Ivan III

in 1474; and has important commerce and manufactures of sacred pictures. Population (1894), 17,446. Rostoff. A city in the government of Yekaterinoslaff, situated on the Don about lat. 47° 16′ N., long. 39° 43′ Ε. It was built in the 18th century, is an important distributing center for the grain and other agricultural products of southern Ru ia. Population (1893), 81,935. Rostoptchin (ros-top'chin), Count Feodor. Born in the government of Orel, Ru ia, March 23, 1765: died at Moscow, Feb. 12, 1826. A Ru ian politician, general, and writer: governor of Moscow at the time of the French in vasion in 1812. He is believed to have ordered the burning of Moscow. He published memoirs, etc. Roswitha (ros'vē-tä), or Hrotswitha (hrots' vē-tä), or Hrosvitha (hros'vē-tä): properly Hrotsuit (hrot's vit). Born about 935: died probably about 1000. A German poet and chronicler: a nun in the Benedictine nunnery of Gandersheim, Brunswick. She wrote poetical chronicles of Otto I., etc., and six Latin comedies for the entertainment of the sisterhood. Her works were edited by Konrad Celtes in 1501. Rota (ro'tä), or Rata (rä'tä). One of the La drone Islands, Pacific Ocean, situated in lat. 14° 7' N., long. 145° 13′ Ε. Rota or Coffee Club, The. A London political club, founded in 1659 as a kind of debating society for the di emination of republican opinions. It met in New Palace Yard "at one Miles's, where was made purposely a large ovall table with a pa age in the middle for Miles to deliver his coffee." The club was broken up after the Restoration. Timbs . Rotanev (rot'a-nev). [L. venator , with the letters reversed.] A name a igned in the Palermo catalogue to the fourth-magnitude double star 3 Delphin i, by the Italian astronomer Niccolo Cacciatore, the Latinized form of whose name is Nicol a us Venator. The origin of the name was long a puzzle, until the trick was detected by Webb. Compare Svalocin . Roth (rot), Justus Ludwig Adolf. Born at Hamburg, Sept. 15, 1818: died at Berlin, April 1, 1892. A noted German geologist and mineralogist, profe or at Berlin from 1867. Roth, Rudolf von. Born April 3, 1821: died June 22, 1895. A noted German Orientalist, profe or at Tübingen from 1848 (ordinary profe or 1856). His chief work is a "Sanskrit Wörterbuch" ("Sanskrit Dictionary," 1853-75, with Böhtlingk). Among his other works are "Zur Litteratur und Geschichte des Veda" (1846), an edition of the Atharva veda (with Whitney, 1856-57), etc. Rothaargebirge (rot här-ge-ber"ge), or Rotla gergebirge (rot'lä-ger-ge-bēr"ge). A mountain-range in the southern part of the province of Westphalia, Pru ia. Height, about 2,500 feet. Rothe (rõ'te), Richard. Born at Posen, Pru ia, Jan. 28, 1799: died at Heidelberg, Aug. 20, Rothenburg ob der Tauber (rõ'ten-börg ob der ria, situated near the Tauber 41 miles west of Rouen Africa, settled in the low plain of the upper Zambesi valley, which is periodically flooded, and hence fertile but unhealthy. The kingdom of the Barotse extends far beyond the tribal boundaries. By a revolution the Barotse exterminated, in 1865, their conquerors the Makololo, but retained the language of these and the dominion over neighboring tribes. These tributary tribes are the Manana Malaya, Masubia, Matotela, Manchoia, Mambunda, Balibale, and Mahe. The kings and was formerly a free imperial city. It took part in the of influence, but was still independent in 1894. Franc on i an League and in the Peasants' War, and suffered Rottee. See Rotti . Rother ham (roTH'er-am). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Don 6 miles northeast of Sheffield. It has extensive manufactures. Population (1891), 42,050. Rother hi the (row'er-hith), or Redriff (red' rif). ['Cattle-port.'] A district of London, situated in Surrey, on the right bank of the Thames, 2 miles east-southeast of St. Paul's. It is the terminus of the Thames tunnel. Rother mel (roth'er-mel), Peter Frederick. Forest circle, Würtemberg, situated on the Neckar 24 miles south-southwest of Stuttgart. Population (1890), 6,912. Rotten Row (rot'n ro). [From F. Route du Roi , the king's way.] A fashionable thoroughfare for equestrians, in Hyde Park, London, extending west from