Area, estimated, 12,650 square miles

Height above Tangier (tän-jēr'), or Tangiers (tän-jērz'), F. Tanger (ton-zhā'), G. Tanger (tän'ger), native Tanja (tän'jä). A seaport of Morocco, situated on the Strait of Gibraltar in lat. 35° 47′ N., long. 5° 49′ W.: the Roman Tingis. It is the principal center of commerce in Morocco; has important trade with Europe; and is the residence of consuls and the diplomatic corps sent to Morocco. It was the capital of the Roman province of Ting it an a; came into the po e ion of the Portuguese in the 15th century; was ceded to England on the marriage of Catharine of Braganza with Charles II. in 1662; and was abandoned to the Moors in 1684. It was bombarded by the Spaniards in 1790, and by the French in 1844. Population, estimated, 20,000. Tangier (tan-jēr') Island. An island of Virginia, situated in Chesapeake Bay southeast of the mouth of the Potomac. Tangle wood Tales, The. A series of tales by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1853. Tanis (ta'nis). See Zoan . Tanit (tā'nit). A Phenic i an godde . With Baal, Hammon, and Eshmun she formed the supreme triad. Her symbol was the solar disk with a crescent. Tanitic (ta-nit'ik) Branch. A northeastern mouth of the Nile, which was silted up in ancient times. Tanjore (tan-jōr'). 1. A Mahratta state in southern India, founded in the 17th century. It came under British rule about 1800.-2. A district in Madras, British India, intersected by lat. 11o N., long. 79° E. Area, 3,709 square miles. Population (1891), 2,228,114.-3. The capital of the district of Tanjore, situated on an arm of the Kaveri about lat. 10° 47′ N., long. 79° 10′ E. It has important manufactures, and is noted as a literary and religious center. It was once a princely residence. The Great Pagoda is a stately Dravidian temple, dating from the 14th century. The shrine measures 82 feet square, and rises in two vertical stages with windows and engaged columns, upon which rests the great Vimana pyramid, with 13 stages, and a domical crowning 190 feet above the ground. The whole is covered with rich ornamentation, in which a fan-shaped detail and figure sculpture are conspicuous. Before the shrine is a somewhat low closed porch, from which an avenue of columns leads to the Bull Shrine, a low flat-roofed columned pavilion in which is the noted colo al bull statue. The inclosure which contains the temple is 250 by 500 feet; besides the buildings described, it contains several other notable shrines, and has a monumental sculptured gopura or gate. Population (1891), 54,390. Tann (tän), Von der (in full: Baron Ludwig Samson von und zu der Tann-Raths am hausen). Born at Darmstadt, June 18, 1815: died at Meran, April 26, 1881. A Bavarian general. He served in the Schleswig-Holstein war of 18481850 and against Pru ia in 1866; was commander of the 1st Bavarian army corps in the Franco-German war; and commanded independently on the Loire. He was defeated at Coulmiers Nov. 9, 1870. Tanna (tän'nä). An island of the New He brides, Pacific Ocean. Tanna hill (tan'a-hil), Robert. Born at Paisley, Scotland, June 3, 1774: committed suicide May 17, 1810. A Scottish poet. Among his best-known lyrics are "The Flower of Dunblane" and "Gloomy Winter's noo awa." Tannenberg (tän'nen-berg). A village in the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia, 14 miles south of Osterode. Here, in 1410, the Polish and Lithuanian army defeated and broke the power of the Teutonic Order. Tannhäuser (tän hoi-zer). [MHG. Der Tan hûser .] A Middle High German lyric poet of the 13th century. He belonged to the Salzburg family of Tanhusen. From about 1240 to 1270 he led a wander ing life in which he lived at the Bavarian, Austrian, and was a prominent supporter of Andrew Jackson; was United States attorney-general 1831-33; became secretary of the treasury in 1833 (Congre not being in se ion), and removed the deposits from the United States Bank, but was rejected by the Senate in 1834; was nominated for a ociate justice of the Supreme Court in 1835, but was rejected by the Senate; and was confirmed as chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1836. His most noted decision was that in the "Dred Scott Case" (which see) in 1857. other courts, and visited the far East. He was a minnesinger and the writer, particularly, of dance-songs. A German ballad of the 16th century has preserved the memory of the historical Tannhäuser. This first