naturalist's Library." He was a ociated with Richardson in writing the "Fauna Boreali-American a," and with Shuckard in the "History and Natural Arrangement of Insects." Swale (swal). An inlet of the North Sea (or mouth of the Medway), south of the Isle of Sheppey, in Kent, England. Swale. A river in Yorkshire, England, which joins the Ure 14 miles northwest of York. Length, 60-70 miles. Swalli, or Swally (swol'ē). The outer harbor of Surat, at the mouth of the Tapti. other gods, situated on Mount Meru. Swarth more (swârth'mor) College. An institution of learning situated at Swarth more, Pennsylvania, 12 miles west-southwest of Philadelphia. It is under control of the Friends. In 1896-97 the number of instructors was 22, and of students 172. Swat (swät), or Suwat (sū-wät'). A little known region in central Asia, west of the upper Indus and northeast of Peshawar. It has been under the rule of a chief entitled the IMG:content-0941.png:[blocks in formation] Swedenborgians Swartow (swär-tou'). A treaty port in the province of Kwangtung, China, situated at one mouth of the river Han, in lat. (of Double Island) 23° 20′ N., long. 116° 43′ E. It has considerable trade in tea, bean-cake, oranges, cloth, etc. Population, about 40,000. Swayne (swan). Noah Haynes. Born in Culpeper County, Va., Dec. 7, 1804: died at New York, June 8, 1884. An American jurist, a ociate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1861-81. Swaziland (swäʼzē-land). A small independent state in South Africa, situated near the South African Republic, Am at on gal and, and Zululand. Its independence was recognized in 1884. A commi ion was in 1890 formed, with representatives of Great Britain, the Transvaal, and the Swazis, to rule over the whites. It became subject to the Transvaal in 1895. Area, 6,150 square miles. Population, about 61,500. Sweden (swē'den). [Formerly also Sweeden ; F. Suède , D. Zweden , G. Schweden ; orig. dat. pl. of Swede , D. Zweed, G. Schwede , Goth. * Swetha (pl. Swethans in Jordanes); a form appar. diff. from the other designation, AS. Sweón, Swión , Icel. Sviar , Sw. Svear , L. Suiones , also Sueci , whence the ML. name Suecia (It. Svezia , Sp. Suecia ). The Sw. name for Sweden is Sverige , Dan. Sverrig , Icel. Sviarīki , kingdom of the Svear or Swedes.] A kingdom of Europe, in the eastern part of the Scand in avian peninsula. Capital, Stockholm. It is bounded by Norway on the west and north, Finland, the Gulf of Bothnia, and the Baltic Sea on the east, the Baltic on the south, and the Sound, Cattegat, and Skager Rack on the S. W.; and extends from lat. 55° 20′ to 69° 3' N., and from long. 11° 6' to 24° 8' E. There are three main divisions: Götaland in the south, Svealand in the center, and Norrland in the north. The surface is generally hilly: a mountain-range (the Kölen) runs along the northwestern boundary between Sweden and Norway. The kingdom contains many lakes (Wenern, Wettern, Mälar, etc.) and rivers, and comprises many neighboring islands, including Gotland and Öland. The leading occupation is agriculture. There is considerable mineral wealth, particularly iron. Timber, iron, hardware and wooden wares, etc., are exported. The country is subdivided into 25 laens or provinces. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, legislative authority being vested in the king and the Riksdag of two houses (both elected). Sweden and Norway have been united under the same king since 1814, and are bound to stand by each other in war, but are otherwise free and independent. The inhabitants are mostly Swedes: there are a few Finns and Lapps in the north. The prevailing religion is Protestant (Luther an). Sweden was inhabited in early times by various tribes, the chief of them being the in the south and the Swedes in the north. Christianity was finally established about the end of the 11th century. A fusion of the Goths and Swedes took place in the 13th century. The union of the three kingdoms Denmark, Sweden, and Norway was effected at Kalmar in 1397. A rebellion against the Danes was led by Gustavus Vasa, who was elected king in 1523. The Reformation was introduced by him. Sweden became one of the leading European powers in the 17th century. It took a leading part in the Thirty Years' War under Gustavus Adolphus and his succe or; obtained a large part of Pomerania, Bremen, Verden, etc., in 1648; carried on succe ful wars with Denmark and Poland; received Livonia, Esthonia, Scania, etc., in 1660; carried on the Northern War, under Charles XII., against Denmark, Ru ia, Poland, and Saxony; ceded a large part of its po e ions in northern Germany in 17191720; ceded Livonia, Esthonia, etc., to Ru ia in 1721; and ceded