Hyde Park Corner for 14 miles. "The old royal route from the palace of the Plantage net kings at Westminster to the royal hunting forests was by what are now called 'Birdcage Walk,' 'Constitution Hall,' and 'Rotten Row'; and this road was kept sacred to royalty, the only other person allowed to use it being American historical painter. He visited Europe in 1856-59, and has since lived in Philadelphia, where he is an a ociate of the Pennsylvania Academy. Many of his pictures have been engraved. Among them are "De Soto discovering the Mi i ippi" (1844), "Patrick Henry before the Virginia House of Burge es," "Battle of Gettysburg" (1871). Rotherthurmpa (rō'ter-törm'päs'). [G., 'red tower pa . A pa in the Transylvanian Car path i ans, on the borders of Transylvaniaand Wall a chia, situated in the valley of the Aluta south of Hermannstadt. It was the scene of defeats of the Turks by the Hungarians in 1442 and 1493. The Ru ian invaders pa ed through it in 1849. Rothesay (roth'sa). A royal burgh, capital of the county of Bute, Scotland, situated on the island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, 30 miles west of Glasgow. It is a watering-place and health resort; has important fish erics; and contains a ruined castle. Population (1891), 9,034. Rothesay, Duke of. See Stewart , David. Rothorn, or Rothhorn (rot'horn). [G., 'red horn.'] The name of several summits in the Alps of Bern, Valais, the Grisons, etc. Rothschild (G. pron. rot's hilt; commonly E. rothschild). [Said to be from the sign of the house in Frankfort-"zum rothen Schilde," 'at the Red Shield.'] A celebrated Jewish banking-house at Frankfort-on-the-Main, founded in the latter half of the 18th century by Mayer Anselm Rothschild. Mayer Anselm died in 1812, leaving five sons, all of whom were created barons of the Austrian empire in 1822. The eldest, Anselm Mayer (1773-1855), succeeded as head of the firm. Solomon (1774-1855) established a branch at Vienna; Nathan Mayer (1777-1836), a branch at London (1798); Charles Mayer (1788-1855), a branch at Naples (discontinued about 1861); and Jakob (James) (1792-1868), a branch at Paris. Nathan Mayer was succeeded by his son Lionel Nathan (1808-79) as head of the London branch: the present head is Lionel's son Nathaniel Mayer (born in 1840: raised to the peerage as Baron Rothschild in 1885). Rothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan. Born Nov. 22, 1808: died June 3, 1879. An English banker and politician, of Hebrew birth: son of N. M. Rothschild. He was several times elected a member of Falconer of England." Hare , London, II. 107. Rotter dam (rot'er-dam; D. pron.rot-ter-däm'). [From the river Rotte.] A city and seaport in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, situated at the junction of the Rotte with the Nieuwe Maas (or New Meuse), in lat. 51° 55′ N., long. 4° 29′ E. It is the second seaport of the country and the second city in population; and has extensive sea commerce and river traffic with Belgium, Germany, etc. Its trade in colonial products is very large. It is the terminus of a steamship line to New York; and has ship building industries and manufactures of machinery, sugar, tobacco, etc. It consists of an outer and an inner city. Among the objects of interest are Boyman's Museum, the quays, Church of St. Lawrence, Bourse, etc. The town was burned in 1563, and was taken by the Spaniards in 1572. It has developed rapidly in the 19th century. Population (1894), 228,597 Rotti, or Rottee (rot'te). One of the smaller islands of the Dutch East Indies, situated southwest of Timor. Rottweil (rot'vil). Atown in the Black Forest circle, Würtemberg, situated on the Neckar 50 miles southwest of Stuttgart: formerly a free imperial city. Population (1890), 6,912. Rotumah (ro-tömä). A small island in the South Pacific, belonging to the British, situated in lat. 12° 30′ S., long. 177° 5' E., north of the Fiji Islands, of which it is a dependency. It was annexed by the British in 1880. Rouavie (rö-ä-re'), Marquis de la (Armand Teffin). Born near Rennes, France, 1756: died near Lamballe, France, Jan. 30, 1793. A French officer. He served in the American Revolutionary War 1777-82; and was