The remains of Pindar's work represent almost every kind of lyric poem

The fragments may be cla ified as follows: 1. Hymns to Perse phone, to Fortune, and in praise of Thebes and its gods. 2. Pæans to Apollo of Delphi and Zeus of Dodona. 3. Choral dithyrambs to Dionysus. 4. Proce ional songs, for the people of Delos and of Ægin a. 5. Choral songs for maidens: one addre ed to "Pan, lord of Arcadia, watcher of the awful shrine" (of Cybele). 6. Choral dance-songs- "hyporchemes," as the Greeks called them - in which the words were accompanied by a lively dance or pantomime expre ive of the action; they arose from the early Cretan war-dances, and were used especially in the worship of Apollo, as a relief to the solemn pæan. One of these was written for the The bans, and was connected with a propitiatory rite following an eclipse of the sun, probably in 463 B. C. 7. Encomia: laudatory odes (in praise of men, and thus distinguished from hymns in praise of tive songs to be sung at banquets by a comus or festive troop. 9. Dirges, to be sung to the flute, with choral dance. Besides the fragments, we have forty-four complete Epi nicia, or Odes of Victory, in which Pindar celebrated victories in great national games. Fourteen odes belong to the games at Olympia, held once in four years: the prize was a wreath of wild olive. Twelve odes belong to the Pythian games, held at Delphi, in honour of Apollo, once 8. fes which joins the Dwina 50 miles southeast of Archangel. Length, 300 to 350 miles. Pine (pin) Islands. A group of the Florida Keys, situated northeast of Key West. Pinel (pe-nel'), Philippe. Born at St.-André, Tarn, France, April 20, 1745: died at Paris, Oct. 25, 1826. A French physician, director of the insane asylum at Bicêtre (1791) and the Salpetrière (1794): noted for the improvements which he effected in the treatment of the insane. He wrote "Nosographie philosophique" (1798), etc. Pinelo (pe-nā'lō), Antonio de Leon. Born probably at Córdoba, now in the Argentine Republic, about 1590: died at Seville, Spain, about 1675. A Spanish lawyer and author. He was judge of the tribunal of the Casa de Contrat a cion at Seville, and historical secretary of the Council of the Indies. In 1637 he was appointed royal historiographer. Employed to codify the colonial laws, he completed, in 1635, his "Recopilacion general de las leyes de las Indias," made authoritative by royal order in 1680, and published Pinelo also published various works on America and on in 1681 (Madrid, 4 vols.). It was several times revised. colonial law; a life of Toribio, Archbishop of Lima (1653); and "Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental, nautic a y geográfica" (Madrid, 1629): the first bibliography of the Spanish colonies. There is a revised edition by Gonzalez de Barcia (3 vols. 1737-38). Pinerolo (pē-ne-rō'lō), F. Pignerol(pēn-ye-rōl'). A town in the province of Turin, Italy, 22 miles southwest of Turin. It was taken from Savoy by Francis I. of France, and held until 1574; and was again taken by the French about 1630, and held as an im portant fortre until the close of the century. Population (1880), 12,281; commune, 17,492. Pinerolo, Pacification of. A treaty concluded by the English Commonwealth under Cromwell with France in 1655, providing for the ce ation of the Waldensian persecution by the Duke of Savoy. Pines (pīnz), Isle of, Sp. Isla de Pinos (ēs'lä dā pēnōs). An island of the West Indies, formerly belonging to Spain, situated 40 miles south of the western part of Cuba, of which it was a political dependency. Chief place, Nueva Gerona. It was discovered by Columbus in 1494, and was long notorious as a resort of pirates. Area, 1,214 square miles. Population, about 2,500. Pines, Isle of, F. Île des Pins (ēl dā pań). A small island, a French penal station, situated in the South Pacific southeast of New Cale donia. Pine-tree State. The State of Maine: so called from the pine-tree in its coat of arms. Ping Yang. See Pieng - an . Pinini (pē-nē-nē'). [A corruption of the Sp. Pyg méos , pygmies or dwarfs.] The name given by some of the Pueblo Indians to a mythical tribe of small men who are said to have invaded some of the Pueblo villages in the times long previous to the Spanish occupation. The tale may be a modern adaptation of cla ical mythological legends to Indian tradition. Pinkerton (ping'ker-ton), John. Born at Edin burgh, Feb. 17, 1758: died May 10, 1826. A Scottish historian, antiquary, and miscellaneous writer. He published "Two Dithyrambic Odes on Enthusiasm and Laughter" (1782), an "E ay on Medals" (1784), "Ancient Scottish Poems" (1786), a "Di ertation on the Origin and Progre of the Scythians or Goths" (1787), "Enquiry