Finland to Ru ia in 1809. Norway was united with it in 1814. Its remaining po e ions in Germany were ceded to Pru ia in 1815. Area, 170,979 square miles. Popu lati on (1894), 4,824,150. Swedenborg Swedenborg (swe'dn-bôrg; (swē'dn-bôrg; Sw. pron. sva'denborg) (originally Svedberg or Swedberg), Emanuel. Emanuel. Born at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688: died at London, March 29, 1772. A celebrated Swedish philosop philosopher and theosophist, founder of the New Church. He was educated at Upsala; traveled in Europe 1710-14; was appointed a e or of the Swedish college of mines in 1716; distinguished himself at the siege of Fred erik shall in 1718 by the invention of machines for the transport of boats overland from Stromstadt to Iddefjord; and was subsequently elevated to the nobility. About 1743 he commenced to have "visions," and in 1747 resigned his office in order to devote wholly to the expounding of Scripture as the immediate mouth. piece of God. His chief theological and mystical work is "Arcana cœlestia" (1749-56). Among his other works are "Opera philosophic a et mineralogic a" (1734), "Economia regni animal is" (1740-41), and "Regnum animale" (1744). See Swedenborgians . Swedenborgians(swe-dn-bor'ji-anz). The believers in the theology and religious doctrines of Swedenborg; the New-Churchmen. Swedenborg held Rev. xxi. 2, "And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven," to be a prediction of the establishment of a new dispensation, the initiation of which took place by the execution of the last judgment in the spiritual world in the year 1757, whereby man was restored to moral freedom by the restriction of evil infestations, the power of which had threatened its utter extinction. In proof of this belief, his followers point to the unparalleled spiritual and material progre of mankind. They were first organized in London (where Swedenborg long resided) in 1778 under the name of the "Society of the New Church signified by the New Jerusalem," usually abbreviated to New Church. Profe ed Swedenborgians, though widely scattered, have never been numerous; Swedenborgians but Swedenborg himself appears not to have contemplated the formation of a separate church, trusting to the permeation of his doctrines through the existing churches. Swe denborgians believe that this proce is going on, and that thus the new dispensation is making its way independently of their own organization or efforts, and even with out the conscious knowledge of most of those affected by it. Swedenborg considered himself the divinely appointed herald and expounder of this dispensation, being prepared for the office by open intercourse during many years with spirits and angels (all originally human beings), and with God himself, who revealed to him the spiritual or symbolic sense of the Divine Word (which the world had not previously been in a state to receive or apprehend), setting forth spiritual and celestial truths in every part through the correspondence of all material things with the spiritual principles, good or evil, of which they are the outgrowth and manifestation. This doctrine of correspondencies is the foundation of his system, which he elaborated with uniform consistency in many volumes, all first published in Latin. In this correspondence consists the plenary inspiration of the Word, which includes only the Pent a teuch, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, the Prophets and Psalms, the four Gospels, and the Apocalypse: the other books of the Bible are valuable for instruction, but lack this divine character. Swedish (swedish). The language of the Swedes: a Scand in avian dialect akin to Danish and Norwegian-Icelandic. Old Swedish is preserved in runic inscriptions from the end of the viking age in the 11th century, and literature from late the 13th century. Modern Swedish dates from the Reformation. Swedish Nightingale, The. Jenny Lind. Swedish Pomerania. A name formerly given to the western part of Pomerania, which was granted to Sweden at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. It comprised Vorpommern and Rügen, and part of Hinterpommern. Part of it was ceded to Pru ia in 1720; the remainder was ceded to Denmark in 1814, and by Denmark to Pru ia in 1815. In Sweedlepipe (swē'dl-pip), Paul or Poll. Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit," a bird-fancier and "easy shaver," Mrs. Gamp's landlord: "a disapp'int in' Sweedlepipes." Sweeny (swē'ni), Thomas William. Born at Cork, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1820: died at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., April 10, 1892. An American general. He served in the Mexican war, and in the Civil War (at Wilson's Creek, Fort Do nelson, and Shiloh, and in the Atlanta campaign); and took part in the Fenian invasion of Canada. Sweet Singer of the Temple. George Herbert. Sweetwater (swēt' wa "ter) Mountains. A range of the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming, southeast of the Wind River Mountains, and northwest of the Medicine Bow Mountains. Sweetwater River. A tributary of the North Fork of the Platte, in central Wyoming. Length, about 150 miles. Sweet William's Farewell to Black-eyed Susan. See Black - eyed Susan . Swegen. See Sweyn . Swerga. See Swarga . Swetchine (svech-en'), Madame (Anne Sophie Soymonoff). Born at Moscow, 1782: died at Paris, 1857. A Ru ian author. Her works and letters were edited by Falloux. Swett (swet), Samuel. Born at New bury port, Ma ., June 9, 1782: died at Boston, Oct. 28, 1866. An American historical writer. He published "Bunker Hill," controversial and other works on that battle, etc. Sweyn, or Swein (swan), or Swegen (svā'gen), or Svend (svend). Died 1014. King of Denmark, son of Harold Blaatand and father of Canute. He invaded England in 994 and 1003, and conquered England in 1013. Sweyn, or Swein. Died about 1051. An English earl, eldest son of Godwine. He was ont lawed and exiled in 1046; was restored; and was finally When he received the living of Laracor, however, in 1700, she wished the marriage to take place. He broke off the match by saying that if she would submit to be edu cated so that she could entertain him, soothe his ill humor, accept his likes and dislikes, etc., he would overlook deficiencies in looks and income. He published the Whig tract "A Discourse on the Di ensions in Athens and Rome" in 1700. At Laracor he was joined by Mrs. Rebecca Dingley and by Esther Johnson (born in 1681), a dependent of Sir William Temple, who presided over his house-the "Stella" of later years. In 1708 he published the pamphlets "The Sentiments of a Church of England Man" and "On the Reasonablene of a Test": these were followed by the ironical "Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" and by his best poem, "Baucis and Philemon." He was in London for a longer or shorter period nearly every year from 1701 to 1710. At this time he abandoned the Whigs and went over to the Tories: a full account of this is given in the "Journal to Stella," written 1710-13, and not intended for the public. In Nov., 1710, he began to write for the "Examiner," a Tory journal, and formed the "Society of Brothers." In July, 1711, he left the "Examiner," but continued to write Tory pamphlets ("The Conduct of the Allies" and "Remarks on the Barrier Treaty"). He was appointed by Queen Anne dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, in 1713. He was intimately a ociated with Oxford and Bolingbroke, and was a friend of Steele, Add is on, Pope, Arbuthnot, Congreve, Atterbury, Parnell, and Gay. Some of of Queen Anne. After the fall of the Tories he retired to his best work belongs to this period - the last four years Dublin an while living in London, Esther Vanhomrigh, the "Vane a" of poem "Cadenus Vane a," formed an attachment for him. In 1714 her mother died, and she followed Swift to Dublin. It is generally said that in 1716 he was privately married to "Stella," and in 1717 "Vane a" retired to Marley Abbey at Cel bridge, where Swift visited her. In 1723 "Vane a" wrote to "Stella" demanding an explanation of her relation to Swift. "Stella" replied that she was his wife, and sent "Vane a's" letter to Swift, who at once, in one of his characteristic fits of pa ion, went to "Vane a," threw her letter on a table without a word, and rode away. This was her death-blow: she lived only a few weeks longer. Swift devoted himself earnestly to the condition of Ireland and Irish politics, and in 1720 published his "Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufactures," urging the disuse of English goods by the Irish. A patent for supplying Ireland with copper coins had been accorded to one William Wood, who shared a 40 per cent, profit with the Duche of Kendal, the king's mistre . In 1724 Swift attacked this abuse in letters signed "M. B. Drapier," which raised his popularity to a height that it always retained. Returning to England, he was recalled on account of "Stella's" illne , but she did not die till 1728. In 1726 he published "Gulliver's Travels," and in 1729 his "Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from being a Burden to their Parents" - his ironical suggestion being that they should be fattened and eaten. In his later years his brain became diseased, and he was alternately in a state of torture and apathetic torpor; for