Hindoos

See Hindus. Hinduism (hin'dö-izm). A term used to designate the aggregate of the religious beliefs and practices developed in modern times from the earlier Brahmanism. Hinduism subordinates the worship of the purely spiritual Brahman (nom. Brahma ) (see Brahma), with its first manifestation Brahma (brahmā), to that of Shiva and Vishnu, or of their wives, or of some form of these deities, while each sect exalts its own god to the place of the Supreme. The Puranas (which see) are its Bible. Hindu Kush (hin'dö kösh). A range of mountains situated mainly in Afghanistan and Kafirding IMG:content-0593.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0594.png:[ocr errors] often identified with the ancient Paropamisus. It is a western continuation of the Himalaya range. Highest point, over 24,000 feet. Hindur (hin-dör'). A native state in the Panjab, India, intersected by lat. 31° N. N., long. 76° 45′ E. Hindus (hin'döz), or Hindoos. The native race in India descended from the Aryan conquerors. Their purest representatives belong to the two great his toric castes of Brahmans and Rajputs. Many of the nonAry an inhabitants of India have been largely Hinduized. The Hindus speak various dialects derived from Sanskrit, as Hindi, Hindu stan i, Bengali, Marathi, etc. More loosely, the name includes also the non-Aryan inhabitants of India. Hindu stan (hin-dö-stän'), or Hindostan (hin do-stän'), or In do stan (in-do-stän'). The land of the Hindus; the central peninsula of Asia, or, in a more restricted sense, that portion north of the Vindhya Mountains, or even the in valley of the upper e upper Ganges. See India . Hindu stan i(hin-dö-stan'e). One of the languages of Hindu stan, a form of Hindi which grew up the camps of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, since the 11th century, as a medium of communication between them and the subject population of central Hindu stan. It is more corrupted in form than Hindi, and abounds with Persian and Arabic words. It is the official language and means of general intercourse throughout nearly the whole pen in. sula. Also called Urdu . Hing an ghat (hin-gan-gât'). A small town in the Wardha district, Central Provinces, British India, situated in lat. 20° 34′ N., long. 78° 52′ E. Hingham (hing'am). A town in Plymouth County, Ma achusetts, situated on Boston harbor 12 miles southeast of Boston. Population (1900), 5,059. Hinnom (hin'om), The Valley of. See Gehenna . Hinojosa (e-nō-Hō'sä), Pedro de. Born at Trujillo about 1490: died at Chuquisaca, Upper Peru, May 6, 1553. A Spanish soldier. He was a follower of Pizarro in Peru; fought against the Almagros in 1538 and 1542; followed the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro in 1545; and as captain of his ships took Panama and Nombre de Dios. Gasca induced Hinojosa to desert to the royal side with his whole fleet (Nov. 19, 1546), and this defection insured the defeat of the rebellion. Gasca gave him the command of his army, and subsequently he was made governor of Charcas, where he received rich grants. He was murdered there by conspirators. Hinojosa del Duque (del döʻkā). Atown in the province of Cordova, Spain, 43 miles north northwest of Cordova. Population (1887), 9,470. Hinterland (hinter-land; G. pron. hinterlänt). [G., 'back-land.] A German term used specifically for regions in Africa inland from the European coast po e ions: as, the British "Hinterland" of the Gold Coast, or the German "Hinterland" of Kamerun. Hinter Rhein (hin'terrin). [G., 'Back Rhine.'] A river in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, uniting with the Vorder Rhein to form the Rhine at Reichenau. Hinton (hin' ton), James. Born at Reading in 1822: died Dec. 16, 1875. An English physician and philosophical writer. He was apprenticed to a clothier at London in 1838; became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1847; began the practice of medicine at London in 1850; and was lecturer on aural surgery at Guy's Hospital 1863-74, when he abandoned medicine to devote himself to philosophical studies. Among his works are "Man and his Dwelling-Place" (1859), "The Mystery of Pain " (1866), and “The Place of the Physician" (1873). He edited "Physiology for Practical Use" (1874). Hinton (hint on), John Howard. Born at Oxford, England, March 24, 1791: died at Bristol, England, Dec. 17, 1873. An English Baptist clergyman and author. He had charge of Devons hire Square Chapel, Bishops gate street, London, 1837-63. He wrote "Theology, or an Attempt towards a Consistent View of the whole Counsel of God" (1827), "The Work of the Holy Spirit in Conversion Considered" (1830), "Memoir of John Howard Hinton" (1835), etc.; and edited "The His tory and Topography of the United States" (1830-32). Hiogo (he-ō'go). A seaport in the main island of