Owego (ō-we'gō)

The capital of Tioga County, all other proper times. These communities might be established by individuals, by parishes, by counties, or by the state; in every case there be effective supervision by duly qualified persons. Work, and the enjoyment of its results, should be in common. The size of his community was no doubt partly suggested by his village of New Lanark; and he soon proceeded to advocate such a scheme as the best form for the reorganization of society in general. Thomas Kirkup , in Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 87. Owen, Robert Dale. Born at Glasgow, Nov. 9, 1801: died near Lake George, N. Y., June 17, 1877. An American social reformer, politician, spiritualist, and author: son of Robert Owen. He was member of Congre from Indiana 1843-47, and was noted as an advocate of negro emancipation. Among his works are "Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World" (1859), "The Debatable Land between this World and the Next" (1872), "Threading My Way" (1874), etc. Owen Meredith (ō'en mer'e-dith). The pseudonym of the first Earl of Lytton. Owens (ō'enz), John Edmond. Born at Liverpool, April 2, 1823: died near Towson, Baltimore County, Maryland, Dec. 7, 1886. An American comedian and manager. He was brought to America when a child, and made his first appearance in Philadelphia in 1841. He rose rapidly in his profe ion, and in 1864 produced "Solon Shingle" at Wallack's, New York, which held the boards for eight or nine months. He was very popular, and made a large fortune, expending part of it in building a country house, Aigburth Vale, near Baltimore, in which he died. His best parts were Solon Shingle, Caleb Plummer, Dr. Ollapod, Dr. Panglo , and Aminadab Sleek. Owensboro (o'enz-bur-ō). A city, capital of Davie County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio 80 miles west-southwest of Louisville. Population (1900), 13.189. Owens (ō'enz) College. An institution of higher learning, situated at Manchester, England. It Oxenden (ok's en-den), Ashton. Born near Canterbury, England, Sept. 28, 1808: died at Biarritz, France, Feb. 22, 1892. An Anglican bishop and baronet, a religious writer: bishop of Montreal, metropolitan and primate of Canada 1869-78. Oxenstierna, or Oxenstjerna (oks'en-shar-nä), or Oxenstiern (oks'en-stērn), Count Axel. Born at Fånö, Upland, Sweden, June 16, 1583: died at Stockholm, Aug. 28, 1654. A celebrated Swedish statesman. He became chancellor in 1611; in the Thirty Years' War held supreme control in the Rhine region; directed the foreign policy of Sweden after 1632; was made director of the Evangelical League 1633; was one of the guardians of Queen Christina; and negotiated the peace of Brömsebro in 1645. Oxford (oks'ford), or Oxfords hire (oks'fordshir), or Oxon (ok'zon). [ME. Oxeford , Oxen ford, Oxeneford , AS. Oxnaford , Oxen a ford , Oxопа ford , oxen's ford. The ML. Oxonia (E. Oxon ) is formed from the first element of the AS.name.] A south midland county of England. It is bounded by Warwick and North amp ton on the north, Bucking ham on the east, Berks hire on the south, and Berks hire and Gloucester on the west, and is separated from Berks hire by the Thames. The surface is varied, but in the north flat. The county was long noted for its forests. The chief occираtion is agriculture. Area, 756 square miles. Population (1891), 185,669. Oxford. The capital of Oxfords hire, England, situated at the junction of the Cher well with the Thames, in lat. 51°45′ N., long. 1°16′ W.: the medieval Oxen a ford and Oxenford, and Latin Oxonia. It is chiefly noted as the seat of Oxford University. The Cathedral of Christ Church is in the main alate-Norman building with round-arched nave and choir. The nave has a wooden-roof; the choir is vaulted with pendants. There are a number of interesting tombs, and some fine gla , both medieval and modern. The upper stage of the central tower is Early English, finely arcaded; there is a chapterhouse of the same date, and a Perpendicular cloister. The authentic annals of Oxford begin in 912, when it was annexed by Edward the Elder, king of the West Saxons. It was a place of strategical importance and one of the political centers in the middle ages: it was a meeting-place of the witenagemot. Harold Harefoot was proclaimed king