CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

SUSSEX (1485-1540), English statesman; b. Putney, Surrey. For some years he led a roving life and then became a protege of Cardinal Wolsey, who took a special interest in advancing his financial and political fortunes. He entered Parliament in 1523, where his ability attracted attention. When Wolsey fell into disgrace in 1529, Cromwell vigorously defended his benefactor. Following the Cardinal’s death, Cromwell entered the service of King Henry VIII, who rained honors and emoluments on him and used him as his tool in humbling the power of the nobles, in suppre ing the monasteries and making the royal power supreme. He lost the monarch’s favor however by promoting the marriage of the king with Anna of Cleves, and on a trumped up charge of treason was sent to the block, after making piteous but unavailing pleas for mercy. While his personal character was far from admirable, he did much to advance the cause of Protestant ism in England, even though just before he was beheaded he declared hol ue died in the faith of the Catholic rch. (1835-1911), Boer patriot and military commander; b. near Pretor i a. A farmer, like most of the Boers, he was active in political affairs, became a member of the Transvaal Government and forced Sir John Willoughby’s forces to capitulate after the failure of the James on raid in 1896, In the war with England he held command in the western zone of operations and defeated the British severely at Magersfontein. Surrounded at Paardeberg by the forces of Lord Roberts in 1900, he made a gallant resistance before he finally surrendered. The British sent him to St. Helena as a prisoner of war, permitting his return, however, after the conclusion of peace. In 1905 he visited the United States. American army officer; 6. New York City. He graduated from the U. S., Military Academy in 1882 and at the Artillery School in 1886, entering the service as 2nd Lieutenant. He rose to the rank of major general of the National Army in 1917. He served in the Cuban and Philippine campaigns and during the World War commanded the 80th Division. He did conspicuously excellent work in the St. Mihiel and MeuseArgonne campaigns. In 1923 he retired from the service.