a year or two his intellect was almost wholly eclipsed, a fact of which he was conscious at intervals. He was put under restraint in 1741, and lingered till 1745. He was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. With Arbuthnot and Pope he carried out the scheme of the "Scriblerus Club" (which see). Among his works not mentioned above are "Pin darics," "Predictions for 1708" (1708: an attack upon astrology in the person of Partridge, the almanac-maker, in which Swift a umed the character of an almanac-maker and the name of Isaac Bickerstaffe), "A Project for the Advancement of Religion" (1709: "the only work to which he ever put his name"), "Vindication of Bickerstaffe" (1709), "Proposal for Correcting, Improving, and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712), "Free Thoughts on the State of Public Affairs" (1714), "History of the Last Four Years of Queen Anne" (not published till 1757-58: a number of volumes of miscellanies with Arbuthnot, Pope, Gay, Sheridan, and others), "The Legion Club" (1735: a satire against the Irish House of Commons), "Directions to Servants," and "Polite Conversation" (1738). A number of volumes of sermons, tracts, e ays, and letters have also been published. Swift, Lewis. Born at Clark son, N. Y., Feb. 29, 1820. A distinguished American astronomer, director of the Warner Observatory at Rochester, New York, from 1882. Heis especially noted as a discoverer of comets and nebule. Swilly (swil'i), Lough. An inlet of the Atlantic in Ulster, Ireland, northwest of London derry. Length, 25 miles. Swinburne (swin'bern), Algernon Charles. Born at London, April 5, 1837. An English poet, son of Admiral Swinburne and Lady Henrietta Ashburnham, daughter of the third Earl Switzerland of Victor Hugo" (1886), "A Study of Ben Jonson" "Locrine: a Tragedy" (1887), "The Armada" (1888), and "Poems and Ballads" (1889). Swinemünde (svē'ne-mün-de). A seaport in the province of Pomerania, Pru ia, situated on the island Usedom, at the mouth of the Swine, in lat. 53° 55′ N., long. 14° 17′ E. It forms the outer port of Stettin. It is a watering-place, and has an excellent harbor and important commerce. Population (1890), 8,508. Swing (swing), Captain. A fictitious name signed to various threatening letters in England, about 1830, especially to letters addre ed to the users of threshing-machines, which were obnoxious to the old-fashioned threshers. Swing (swing), David. Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 23, 1830: died Oct. 3, 1894. An American Presbyterian clergyman, tried for heresy in Chicago in 1874, and acquitted. He was afterward pastor of an independent church. Swinton (swin'ton). A village in Lancashire, England, 6 miles west-northwest of Manchester. Population (1891), with Pendlebury. 20,197. Swinton. A manufacturing town in Yorkshire, England, 10 miles northeast of Sheffield. Population (1891), 9,697. Swinton, William. Born in Hadding tons hire, Scotland, April 23, 1833: died at New York, Oct. 24, 1892. An American journalist and author. He became connected with the "New-York Times" in 1858, and was its war correspondent 1862-64: his letters several times involved him in difficulties with the military authorities. From 1869 to 1874 he was profe or of English at the University of California. He wrote a series of historical and other text-books, and "Rambles Among Words" (1859), "The Times's Review of McClellan: his Military Career Reviewed and Exposed" (1864), "Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac" (1866), "Twelve Decisive Battles of the War" (1867), "History of the New York Seventh Regiment during the Rebellion" (1870), etc. Swi Family Robinson. A romance by Rodolphe Wy . The scene is laid in a desert island about 1800. Swi Guards, The. A corps of Swi mercenary troops in the French service, formed in 1616 and finally disbanded in 1830. They are celebrated for their valor in the defense of the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792, commemorated in the "Lion of Lucerne" at Lucerne. Swith in (swith'in), or Swithun (swith'un), Saint. Born near Winchester, probably about 800: died about 862. A bishop of Winchester. It was fabled that he performed many miraculous cures after his death, and he was translated with great ceremonial July 15, 971. He was not regularly canonized, but received his title of saint on his translation. He has, for no known reason, become a ociated in the popular mind with drunkenne . He is noted in folk-lore, a common adage being that if it rains on St. Swith in's day (July 15), it will rain for forty days after. Switzerland (swit'zėr-land). ['Land of the Switzers'; G. Die Schweiz , F. Sui e , It. Svizzera , Sp. Suiza .] A country of Europe, bounded by France on the west and northwest, Alsace and Baden on the north, the Lake of Con stance on the northeast, Vorarlberg and Tyrol on the east, and Italy and France on the south: Latin Helvetia. Capital, Bern. The main range of the Alps in the south (partly on the Italian border) is separated from a secondary range of the Alps (Bernese Oberland, Tödi, Säntis, etc.) by the valleys of the Rhone and Rhine: the Jura is in the west and north. (See Alps .) The highest mountain is Monte exiled with Godwine in 1051. Sweyn. Died 1076. King of Denmark 10471076, son of Canute. He invaded England in 1068, Swift (swift), Jonathan. Born at Dublin, Nov. 30, 1667: died there, Oct. 19, 1745. A celebrated English satirist and man of letters: usually spoken of as Dean Swift. His grandfather, Thomas Swift, vicar of Good rich in Here ford shire, was a follower of Charles I. Swift matriculated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1682, leaving with only a degree special i gratia in 1686. In 1688, owing to the Revolution, he went to England, and in 1689 became amanuensis or secretary to Sir William Temple (who was in some way related to Swift's mother) at Moor Park, near Farnham. He disliked his subordinate position, and returned to Dublin in about a year. In 1692 he received the degree of B. A. at Oxford, took orders in 1695, and in 1695 obtained the living of Kilroot, Antrim, Ireland. In 1696, tired of obscurity, he returned to Sir William Temple, and remained with him till his death in Jan., 1699. During these years of quiet he not only read much, but was in such relations with the court as to obtain an insight into politics which later was of use to him. In 1696 he wrote "A Tale of a Tub," and in 1697 the "Battle of the Books" (both published in 1704): he also published an edition of Temple's works (17001703). He was made rector of Agher, in Meath, and vicar of Laracor in 1700, and held other small livings. In 1696 he had offered marriage to Mi Waring ("Varina"), who refused him on account of her ill health and his poverty. of Ashburnham. He was educated in France, and at Eton and Oxford (Balliol College), entering the university in 1857 and leaving without a degree. He is especially re- mark able for his facile metrical invention. He has pub- lished "The Queen Mother" and "Rosamund" (1861), "A talant a in Calydon" (1864), "Chaste lard: a Tragedy (1865), "Poems and Ballads" (1866: these were so severely censured that the edition was withdrawn, but it was re- printed the same year as "Laus Veneris, and other Poems and Ballads," and Swinburne replied to the criticism (also in 1866) with "Notes on Poems and Reviews"), "William Blake: a Critical E ay" (1867), "An Ode on the Proclama- tion of the French Republic" (1870), "Songs Before Sun- rise" (1871), "Under the Microscope" (1872: an answer to Robert Buchanan's pamphlet "The Fleshly School"), "Both well's Tragedy" (1874), "Songs of Two Nations (1875), "E ays and Studies" (1875), "George Chapman: a Critical E ay" (1875), "Erechtheus: a Tragedy" (1876), "A Note on Charlotte Brontë" (1877), a second series of "Poems and Ballads" (1878), "A Study of Shakspere" (1879), "The Modern Hept alogia, or the Seven Against Sense' (1880), "Songs of the Springtides" (1880), "Studies in Song" (1880), "Mary Stuart: a Tragedy" (1881), "Tristram of Lyone e, etc." (1882), "A Century of Roundels" (1883), "A Midsummer Holiday, etc." (1884), "Marino Faliero: a Tragedy" (1885), "Prose Miscellanies" (1886), "A Study Rosa (over 15,000 feet). The chief lakes are the Lakes of Lucerne, Zurich, and Neuchâtel. The leading industries are cotton, woolen, and silk manuface tures, straw-plaiting, manufactures of embroidery, clocks and watches, wooden wares, chemicals, machinery, music- boxes, etc., and dairy-farming. The country contains many pleasure and health-resorts, and is famous as a summer resort of tourists. It contains 22 cantons united in a con- federation, the several cantons being very largely independent in internal matters. The government of the confederation is vested in a federal a embly of two chambers: the State Council ("Ständerath" or "Conseil des États") of 44 members (2 for each canton), and the National Council ("National rath" or "Conseil National "), with 147 representatives. The Federal A embly in joint se ion elects the executive body, the Federal Council ("Bundesrath" or "Conseil Fédéral"), of 7 members, and also the president of the Federal Council, who is elected for one year as president of the Swi Confederation. "Whenever a petition demanding the revision or annulment of a measure pa ed by the Legislature is presented by 30,000 citizens, or