a royalist agitator in Britt any 1791-93. Roubaix (rö-bā'). A city in the department of It is Nord, France, 5 miles northeast of Lille. a leading industrial center. The principal manufactures are woolen, cotton, silk, dyes, etc. It has developed notably in the 19th century. Population (1891), 114,917. Roubillac (rö-be-yäk'), Louis François. Born at Lyons, 1695: died at London, Jan. 11, 1762. A French sculptor (known in England under the name Roubiliac), a pupil of Balthazar in Dresden and of Nicholas Coustou in Paris. In 1730 he won the second grand prix in sculpture. In 1744 he went to England, and was a protégé of the Walpole family. In 1745 he went to Rome. On his return to England he executed a number of monuments in the great churches. His chief works are the statue of Handel at Vauxhall; the monument to Duke John of Argyll in West Parliament for London, but did not take his seat before 1858, when the Parliamentary oath was modified by omit. ting the words obnoxious to his faith. Rothschild, Anselm Mayer. Born at Frank- fort-on-the-Main, 1743: died at Frankfort, Sept. 19, 1812. A German-Jewish banker, founder of minster Abbey, which Canova called the best work in Eng- the house of the Rothschilds. He became a banker at Frankfort, and in 1801 was appointed agent to the Landgrave (subsequently Elector) of He e-Ca el. He preserved the elector's private fortune, which was intrusted to him during the invasion of the French in 1806, and was in gratitude allowed the free use of it for a time, which enabled him to lay the foundation of his wealth. Rothschild, Baron Nathan Mayer. Born Sept. 16, 1777: died July 28, 1836. The founder of the English branch of the house of Rothschild, third son of Mayer Anselm Rothschild. About 1800 he went to Manchester to buy goods for his father. In 1805 he settled in London. He became the financial agent of nearly every civilized government. Rothwell (roth'wel). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 4 miles southeast of Leeds. Population (1891), 6,205. Rotrou (rō-trö'), Jean de. Born at Dreux, France, Aug. 21, 1609: died there, June 28, 1650. A French dramatist. His tragedies and come land; the statue of Shakspere for David Garrick, now in the British Museum; the monument of the Duke and Duche of Montagu at Bought on; etc. Roucouennes (rö-kö-enz'). [From roucou , arnotto, with which they paint themselves.] Indians of the Carib stock in the southern part of French Guiana. They are probably remnants of the true Caribs or Galibis, which have been driven from the coast and have retained their independence in the in ish. He formed, with Corneille, Colletet, Bois robert, and L'Etoile, the band of Richelieu's "five poets," who composed tragedies jointly on the cardinal's plans. Among his best works are the tragedies "Saint-Genest" (1646), "Venceslas" (1647), "Cosroës" (1649). Rotse (rot'se), or Barotse (bä-rot'se): also called Marutse. A Bantu tribe of Central terior. notable. The transepts po e fine rose-windows and admirable sculpture in profusion about their rich gabled portals. The central spire, of iron, 500 feet high, replaces an old one destroyed by lightning. The arches of the nave are subdivided into 2 tiers below the triforium-gallery: the choir is remarkable for its lightne ; and there are admirable Renai ance tombs of the Duc de Brézé Rouen and Cardinal d'Amboise, and much rich 13th-century gla . The length of the cathedral is 447 feet; the height of the nave, 92. The abbey church of St. Ouen, a celebrated monument of great size and harmony of design, was built in the 14th and 15th centuries, except the façade, which was finished only recently in a somewhat earlier style than the remainder. The central lantern is as famous for grace and lightne as that of Burgos. Other beauties are the porch of the south transept and the admirable grouping of the apse and radiating chapels. The interior is very light and effective, the wall-spaces being reduced to a minimum. The length is 453 feet; the height of the nave, 106. Other objects of interest are the churches of St. Maclou, of St. Vincent, of St. Godard, and of St. Patrice, Palais de Justice, industrial and commercial