describes his parting with Lady Venus, with whom he has been for a year in the Venusberg. He makes a visit of penance to Rome and asks for absolution, but Pope Urban, who holds a dry staff in his hand, declares that as little as the staff can grow green, so little can he have God's mercy. In despair he goes away. On the third day after, the staff, however, begins to bud, and the Pope sends out in search of him; but he has gone back to Venus in the mountain. The legend of Tannhäuser is the subject of the opera of the same name by Richard Wagner. Tannhäuser Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg. An opera by Wagner, founded on the legend of Tannhäuser, produced at Dresden in 1845, and in England in 1876. n.' 'Indians.' Tano (tä'no), or Tahano, or Thano. [From tin in , a Tigua word signifying 'men,' ' Indians.'] A tribal division of the Tañoan stock of North American Indians, which formerly occupied a number of pueblos in the vicinity of Galisteo, 20 miles south of Santa Fé, New Mexico. It was almost destroyed as a tribe in the Pueblo revolt of 1680. The remnants are settled with the Tigua and Tewa. See Tañoan . Tañoan (tän'yō-an), or Enaghmagh. A linguistic stock of North American Indians, which embraces the Tewa, Tano, Tigua, Jemez, and Piro, divisions which speak more or le closely allied dialects and inhabit various communal pueblos or villages in the main and tributary valleys of the Rio Grande, in New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua, as well as one of the Tusayan villages, Arizona. Number, 3,300. Tanta, or Tantah (tän'tä). The capital of the province of Gharbiyeh, Egypt, situated in the Delta 72 miles southeast of Alexandria. It is the seat of important fairs and festivals. Population (1897), 57,300. Tantalam (tän-tä-läm') Island. An island in the Gulf of Siam, on the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula, intersected by lat. 7° 30′ N. Length, 40 miles. Tan tall on (tan-tal'on) Castle. A castle in Hadding tons hire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea near North Berwick: now in ruins. It was a stronghold of the Douglas family. Tantalus (tan'ta-lus). [Gr. Τάνταλος .] In Greek mythology, a son of Zeus and Pluto, and father of Pelops and Niobe: king of Mount Sipylus in Lydia. For revealing the secrets of the gods he was condemned to stand in Tartar us up to his chin in water under a loaded fruit-tree, the fruit and water retreating whenever he sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. From his name is derived the word tantalize . Tantra (tan'tra). [Skt., 'loom, thread, warp,' and then 'order of rites, theory, treatise.] In Sanskrit literature, a religious treatise teaching magical formulas for the worship of the gods or the attainment of superhuman power. The Tantras are the Bible of Shaktism (see Shaktas ). Like the Puranas, they are sometimes called a fifth Veda. They are also known as Agama, 'that which has come down' (also applied to the Brahman a portion of the Veda), in distinction from Nigama, a general name for the Vedas, Dharma shastras, Puranas, and other Smriti literature. is sometimes ascribed to Dattatreya, is worshiped as an incarnation of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva; but they are generally thought to have been revealed by Shiva alone. None has as yet been printed or translated in Europe. They are said to number 64, with out counting many works of a Tantrik character. They are generally written in the form of a dialogue between Shiva and his wife, and every Tantra ought in theory to treat of five subjects: the creation, the destruction of the world, the worship of the gods, the attainment of super human power, and the four modes of union with the Supreme Spirit. Whole Tantras treat only of various modes of using spells for acquiring magical power; others simply describe the most effectual modes of worshiping the Shaktis. The oldest known Tantra cannot antedate the 6th or 7th century A. D. Full as they are of doubtful symbolism, and tending in their teaching to licentiousne , they are not all nece arily impure. They seem connected with a distorted view of the Sankhya philosophy and with some corrupt forms of Buddhism. They have greatly influenced the later Buddhist literature of Nepal. There are also Vaishnava Tantras, such as the Gautamiya and the San at kumara; but even in these Shiva is the speaker and his wife the listener. In them