the alteration is demanded by eight cantons, the law in question must be submitted to the direct vote of the nation. This principle, called the referendum , is frequently acted on." ( The Statesman's Year - Book , 1894, p. 997.) Cantonal government is exercised by a great council or directly by the citizens in popular a embly ("Landesgemeinde"). About three fifths of the inhabitants are Protestants and about two fifths Roman Catholics. About 2,000,000 speak German, 600,000 French, 160,000 Italian, and 38,000 Romansh. The ancient inhabitants were Helvetii and other tribes. The land became part of the Roman Empire and largely of the province of Gaul, and was settled by Burgundians, Alamanni, etc. The league between Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwald (in Unterwalden) against Hapsburg oppre ion was formed 1291. The legend of Tell and the founding of the confederation at Rütli are a igned to the beginning of the 14th century. The Swi defeated the Austrians at Morgarten in 1315, and renewed the league the same year. Lucerne The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Switzerland joined the confederation in 1332, Zurich in 1351, Glarus in 1352, Zug in 1352, and Bern in 1353. The Austrians were defeated at Sempach in 1386, and various conquests were made in the 14th century. Besides its own members, the con. federation recognized "a ociates" and "protected districts." The Swi were freed from Austrian claims in 1394 and 1474. They defeated Charles the Bold of Bur gundy at Granson and Murten in 1476. The "Compact of Stanz" was formed in 1481. Fribourg and Solothurn were admitted in 1481. Switzerland became practically pende of the Empire in 1499. Basel and Schaffhausen were admitted in 1501, and Appenzell in 1513. The Swi were defeated at Marignano by Francis I. of France in 1515, and concluded peace with France in 1516. The Reformation was introduced into various parts by Zwingli, Farel, Calvin, etc. The Golden League between Catholic members was formed in 1586. Switzerland became formally independent of the Empire in 1648. The Helvetic Republic was established in 1798, under the influence of France. A revolt of the Forest Cantons was suppre ed by the French in 1798, and the country was the scene of much fighting in the wars of the Directory and Consulate. The confederation was restored in 1803, and the cantons of St. Gall, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, and Vaud were added. A new constitution was adopted, neutrality was teed, and the cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Neuchâtel were added in 1815. The war of the "Sonder bund" ос curred in 1847. Government was made more centralized by the constitution of 1848. Neuchâtel was freed from Pru ian claims in 1857. The constitution was revised in 1874. Area, 15,976 square miles. Population (1888), 2,917,754. Such is the Switzerland of our own time, but such was not the Switzerland with which Charles the Bold had to deal. In those days the name of Switzerland, as a distinct nation or people, was hardly known. The names Switenses, Switzois, Sui es, were indeed beginning to spread themselves from a single canton to the whole Confeder ation; but the formal style of that Confederation was still the "Great (or Old) League of Upper Germany " perhaps rather of "Upper Swabia." That League was much smaller than it is now, and it was purely German. It consisted of eight German districts and cities, united, like many other groups of German cities, by a lax Federal tie, which tie, while other similar unions have died away, has gradually developed into a perfect Federal Govern ment, and has extended itself over a large non-German territory. The League then consisted of eight cantons only-Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, and Glarus. Freeman, Hist. E ays, I. 353. Switzerland, Saxon. See Saxon Switzerland . Swiveller (swiv'l-ér), Dick. A happy-go-lucky, devil-may-care fellow in Dickens's "Old Curiosity Shop." Altogether, and because of rather than in spite of his weakne es, Dick is a captivating person. His gaiety and good humour survive such accumulations of " staggerers," makes such discoveries of "the rosy" in the very smallest of drinks, and becomes himself by his solacements of verse such a "perpetual grand Apollo," that his failings are all forgiven, and hearts resolutely shut against victims of destiny in general open themselves freely to Dick Swiveller. Forster , Life of Dickens, ii. 7. Swordfish, The. See Xiphias . Sword of God, The. A name given to the Saracen conqueror Khaled. Sword of Rome, The. A name sometimes given to Mar cell us. Swords (sõrdz), Thomas. Born at New York, Nov. 1, 