into the History of Scotland" (1790), "Iconographic a Scotica" (1795-97), etc. IMG:content-0925.png:[blocks in formation] Pacific , War of the . Pinto (pēn'tö), Fernão Mendes. Born near Coimbra, Portugal, about 1509: died near Lisbon, 1583. A Portuguese adventurer and traveler in the East (China ina and Japan). He wrote an account of his travels entitled "Peregrin ação” (1614). Pinto (pēn'tō), Francisco Antonio. Born at Santiago, 1785: died there, July 18, 1858. A Chile an general and politician. He was diplomatic agent of the republic at Buenos Ayres and in England 1811-17; subsequently served with distinction in Chareas 1818-21, and in Peru 1822-23; and was minister of the in terior and of foreign relations in 1824. Early in 1827 he was elected by congre vice-president, and on the resignation of Freire became president May 8, 1827. He resigned in July, 1829; two months later he resumed the post by a regular election; but, a revolution being imminent, he again resigned, Nov. 2, 1829. He was the liberal candidate for the presidency in 1841. Pinto, Serpa. See Serpa Pinto . Pinturicchio (pēn-tö-rēkʻkē-ō) (Bernard i no di Betti). Born at Perugia, Italy, 1454: died at Siena, Italy, Sept. 11, 1513. An Italian painter, of the school of Perugino: noted for his frescos and panels. Many of his principal works are at Rome (in the Vatican and Church of Sta. Maria del Popolo) and at Siena. Pinzgau (pints'gou). The upper valley of the Salza, in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, situated southwest of the city of Salzburg. It is divided into the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pinzgau. Pinzon (pen-thon'), Francisco Martin. Brother of Martin Alonso Pinzon, and pilot of his ve el, the Pinta. Pinzon, Martin Alonso. Born at Palos about 1441: died there, 1493. A Spanish navigator. He was the head of a family of ship-builders in Palos, and had made many voyages. There is a story that, in one of these, in a French ship, he was driven by a storm from Africa to the coast of Brazil; but this is generally discredited. Another story is that he found in Rome an old manuscript which he gave to Columbus, and in which it was stated that Asia might be reached by sailing west. ward. It is more probable that he joined Columbus in his voyage of 1492 because he was part owner of the smaller ve els. He commanded the Pinta. In Nov., 1492, he parted company with Columbus on the coast of Cuba; was the first to discover Haiti; and rejoined the admiral on the coast of that island, Jan. 6, 1493. Columbus afterward a erted that he had deserted with the intention of re turning to Spain. During the return voyage the Pinta was separated from the Niña in a storm, Feb. 14, eventu a par each Bayon port of Galicia: theanderen sent a letter to the sovereigns with an account of the discovery, and sailed on to Palos, reaching it on the same day as Columbus (March 15). His death, shortly after, is said to have been hastened by chagrin because Columbus received the honor of the discovery. Pinzon, Vicente Yañez. Born at Palos about 1460: died there, about 1524. A Spanish nav i was a wreath of laurel. Seven odes belong to the Nemean games, held at Nemea, in honour of Zeus, once in two years, the 2nd and 4th of each Olympiad: the prize was a wreath of pine. Eleven odes belong to the Isthmian games, held at the Isthmus of Corinth, in honour of Poseidon, once in two years, in the 1st and 3rd years of each Olympiad: the prize was a wreath of parsley. Among all these odes of which the dates can be fixed, the earliest is the 10th Pyth ian, in 502 B. c.; the latest, the 5th Olympian, in 452 B. C. Jebb , Greek Lit., p. 66. Pindar, Peter. The pseudonym of John Wol cott. Pindarees (pin-dar'ēz), or Pindarries, or Pindharies. [Hind., 'plunderers.'] A horde of mounted robbers in India, notorious for their atrocity and rapacity. They first appeared about the end of the 17th century, and infested the po e ions of the East India Company and the surrounding country in the 18th century. They were disorderly and mercenary horsemen, organized for indiscriminate raiding and looting. They were dispersed in 1818 by the Marquis of Hastings, then governor-general. Pindus (pin'dus). [Gr. Πίνδος.] A range of mountains in Greece, between The aly on the east and Epirus on the west, extending north to about lat. 39° N. Greatest height, 7,665 feet. Pine Bluff (pin bluf). The capital of Jefferson County, Arkansas, situated on the Arkansas 38 miles south-southeast of Little Rock. It exports cotton. Population (1900), 11,496. the White Mountains of New Hampshire, leading from the Glen House southward. Pinkie (ping'ki). A place, about 6 miles east of