Radha, the wife of Krishna, takes the place of Durga as the chief object of worship. Taormina (tä-or-me'nä). A decayed town in the province of Me ina, Sicily, situated on the coast 31 miles southwest of Me ina: the an cient Tauromenium. It has a castle and a cathedral, and is noted for its antiquities, especially for its very fine theater, of Greek foundation but altered by the Romans. This important ancient city was founded about 396 в. с. It was often besieged and taken. Population (1881), 2,388. Taos (tä'ōs). The northernmost of the Pueblo tribes of North American Indians, occupying a village of the same name 50 miles northward from Santa Fé, on the Rio de Taos, a tributary of the Rio Grande, in New Mexico. Number, 409. See Tigua . Tapajos (tä-pä-zhōs'), or Tapajosos (tä-pä-zhō'zös). An Indian tribe which, in the 16th and 17th centuries, occupied the territory about the mouth of the river Tapajós. The sites of their vil lages, which were large and close together, are still marked by great quantities of broken pottery strewn over the ground. The Tapajos were probably of Tupi race. Many of them were enslaved; others were gathered into mis sions, and their descendants form part of the peasant population of the same region. Tapajós (tä-pä-zhōs'). A river in the states of Matto Gro o and Pará, Brazil. It is one of the principal southern tributaries of the Amazon, which it joins near long. 54°35′ W. The main head streams are the Arinos (which rises near the source of the Paraguay) and the Juruena. Length, with the Arinos, nearly 1,100 miles; navigable by steamboats to Itaituba, 150 miles; above this there are numerous rapids, but canoes ascend nearly to the source of the Arinos. Also written Tapajoz . Tapanecs. See Tepanecs . Tapes (tä-pās'). Indians of the Guarany race who formerly occupied much of the territory between the rivers Paraná and Uruguay, extending eastward nearly to the Atlantic. Like the Guaranys proper they had hardly any tribal organization, and probably the name itself was loosely used. The Jesuits had some of their largest mi ions among these Indians. Descendants of the Tapes form a large portion of the country population of Corrientes and Misiones, part of Entre Rios, northern Uruguay, and southern Rio Grande do Sul. See Guaranys . Taphiæ (tā'fi-ē). [Gr. Ταφίων νῆσοι.] In ancient geography, a group of islands west of A carn an i a, Greece, corresponding to the modern Meganisi, Kalamo, etc.: earlier called Teleboides . Tapia (tä'pē-ä), Andrés de. Born in Spain about 1495: died in Mexico after 1539. A Spanish soldier. He was a nephew of Velasquez, governor of Cuba; joined Cortés in 1519; took a prominent part in the conquest of Mexico; and subsequently settled at Mexico City, where he held high civil offices. He wrote an incomplete but very valuable account of the conquest, which was published by Icazbalceta in 1866. Tapley (tap'li), Mark. A character in Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit," Martin's servant and traveling companion, a light-hearted, merry fellow, who takes constant credit to himself for being jolly under the most adverse circumstances. Tappan (tap'an), Arthur. Born at North amp ton, Ma ., May 22, 1786: died at New Haven, Conn., July 23, 1865. An American merchant and philanthropist. He was the first president of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Tappan, Lewis. Born at North amp ton, Ma ., May 23, 1788: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 21, 1873. An American merchant, philanthropist, and antislavery advocate: brother of Arthur Tappan. He was a leading founder of the American Mi ionary A ociation. Tappan, William Bingham. Born at Beverley, Ma ., Oct. 29, 1794: died at West Needham, Ma ., June 18, 1849. An American poet. He wrote "New England, and other Poems" (1819), “Poetry of the Heart" (1845), "Sacred and Miscellaneous Poems" (1846), etc. Tappan Bay, or Tappan Sea. [D. Tappaan Zee.] An expansion of the Hudson River, in the vicinity of Tarry town and Sing Sing, New York. Length, about 12 miles. Greatest width, Tapper tit (tap'er-tit), Sim or Simon. A char about 4 miles. acter in Dickens's "Barnaby Rudge." He is a ridiculously conceited and pompous apprentice, very proud of his figure, and in love with Dolly Varden. He is afterward concerned in the "Gordon riots.' Taprobane (tap'ro-bān). A fabulous island in the dominion of Prester John, in which, according to Mandeville, there