there in 1036, and died there in 1040. The population in the time of Edward the Confe or is estimated at 3,000 in 1086 it was only 1,700. The castle was besieged by Stephen in 1141-42, Matilda escaping then over the frozen river. The city was the Royalist headquarters in the civil war. It was taken by Parliamentarians under Fairfax in 1646. Population (1891), 45,741. Oxford, Earl of. See Harley , Robert. Oxford, Provisions of. In English history, a set of articles pa ed by the "Mad Parliament" at Oxford in 1258. They provided for a committee of twenty-four to redre grievances in church and state; for standing body of fifteen, as a council to the king, who should hold three annual parliaments and communicate was founded by John Owens in 1846, and opened in 1851. Since 1880 it has been a college of the Victoria University. with a body of twelve representing the barons; and for a body of twenty-four members to negotiate financial aids. IMG:content-0872.jpg:[blocks in formation] Times." The members of the party were also called Tractarians and Puseyites . Oxford street. The principal commercial thoroughfare between the northwest of London and the City. It was formerly called Tyburn Road, and as late as 1729 was built up only on its northern side. It extends from Holborn to the Marble Arch, and contains many of the most important shops in London. Oxford Tracts. See Tracts for the Times . Oxford, University of. The older of the two great universities of England. It grew up in the 12th century, Robert Pullen and the Lombard Vacarius being early teachers of note. It contains the following colleges: University (founded in 1249), Merton (1264), liol (between 1263 and 1268), Exeter (1314 and 1565), Oriel (1324 and 1326), Queen's (1340), New (1379), Lincoln (1427 and 1478), All Souls (1437), Magdalen (1458), Brasenose (1509), Corpus Christ i (1516), Christ Church (1546), Trinity (1554), St. John's (1555), Jesus (1571), Wadham (1612), Pembroke (1624), Worcester (1714), Keble (1870), Hertford (1874). Oxon. See Oxford . university are the Bodleian Library (which see), Radcliffe Library, Ashmolean Museum, Clarendon Pre , Taylor Institution, University Observatory, University Museum, Botanic Garden, and Indian Institute. University sermons are mostly preached at St. Mary's Church, a fine old building (of the 15th and 16th centuries) in High street, which has always been closely connected with the university. The three governing bodies are the Convocation, which includes all who continue members of the university; the Congregation of the University, consisting of the resident members; and the Hebdomadal Council, consisting of the chancellor, vice-chancellor, proctors, and 18 elected members. The undergraduates numbered 3,412 in 1898. Oxford Movement. A name sometimes given to a movement in the Church of England toward High-church principles, as against the tendency toward liberalism and rationalism: so called from the fact that it originated in the University Oxford School. A name given to that party of the Church of England which adopted the prin ciples promulgated in the "Tracts for the Oyama (ō-yä'mä). A mountain of Japan, about 100 miles northwest of Kioto. Height, 5,594 feet. Oyama (ō-yä'mä), Marshal Count. A contemporary Japanese statesman, minister of war in 1894. He won recognition by his valor in the civil war of southern Japan in 1877. He led the second invasion of Chinese soil in the Chino-Japanese war. Being in command of the second corps after the Chinese defeat in Korea, he sailed for the Liau-tung peninsula in Oct., 1894, and struck the final blows of the conflict, capturing the great Chinese strongholds of Port Arthur and Wei- Ito. hai-wei, in conjunction with a naval force under Admiral Oybin (ō-e-ben'). A remarkable isolated rock, situated near Zittau, in the kingdom of Saxony. Height above sea-level, 1,600 feet. Oyique (o-ye'ke). [Tehua, from oyi , frost.] IMG:content-0873.jpg:[blocks in formation] Oyonnax (ō-yo-nä'). A town in the department of Ain, France, 25 miles west of Geneva. Population (1891), commune, 4,461. Ozaka, or Osaka (ō-säkä). A city in the main island of Japan, situated on the Aji in lat. 34° 41' N. It is one of the three imperial cities or "fu," and the manufacturing and commercial center of Japan. It contains many Buddhist