1806: died there, March 20, 1886. An American He served in the conquest New Mexico and California in the Mexican word in the Civil War. Swynford (swin'ford), Katharine. Died 1403. The third wife of John of Gaunt, mother of the Beauforts and ancestre of Henry VII. of England. Syagrian (si-a'gri-an) Promontory. In ancient geography, a headland at the eastern extremity of Arabia. Syagrius (si-a'gri-us). The last Roman governor of Gaul. He was defeated by Clovis near So is sons in 486. Syamantaka (sya-man'ta-ka). In Hindu mythology, a celebrated jewel of which the story is told in the Vishnupurana. It yielded daily eight loads of gold, and expelled all fear of portents, beasts, fire, robbers, and famine; but, though an inexhaustible resource to a virtuous, it was deadly to a wicked, wearer. It was given by Surya, the Sun, to Satrajit, Surya recompensing Satrajit for praises rendered him by allowing himself to be seen in his proper form and by the bestowal of the gem. Afraid that Krishna would take it from him, Satrajit gave the jewel to his own brother, Prasena, but Prasena was killed by a lion. Jambuvat, king of the bears, killed the lion and carried off the gem; but Krishna took it from him and restored it to Satrajit, who in thankfulne gave him his daughter Satyabhama in marriage. One of the many suitors of Satyabhama had been Shat adhan van, who now killed Satrajit in his sleep and carried off the gem. Pursued by Krishna and Balarama, Shat adhan van gave it tokura and continued his flight, but was overtaken and Balarama upbraided him with secreting it, and parted from him. Akrura, after fifty-two years, produced it, when it was claimed by Krishna, Balarama, and Satyabhama, and decided that Akrura should keep it, whence he moved about like the sun wearing a garland of light. Sybaris (sib'a-ris). [Gr. Σύβαρις .] In ancient geography, a city of Magna Græcia, southern Italy, situated near the Gulf of Tarentum in lat. 39° 41′ N., long. 16° 28′ E. It was founded by Achæan colonists in 720 B. C. It was celebrated for its wealth, and its inhabitants were proverbial for their luxury (whence the epithet Sybarite ). It was destroyed by the inhabitants of Croton a in 510 в. с. Sybaris was one of the most important towns of Magna Græcia. According to Strabo, it was founded by the Achæans (vi. p. 378), probably about B. C. 720. (Clinton's F. H., vol. i., pp. 168, 174.) The colonisation was most likely connected with the gradual conquest of the Peloponnese by the Dorian invaders. Its site is marked by the junction of the Crathis ( Crati ) with the Sybaris ( Co ile ). Sybaris flourished 210 years (Scym. Ch. 1. 360). Its walls were 50 stadia in circumference; it had twenty-five subject cities, and ruled over four neighbouring tribes. In the great war ar with Croton a, it is said to have brought into the field 300,000 men (Strab. 1. s. c.). Its exce ive luxury is proverbial. It was taken (B. C. 510) after a siege of 70 days by the Croton i ats, who turned the river upon the town, and in this way destroyed it. A second Sybaris arose upon the ruins of the first, but it never flourished, and was finally merged in the A then i an colony of Thurii (B. C. 443), which was built on a spot in the neighbourhood. Hero dot us was one of the colonists (Suidas). Rawlinson, Herod., III. 242, note. Sybel (ze bel (zē'bel), He in rich von. Born at Dü eldorf, Pru ia, Dec. 2, 1817: died at Marburg, Pru ia, Aug. 1, 1895. A noted German his tori an. He has been a member of the He ian and Pru ian chambers, of the Erfurt Parliament of 1850, and later of the Reichstag, and profe or at Marburg, Munich (where he founded the first historical seminary in Germany), and (1861) Bonn. His chief work is "Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789-1800" ("History of the Revolutionary Period of 1789-1800," 1853-). His other works include "Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs" ("History of the first Crusade," 1841), "Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums" (1844), and "Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I." ("The Foundation of the German Empire by William I.," 1889-90). Sybil (sib'il). A political novel by Benjamin Disraeli, published in 1845. Sybota (sib'ō-ta). In ancient geography, a small island and town on the coast of Epirus, opposite the southern end of Corcyra. Near it, in 432 B. C., was fought a naval battle between Corcyra (aided by Athens) and Corinth. Sycorax (sik'ō-raks). A witch, the mother of Caliban, referred to in Shakspere's "Tempest." In Dryden and Davenant's version she is his sister, and a monster like him. Sydenham (sid'n-am). A suburb of London, in Kent, 7 miles south of London. Near