museum, Corneille's house, library, musée, Hôtel du Bourgthéroulde, Hôtel de Ville, an IMG:content-0852.png:[ocr errors] are schools of theology, medicine, and agriculture. The city was the birthplace of Pierre and Thomas Corneille and of Boieldieu. It was the capital of Lugdunensis II.; became the seat of a bishopric about 300; and was several times sacked by the Normans, who finally settled there and made it the capital of Normandy. Arthur of Britt any is said to have been murdered at Rouen. It was taken by Philip II. in 1204; was taken by Henry V. of England in 1419, and recovered by the French in 1449; was the scene of the burn inginerin the genuery of Joan of Arc 1431; suffered Huguenot wars; the Germans Dec., 1870. Population (1891), 112,352. Rouergue (rö-arg'). An ancient territory of southern France, in the government of Guienne and Gascony, corresponding mainly to the department of Aveyron. It was a county in the middle ages, and was united to the crown in 1525. Rougé (rö-zhā'), Vicomte Olivier Charles Camille Emanuel de. Born at Paris, April 11, 1811: died at his Château Bois-Dauphin, Dec. 31, 1872. A celebrated French Egypt ologist, profe or of archæology at the Collège de France. He is best known from his discovery of the prototypes of the Semitic alphabet in the early Egyptian hieratic. The entire glory of this discovery is due to the genius of a French Egypt ologist, Emanuel de Rougé. The first account of his investigations was given in a paper read before the Académie des Inscriptions in the year 1859. A meagre summary of his results was published at the time in the "Comptes rend us," but by some mischance the MS. itself was lost, and has never been recovered. M. de Rougé's intention of rewriting the whole e ay was unfortunately never carried out. After his death the rough draft of the original memoir was found among his papers, pleted, and given to the world by the filial piety of M. Jacques de Rouge, the worthy son of a worthy father. and, at last, after a delay of fifteen years, was edited, com epoch-making work-the first attempt treat the problem in the modern scientific method - may be said to have made po ible, at last, a History of the Alphabet. Taylor , The Alphabet, I. 89. Rougemont (F. pron. rözh-môn') Castle. A castle in Exeter, England, founded by William the Conqueror. (1859), "Lou Mège de Cucugnan" (1863), "Li Conte pro- vençau li cascareleto" with a French translation (1884), "Le Campano Mount a do," etc. Roumelia. See Rumelia . Round heads (round'hedz). In English history, the members of the Parliamentarian or Puritan party during the civil war. They were so called op- probriously by the Royalists or Cavaliers, in allusion to the Puritans' custom of wearing their hair closely cut, while the Cavaliers usually wore theirs in ringlets. The Round heads were one of the two great parties in English politics first formed about 1641, and continued under the succeeding names of Whigs and Liberals, as opposed to the Cavaliers, Tories, and Conservatives respectively. Round heads, The. A comedy by Mrs. Aphra Behn, produced in 1682. Round Table, The. In Arthur i an legend, a table made by Merlin for Uther Pendragon, who gave it to the father of Guinevere, from whom Arthur received it with 100 knights as a wed- ding gift. The table would seat 150 knights. One seat was called the siege or seat perilous because it was death to any knight to sit upon it unle he were the knight whose achievement Holy Grail certain. The Order of the Round Table was an institution founded by King Arthur at the advice of Merlin. It was originally military, but it ultimately became a military and theocratic rganization. The romances of the grail and of the Round latter before 1155, but between 1155 and 1200 several books were collectively called "Romances of the Round Table." Among the poetic and prose compositions belonging to this cycle are "Parzifal und Titurel" (German), "Perceval" (French), "Morte Arthur" (English and French), "Lance lot du Lac" (French), "Tristan" (French), "Life of Merlin" (French and English), "Quest of the Holy Grail" (French and English), "Perce forest" (French), "Meliadus" and "Guiron le Cour to is" (French).