Japan, situated in lat. 34° 40′ N., long. 135° 12' E. It is one of the chief commercial places of Japan, opened to European commerce in 1868. Population, with Kobe (1890), 136,968. Hiouen-Tsang (he-wen'tsäng'). A Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited 110 countries and places in India 629-645 A. D. Of the two works relating to his travels, neither was written by himself. The principal feature, composed by two of his pupils, Hoei-li and Yen-Tsong; the second ("Memoirs of the Countries of the West") was edited by Pien-ki. These works, translated into French by Julien, are an invaluable source for the his tory of the times. Hiouen-Tsang is said to have translated from Sanskrit into Chinese 657 works. a bibliographical notice, in which his travels form a Hipparch us (hi-pärʼkus). [Gr. Ἵππαρχος .] Died at Athens, 514 B. c. A tyrant of Athens, son of Pis i stratus. He reigned in conjunction with his brother Hippias from 527 to 514, when he was slain by Harmodius and Aristo git on. See Harmodius . Hipparch us. Born at Nicea, Bithynia: lived about 160-125 в. с. A celebrated Greek astronomer, the founder of scientific astronomy. He catalogued the stars, invented the planisphere, and made a number of most important discoveries, including the eccentricity of the solar orbit, some of the inequalities of the moon's motion, the prece ion of the equinoxes, etc. Hippel (hip'pel), The odor Gottlieb von. Born at Gerdauen, East Pru ia, Jan. 31, 1741: died at Königsberg, Pru ia, April 23, 1796. A German humorist. His works include "Über die Ehe" ("On Marriage," 1774), "Lebensläufe nach auf ste i gender Linie" ("Careers according to an Ascending Line," 1778-81), etc. His collected works were published 1827-38. Hippias (hip'i-as). [Gr. Ἱππίας.] Died about 490 в. с. A son of Pis i stratus, whom he succeeded as tyrant of Athens (jointly with Hipparehus) in 527. He was sole ruler from 514, and was expelled in 510. Hippo, or Hippo Regius (hip'ō rē'ji-us). [Gr. Ιππών βασιλικός .] In ancient geography, a city of Numidia, near the site of the modern Bona. Augustine was bishop of Hippo. It was burned by the Vandals in 430. Hippo crates (hi-pok'ra-tez). [Gr. Ιπποκράτης . ] Born in the island of Cos about 460 в. C.: died at Lari a, The aly, about 377. A famous Greek physician, surnamed “the Father of Medicine." The 87 treatises forming the so-called "Hippocratic Collection" have been edited by Kühn 1826-27, by Ermerins 1859-65, and by Littré 1839-61 (with translation). See the extract. The life of Hippo crates is shrouded in a strange mist, considering the extraordinary celebrity of the man. In the biographies which remain to us, the following facts seem worthy of record. A certain Soranus of Kos, other wise unknown, is said to have made special researches among the records of the Asclepiad guild, in which Hippo crates was set down as the seventeenth in descent from the god Asclepios, and born on the 26th of the month Agrianus, in the year 460 B. C. The inhabitants were still offering him the honours of a hero. He seems to have traveled about a good deal, particularly in the countries around the northern Ægean, and to have died at an advanced age, at Lari a in The aly, leaving two sons, The alus and Drakon. Many of his descendants and followers in the school of Kos were called after him - Suidas enumerates seven in all-so that this additional uncertainty of authorship attaches to his alleged writings. The many statues of him agreed in representing him with his head covered, a peculiarity which excited many basele and some absurd conjectures. Abstracting carefully from the numerous Hippo crates mentioned in contemporary Attic literature, there are two undoubted references to the great physician of Kos in Plato, and one in Aris toph anes, which the epoch a igned to him biographies. He is said to have been instructed by Her odic us of Selymbria, and Gorgias of Leontini, a legend arising merely from the confusing of this Her odic us with another physician who happened to be the brother of Gorgias. There is no vestige of either Her odic us' practice or Gorgias' rhetoric in the ex tant treatises; but Hippo crates a uredly, like Pericles, Hiram trained himself for a large knowledge of his special pursuit by a familiarity with the metaphysic of the day. His alleged study of the great plague at Athens is not corroborated by a comparison with Thucydides' account. The works pronounced genuine by Littré in the large collection of Hippocratic writings which still survive are these: the treatises on "Ancient Medicine," on "Prognosis (which includes our diagnosis in the largest sense), the "Epidemics" (i. and iii.), the "Treatment of Acute Diseases," the tracts on joints, fractures, and surgical instru ments applied to them, on head wounds, and the "Oath" and "Law" of the guild.