and Shinto temples, a castle, an arsenal, and a mint. It was founded in the end of the 15th century, and opened to foreign trade in 1868. Population (1891), 473,541. Ozanam (ō-zä-non'), Antoine Frédéric. Born at Milan, April, 1813: died at Marseilles, Sept. 8, 1853. A French historian. He wrote "Dante et la philosophie catholique" (1839), "Études germ a. niques" (1847-49), etc. Ozark (ō-zärk') Mountains, or Ozark Hills. A group of low mountains in southwestern Mi ouri, northwestern Arkansas, and the eastern part of the Indian Territory. Height, 1,5002,000 feet. Sa ari, Sardinia, 26 miles southeast of Sa ari. Ozieri (ō-zē-ā'rē). A town in the province of Mexico. The winter people in the Tehua pueblos of New Population (1881), 8,602. into two sections-the winter people, or Oyique, and the That tribe is divided (each village or pueblo) Ozolian Locrians. See Locri , Ozolæ . summer people. The dignity of chief penitent or cacique Ozorio, Manuel Luiz. See Osorio . IMG:content-0874.png:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] The Century Cyclopedia of Names aalzow (pält'sō), Frau (Henriette Wach). Born at Berlin, 1788: died there, Oct. 30, 1847. A German novelist. Her works include "Godwie-Castle" (1836), “St.-Roche” (1839), etc. Pabna (päb'nä). A town in Bengal, British India, on an arm of the Ganges north of Calcutta. Population, 15,000. Paca (pā'kä), William. Born at Wyehall, Harford County, Md., Oct. 31, 1740: died there, 1799. An American politician, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was governor of Maryland 1782–85. Paca guar as (pä-kä-gwäʼräs). An Indian tribe of northern Bolivia and Brazil, living about the rapids of the upper Madeira, Beni, and Mamoré. They are savages of a rather low grade, living in small villages and subsisting mainly by hunting and fishing. They have always been friendly to the whites, and dur ing the 18th century some of them were gathered into mi ion villages, which were subsequently abandoned. D'Orbigny believed that they were allied to the Mojos, but Dr. Brinton has referred their language to the Pano stock (which see). A few hundreds remain. Also written Pa cavaras , Pacauaras . Pacajas (pä-kä-zhäs'). An Indian tribe of the lower Amazon, which formerly occupied much of the mainland on both sides of the island of Marajó. They were of Tupi stock, lived in large villages, and were agriculturists. Their descendants are merged in the country population of the same region. Pacaraima (pä-kä-rī'mä), Sierra or Serra de. A range of low mountains between Venezuela on the north and Brazil on the south, extending into British Guiana. They are continuous with the Parima Range, and probably both are edges of a tableland. The highest peak is Roraima, on the confines of Guiana (about 8,500 feet). Pacasas (pä-kä-säs'). An old name for a branch of the Aymara Indians of Bolivia, on the eastern side of Lake Titicaca. See Aymaras . Pacauaras, or Pacavaras. See Paca guar as . Pacayas (pä-kä-yäs'). 1. Same as Pacajas .-2. An Indian tribe of northeastern Peru and Brazil, on the river Javary. They are apparently allied to the Pevas (see Pevas ) , and are presumably of Tupi stock. Pacca (päk'kä), Bartolommeo. Born at Ben even to, Italy, Dec. 25, 1756: died at Rome, April 19, 1844. A Roman cardinal and politician, author of various historical memoirs. Pac car it ambo (päk-kä-rē-tämʻbō). [Quichua: paccari , dawn, and tampu , house.] A cave situated a few miles south of Cuzco, Peru, in the valley of the Vilcamayu River. It was a sacred place of the Incas: according to one of their legends, Manco Capac i ued from it with three brothers. Also Pachacamac (päch-ä-kämäk). [Quichua, 'founder of the world.'] One of the names given by the ancient Peruvians to the supreme deity, otherwise called Uiracocha (which see). Pac car it ampи . Pachacamac. A town and temple of ancient Peru, on the coast, at the mouth of the river Lurin, about 20 miles south of Lima. The temple was dedicated to Pachacamac, who, in this case, had perhaps come to be regarded as a local deity. Old historians state that it was much frequented by pilgrims from all parts of the country. The shrine and wooden image of Pachacamac were destroyed by Hernando Pizarro in 1533. The existing ruins of the building are very extensive, and, according to Squier, are