are huge pismires, as large as hounds, that guard hills of gold, and work in them, finding and storing the pure gold. Taprobane (ta-prob'a- (ta-prob'a-nē). [Gr. Ταπροβάνη , Skt. Tamraparni : see Tamraparni . ] Tamraparni .] The ancient name of Ceylon. Tapti (tap'te), sometimes Tuptee (tup'te). A river in western central India which flows into the Gulf of Cambay below Surat. Length, about 450 miles. Tapuya stock (tä-pö'yä stok). [Tupi tapuia , a stranger: first applied to these Indians as a term of dislike or reproach.] A name given by many ethnologists to the Crens (which see). On the Amazon the name Tapuya is now used for any Indian. Tara (tä rä). A place in County Meath, Ireland, 21 miles northwest of Dublin. It was famous in the early history of Ireland as a royal residence. In 1843 it was the scene of a large ma -meeting in favor of repeal of the Union. IMG:content-1093.png:[blocks in formation] Tarahumar (tä-rä-hö-mär'). [Adapted from words signifying 'foot-racers, in allusion to their custom of kicking a ball in racing.] A division of the Piman stock of North American Indians, embracing the Tarahumar, Varohio, Guazapar, Pachera, and Tubar tribes. Its habitat embraces the head waters of the principal streams in the Sierra Madre of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. The names of nearly all their settlements terminate in the locative form chic . Number, estimated, 15,000. See Piman . Tarai (tä-ri'). ['Moist land.'] 1. A region in India, at the foot of the Himalaya.-2. A small Tarbat Ne district in the Northwest Provinces, British India, near the Himalaya. Tarancón (tä-rän-kōn'). A town in the province of Cuenca, Spain, situated near the Riánsares 46 miles southeast of Madrid. Population (1887), 5,066. Taranto (tä-rän'tō). A seaport in the province of Lecce, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Taranto, and the Mare Piccolo, in lat. 40° 25′ N., long. 17o 12′ E.: the ancient Tarentum or Taras. It has considerable commerce and fisheries. The chief building is the castle. (For history, see Tarentum .) Population (1881), 25,246; commune, 33,942. Taranto, Duke of. See Mac donald. Taranto, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterranean, on the southern coast of Italy: the ancient Tar ent in us Sinus. It separates the so-called "heel" of the peninsula from the "toe,” projecting into the "foot" about 85 miles. Tarapacá (tä-rä-pä-kä'). 1. A maritime province of Chile, situated west of Bolivia and south of Tacna: noted for its rich nitrate deposits. Capital, Iquique. It was seized by the Chileans in 1879, and was ceded by Peru to Chile in 1883. Area, 19,300 square miles. Population (1894), 48,638. 2. A small town, the former capital of Tarapacá, situated in lat. 20° 3′ S., long. 69° 58′ W. On Nov. 27, 1879, a Peruvian Bolivian force defeated the Chileans near this place. Tarare (tä-rär'). A town in the department of Rhône, France, situated on the Turdine 22 miles northwest of Lyons. It is the center of a large manufacturing region, turning out silk plush, velvet, em broidery, dyes, muslin, etc.; and has considerable trade. Population (1891), commune, 12,387. Taras. See Tarentum . Taras Bulba (tä-räs' böl'bä). A tale of the Co acks, by Gogol. It appeared in its first form in the "Evenings at the Farm," but was rewritten and republished. Taras Bulba is a type of one of those fighting Co ack chiefs who played an important part in the history of Poland, and later in the history of Ru ia. Tarascans. See Tarascos . Tarascon (tä-räs-kôn'). A town in the department of Ariège, France, on the Ariège 5 miles south of Foix. It has manufactures of iron. Population (1891), commune, 1,485. Tarascon. Atown in the department of Bouchesdu-Rhône, France, situated on the Rhone 10 miles north of Arles: the Roman Tarasco. It is connected by bridges with Beaucaire opposite. The Church of Ste. Mar the and the castle are notable. It has a festival in honor of the legendary preservation of the town from a monster (Tarasque). Population (1891), commune, 9,263. Tarascos (tä-räs'kōs), or Tarascans (tä-räs'kanz). An Indian race of Mexico, formerly a powerful nation which occupied the territory now included in the state of Michoacan. Accord. ing to tradition they came from the north about the time of the Aztec migration, establishing their capital at Tzintzontzan on the Lake of Patzcuaro. Their language was entirely distinct from the Nahuatl, forming