it is the Crystal Palace. Population (1891), 34,162. Sydenham, Thomas. Born at Winford Eagle, Dor sets hire, England, 1624: died at London, Dec., 1689. A noted English physician, surnamed "the English Hippo crates." In 1642 he entered Magdalen College, Oxford. His course there was interrupted by service in the Parliamentary army; but he graduated (bachelor of medicine) in 1648, and became a fellow of All Souls. In 1663 he was licensed by the College of Physicians to practise in Westminster. He was a warm friend of John Locke and Robert Boyle. His works include "Method us Curandi Febres" (1666), "Epistolæ Re sponsorize" (1680), "Tract at us de Podagra et Hydrope" (1683), etc. Sydenham anticipated modern practice in many ways, especially in a minute study of predisposing causes external and internal, and in a isting natural crises, as well as by the general liberality of his practice. Sydney (sid'ni). A seaport, capital of New South Wales, Australia, situated on the harbor of Port Jackson, in lat. 33° 52′ S., long. 151° 13' E.: one of the two chief cities of Australia. Its suburbs include Glebe, Padding ton, etc. Its commerce and manufactures are important, and it is the terminus of various steamship lines. Near it are extensive coal-mines. It is the seat of a mint and of Sydney University. It was settled in 1788 as a convict colony. Population (1891), with suburbs, 383,386. Sydney. A seaport in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, situated on the eastern coast in lat. 46° 16′ N., long. 60° 7′ W. It is in the vicinity of a coal-mining region. It was formerly the capital of Cape Breton. Sydney, Algernon Philip. See Sidney. Syene. See A uan . Syennesis (si-en'e-sis). [Gr. Συέννεσις .] A king of Cilicia, va al of Persia, at the time of the expedition of Cyrus the Younger 401 B. c. The name is common to all the kings of Cilicia men tioned in history. Sykes (sīks), George. Born at Dover, Del., Oct. 9, 1822: died in Texas, Feb. 9, 1880. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served in the Mexican and in Indian wars; and was a division and corps commander in the Army of the Potomac. He served with distinction at Gaines's Mill, Gettysburg, etc. Sykes, Mrs.: best known by her maiden name, Olive Logan. Born at Elmira, N. Y., April 16, 1841. An American actre and writer, daughter of Cornel i us A. Logan (1806-53). She made her début in 1854 at Philadelphia, and in 1857 went to England, where she finished her education. She married Henry A. Delille, but was divorced in 1865. In 1864 she appeared in New York in a play of her own, "Eveleen." She retired from the stage in 1868, has devoted herself to lecturing, and has been a frequent contributor to news papers. She married William Wirt Sykes in 1871: he died in 1884. She has written a number of books, principally about theatrical matters, and several plays. Symonds Sylhet, or Silhet (sil-het'). 1. A district in A am, British India, intersected by lat. 24°45′ N., long. 91° 45′ E. Area, 5,414 square miles. Population (1891). 2,154,593.-2. The capital of the district of Sylhet, situated on the Surma. Population (1891), 14,027. Sylla. See Sulla . Sylphide (sel-fed'), La. A ballet in two acts, music by Schneitzhoffer, libretto by Nourrit. It was produced at Paris in 1832. La Sylphide was one of Taglioni's greatest parts. Sylt, or Silt (silt). An island in the North Sea, belonging to the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Pru ia, intersected by lat. 55° N. It contains the watering-place Wester land. The inhabitants are chiefly Friesians. Length, 22 miles. Population, about 3,000, Sylva (sēl-vä'). A river in the government of Perm, eastern Ru ia, which joins the Tchusovaya near Perm. Length, 250-300 miles. Sylva, Carmen. See Carmen Sylva . Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees, etc. A report on the condition of timber in the English dominions, by John Evelyn, published in 1664. Sylvan der (sil-van'der). The name under which Burns corresponded with Mrs. Macle hose ("Clarinda"). The letters were published in 1802, afterward suppre ed, and republished in 1845. Sylvester (Popes). See Silvester . Sylvester (sil-ves'tèr), James Joseph. Born at London, Sept. 3, 1814: died there, March 15, 1897. A distinguished English mathematician, profe or succe ively at University College, London, at the University of Virginia, at Woolwich, at the Johns Hopkins University, and at Oxford (Savilian profe or 1883). Sylvester Dagger wood (sil-ves'ter dag'erwud). A "whimsical interlude" by George Colman the younger, produced in 1795. There are but two characters - Sylvester Dagger wood, a strolling player, and Fustian, a Grub-street playwright.