not of the Inca type of architecture and appear to be very ancient. There are other and more modern ruins of In car i an type, including what is supposed to have been a house of the virgins of the sun. A small village remains on the site. Pachacutec Yupanqui. See Yupanqui . Pacheco (pa-cha'kō), Francisco. Born at Seville, Spain, 1571: died at Seville, 1654. A Spanish painter and writer on art, author of "Arte de la pintura” (“Art of Painting," 1649). Pacheco, Gregorio. A Bolivian politician, president 1884-88. Pacheco, Maria. Lived in the first part of the 16th century: died in Portugal in 1531. A Spanish woman, leader, after the death of her hus band Juan de Padilla, in the defense of Toledo by the insurrectionists 1521-22. Pacheco, Ramon. Born at Santiago, Dec. 14, 1845: died at Iquique, May 22, 1888. Á Chile an novelist. His first romance, “El Puñal y la Sotana," was published in 1874, and was followed by several others. Pacheco, Toribio. Born in 1830: died at Lima, 1868. A Peruvian jurist and politician, minister of foreign affairs in 1865, and author of a standard work on Peruvian civil law. Pacheco y Osorio (ē ō-sō'rē-ō), Rodrigo de, Marquis of Cerralvo. Born about 1580: died after 1640. A Spanish administrator. He was governor of Galicia, and viceroy of Mexico Oct. 31, 1624, to Sept. 16, 1635, succeeding the Marquis of Gelves, who had been deposed by the audience (see Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel). He was an able and efficient ruler, and on his return was made a councilor of the Indies. Pachino (pä-kēnō). A town in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, situated on the coast 24 miles south-southwest of Syracuse. Population (1881), 7,430; commune, 8,274. Pachmann (päch'män), Vladimir de. Born at Ode a, July 27, 1848. A noted Ru ian pianist. He was a pupil of his father, an amateur violinist, and of Dachs at Vienna. He made his first appearance in 1869, but did not play regularly till 1871, since which time he has had much succe both in Europe and in the United States, especially as an interpreter of Chopin. Pachomius (pa-kō'mi-us), Saint. Born probably in Lower Egypt, about 292: died about 349. One of the founders of monasticism. He established a monastery on the island of Tabenna in the Nile, and was the first thus to collect the monks under one roof and establish strict rules of government for the commu nity. Pachuca (pä-chö'kä), or Hidalgo (e-däl'gō). The capital of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, situated about 50 miles northeast of Mexico. Population (1895), 52,189. NL. Mare Pacificum (‘pacific sea'), G. Stilles Meer ('still sea'), or Südsee ('south sea").] That part of the ocean which extends westward from North America and South America to the eastern coast of Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia: so named by Magalhães, the first to navigate it (1520), who found it calm after his experience of storms. It communicates by Bering Strait with the Arctic Ocean on the north. Its southern boundary is arbitrary, some separating it from the Antarctic Ocean by the Antarctic Circle, while others interpose a "Southern Ocean" the northern limit of which is lat. 40° S. It is regarded as divided by the equator into the North and South Pacific. Its chief gulfs, etc., are Bering Sea, Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound, Gulf of California, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Bay of Panama, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, and Sea of Okhotsk. The principal currents are the equatorial, Peruvian, and Japanese. The Pacific was first seen by Balboa in 1513; was first navigated by Magalhães in 1520; and was explored by Drake, Dampier, Anson, and numerous later navigators. Several steamer lines (Pacific Mail, Canadian Line, etc.) traverse it. Greatest breadth from east to west, about 10,000 miles. Area, estimated, about 70,000,000 square miles. Greatest known depth, 27,930 feet. Pacini (pä-chēnē), Giovanni. Born at Syracuse, Sicily, Feb. 11, 1796: died near Peschia, Dec. 6, 1867. An Italian composer. He wrote about 80 operas, among the best of which are "Niobe" (1826), “Saffo” (1840), “Medea" (1843), and "La Regina di Cipro" (1846). He organized a musical institute at Viareggio, and afterward removed to Lucca, where