in itself a lin. guistic stock. They were quite as far advanced in civilization as the Aztecs, building temples and houses of cut stone, weaving cotton for clothing, and using a very com plete defensive armor in war their calendar was similar writing, no specimen of which has been preserved. Hu that of the Mexicans, they had form of picture man sacrifices were made to their gods and at funerals. Their chief deity was Curicaneri, said to have symbolized the sun. Their chiefs (called kings by the Spaniards) were elected and had considerable power. The Tarascos were frequently at war with the Aztecs, and were never conquered by them. They submitted without resistance to the Spaniards; but, notwithstanding this, Nuño de Guzman tortured and killed their last king, Tangaxoan. Under Hidalgo they were the first to revolt against the Spaniards in 1810, thus opening the war for independence, in which they fought bravely. About 275,000 Tarascos survive, principally in Michoacan, with outlying villages in Guerrero and Jalisco. Tarasp-Schuls (tä-räsp'shöls"). A health-resort and watering-place in the Lower Engadine, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situated on the Inn 36 miles east of Coire. It has mineral IMG:content-1094.png:[blocks in formation] struct i on. Tarazed (tar'a-zed). [Ar. shahîn tárázed , the soaring falcon, which is the Persian name for the constellation Aquila.) The third-magnitude star y Aquile. Tarazona (tä-rä-thō'nä). A town in the province of Sarago a, Spain, situated on the Queiles 43 miles northwest of Sarago a. Population (1887), 8,538. Tar bag at a i (tär-bä-gä-ti'). A range of mountains in Asiatic Ru ia and on the borders of Ili (in the Chinese empire), about lat. 47°-48° N. Height, about 10,000 feet. Tarbat Ne (tär'bat nes). A cape on the east ern coast of Scotland, between Moray Firth and Dornoch Firth. Tarbelli a) Tarbelli (tär-bel'i). In ancient history, a people living in the southwestern extremity of A quit an i a, in Gaul. Tarbert (tärʼbėrt), West Loch. An inlet of the ocean, on the western coast of Argylls hire, Scotland, north of Kintyre. There are also two lochs (West Loch Tarbert and East Loch Tarbert) on the west and east coasts of Harris, He brides. Tarbes (tärb). The capital of the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, France, situated on the Adour in lat. 43° 14′ N., long. 0° 5′ E. It has manufactures of paper, flax, woolens, machinery, etc. The principal buildings are the cathedral and the museum. Its Jardin Ma ey is notable. It was the capital of the old county of Bigorre; was in the po e ion of the English about 1360-1406; and suffered severely in the Huguenot wars. Near it the British defeated the French in 1814. Population (1891), 25,087. Tarbox (tär boks), Increase Niles. Born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 11, 1815: died at Newton, Ma ., May 3, 1888. An American Congregational clergyman, and historical and miscellaneous writer: secretary of the American College and Education Society. He wrote "Nineveh" (1864), "Tyre and Alexandria" (1865), "Life of Israel Putnam" (1876), "Sir Walter Raleigh and his Colony in America" (1884), "Songs and Hymns for Common Life' (1885), etc. Tarentaise (tä-roń-tāz'). A district in the department of Savoie, France, in the upper valley of the Isère. It is mountainous and pictur esque. Tarentaise Alps. A part of the Graian Alpsin Tarentaise, southeastern France. The highest point is the Grande-Ca e (12,665 feet). Tar ent in us Sinus (tar-en-ti'nus sī'nus). The ancient name of the Gulf of Taranto. 25 Tarentum (ta-ren'tum). The ancient and medieval name of Taranto (which see), in southern Italy. It was colonized by Sparta about 705 B. C.; became the leading city of Magna Græcia, and noted for wealth and luxury; was at war with the Lucanians, etc., in the 4th century, and with Rome in 281, aided by Pyrrhus; was taken by Rome in 272; was taken by Hannibal in 212 (except the citadel); was retaken by Fabius in 209; and received a Roman colony in 123. In the middle ages it pa ed to the Goths, Lombards, Saracens, and Byzantine Greeks, and in 1063 to the Normans under Robert Guiscard. Targovitz (tär'go-vits), or Targovitza (tär-gov it'sä). A small town in the government of Kieff, Ru ia, about 120 miles south of Kieff. Targovitz, Confederation of. A union of certain Polish nobles, formed at Targovitz in 1792, in opposition to the constitution of 1791.