he trained many pupils who became celebrated. Packard (pak'ärd), Alpheus Spring. Born at Chelmsford, Ma ., Dec. 23, 1798: died at Squirrel Island, Maine, July 13, 1884. An American educator, profe or in Bowdoin College, Maine, from 1824. Packard, Alpheus Spring. Born at Brunswick, Maine, Feb. 19, 1839. An American naturalist, son of A. S. Packard (1798-1884). He graduated at Bowdoin in 1861, and at Maine Medical School in 1864; was curator of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem 1868-76, and State entomologist of Ma achusetts 1871-73; and has been profe or of zoology and geology at Brown University since 1878. His works include "Guide to the Study of Insects" (1869), "Our Common Insects" (1873), "Half-Hours with Insects" (1877), "Zoology for Students and General Readers" (1879), "Zoology" (1880: American Science Series), "Entomology for Beginners" (1888), etc. Packer (pak'er), Asa. Born at Groton, Conn., Dec. 20, 1806: died at Philadelphia, May 17, 1879. An American capitalist and politician. He was member of Congre from Pennsylvania 1853-57, and founded Lehigh University in 1866. He was the projector of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Packer, William Fisher. Born at Howard, Pa., April 2, 1807: died at William sport, Pa., Sept. 27, 1870. An American politician. He was governor of Pennsylvania 1858-61. Pacolet (pak'ō-let). A dwarf in the romance "Valentine and Orson.” The name has been given to other dwarfs in literature. Sir Walter Scott gives it to a character in "The Pirate," and Steele uses it for a familiar spirit in "The Tatler." Shortly after the Conquest a shepherd discovered the rich silver workings here [at Pachuca), and a mining camp at once sprang up that about 1534 was made a town. Here was invented in 1557, by Bartolomé de Medina, the so called "patio proce " for the amalgamation of silver ore. Among the more famous of the ancient mines was the Trinidad, whence was extracted $40,000,000 in silver in ten subsequent civil wars, reduced the fortunes of the city to years. The period of the revolt against Spain, and of the a very low depth. It was seized and sacked by revolutionists, April 23, 1812, when $300,000 worth of silver was taken from the Caja, and the records of the city were destroyed. Until 1850 its fortunes continued to decline, and its population greatly diminished. In this year the Rosario Mine came into bonanza-at once reviving the city's dormant prosperity. Janvier , Mex. Guide, p. 442. Pachynus (pa-ki'nus). [Gr. Πάχυνος .] In ancient geography, the cape at the southeastern extremity of Sicily: the modern Cape Pa aro. Pacific (pā-sif'ik), The. See Pacific Ocean . Pacific, War of the. [Sp. Guerra del Pacifico . ] The name commonly given to the war waged by Chile against Bolivia and Peru 1879-83. It arose from claims made by Chile to the nitrate regions of Atacama, Bolivia, and, later, to adjoining regions in Peru. In Feb., 1879, the Chileans seized Ant of agast a, Bolivia. Bolivia declared war March 1. Peru offered her mediation, was met by demands which she refused, and Chile declared war on Peru April 5. Thereafter Peru and Bolivia acted as allies. The principal subsequent events were: Iquique blockaded, April 5; naval engagement there, May 21; Pe- tro - American a . ruvian ironclad Huascar taken by the Chileans off Point Angamos, Oct. 8; Pisagua taken by the Chileans, Nov. 2; allies defeated at San Francisco, Nov. 19; Peruvian victory at Tarapacá, Nov. 27; Chile an victory at Los Angeles, near Moquegua, March 22, 1880; Chile an victory at Tacna, May 26; Callao blockaded April 10, bombarded May 26; Arica bombarded by the Chileans June 5, taken June 7; Chile an victory at Chorrillos, Jan. 13, 1881; at Miraflores, Jan. 15; Lima taken, Jan. 17. There were many subsequent engagements, often bloody, but unimportant in their results. A preliminary treaty of peace between Chile and Peru was signed at Ancon Oct. 20, 1883, and ratified April 4, 1884. (See Iglesias , Miguel .) A treaty of peace between Chile and Bolivia was signed Dec. 11, 1883. By these treaties all the coast region of Bolivia, and Tarapacá in Peru, were permanently ceded to Chile. She was to hold Arica and Tacna for lating to the guano deposits. The Chileans evacuated years. Chile obtained other important advantages re