Edinburgh, where, Sept. 10, 1547, the English under the protector Somerset totally defeated the Scots. Pinkney (pingk'ni), Edward Coate. Born at London, 1802: died at Baltimore, April 11, 1828. An American poet, son of William Pinkney. He published "Rodolph, and Other Poems" (1825), etc. Pinkney, William. Born at Anna polis, Md., March 17, 1764: died Feb. 25, 1822. An American lawyer, politician, and diplomatist. He was minister to Great Britain 1806-11; attorney-general 18111814; member of Congre from Maryland 1815-16; minister to Naples 1816, and to Ru ia 1816-18; and United States senator 1820-22. Pinner of Wake field. See George - a - Greene . Pino (pēnō), Joaquin del. Born about 1730: He commanded Niña in the first voyage of Columbus in 1492. Early in Dec., 1499 (according to some, Jan. 13, 1500), he left Palos in command of four exploring ships; cro ed the equator, being the first Spanish commander to do so; struck the coast of Brazil, probably near Cape St. Augustine; thence followed it northward and northwest. ward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon; and after pa ing between Trinidad and the mainland, and touching at Española, returned to Spain in Sept., 1500. Some suppose that Vespucci was with him on this voyage, but he was probably with Ojeda. (See Vespucci .) In 1506 Pinzon was a ociated with Solis in an exploration of the Gulf of Honduras and a small portion of southeastern Yucatan. In 1508 he was again with Solis in an exploration of the eastern coast of South America, from Cape St. Auguštine southward probably as far as lat. 40°. See Solis , Juan Diaz de. Piojes (pē-ō-Has'). Indians of eastern Ecuador (a region gion claimed by Colombia), on the lower Napo and the Putumayo or Içá. Those on the former river are often called Santa Marias, from a mi ion village in which many of them were gathered; they have no knowledge of the horde on the Putumayo. These Indians are agriculturists, skilful canoemen and fishermen, ish soldier and administrator. He was succe ively governor of Monte video (1773-76), president of Charcas (1777) and of Chile (1800), and viceroy of La Plata from May 20, 1801. Pinos, Isla de. See Pines , Isle of . Pinsk (pinsk). A town in the government of Minsk, Ru ia, situated among marshes on the Pina, 140 miles south-southwest of Minsk. It is tain a semi-independence. By their language they are generally cla ed with the Betoya stock, but the relationship is doubtful. Piombino (pē-om-bēnō). A seaport in the province of Pisa, Italy, situated on a promontory projecting into the Mediterranean, 45 miles south by east of Leghorn, and opposite Elba. Population (1881), commune, 4,076. Piombino, Principality of Piombino, Principality of. A former small principality, adjoining and including the town of Piombino. Piombo (pē-omʼbō), Fra Sebastiano del. Born in Venice (?), 1485: died at Rome, June 21, 1547. A painter of the Venetian school. His real name was Luciani, but he was commonly called del Piombo from his office of keeper of the leaden seals, which he held under Clement VII. and Paul III. He was a pupil of Giovanni Bellini, and afterward of Giorgione, and was called to Rome about 1509 by Agostino Chigi to a ist in decorating the Farnesina with frescos. Meantime his portraits in oil had won him fame. Among the best of this period are the so-called "Fornarina" "in the Uffizi at Florence. Piombo was intimately a ociated with Michelangelo, and is said to have painted the "Resurrection of Lazarus" in the National Gallery, London, with his a istance. In 1527 he went to Venice, and there probably painted the portrait of Andrea Doria, now in the Doria Palace at Rome. He returned to Rome in 1529. In 1531 he became keeper of the seals and an ecclesiastic. Pioneers, The. A story by James Feni more Cooper, published in 1823. Piotrkow (pēy-otr'kov), G. Petrikau (pā'trekou). 1. A government in Ru ian Poland, bordering on Pru ia. Area, 4,729 square miles. Population, 1,091,282.-2. The capital of the government of Piotrkow, situated 84 miles southwest of Warsaw. It is one of the oldest Polish towns. Population (1884), 24,840. Piove di Sacco (pē-ō've de säk'kō). A town in the province of Padua, Italy, 18 miles southwest of Venice. Population (1881), 5,137; commune, 8,606. Piozzi (pi-oz'i; It. pron. pē-ot'sē), Mrs. (Hester Lynch Salisbury: Mrs. Thrale). Born at Bodville, Carnarvonshire, Jan. 27, 1741: died at Clifton, England, May 2, 1821. An English lady, a friend of Dr. Johnson. She was well educated in Latin and Greek and the modern languages. In 1763 she married Henry Thrale, a brewer of South wark. In 1764 she met Dr. Johnson, and an intimacy began which lasted for 20 years. Mr. Thrale died on April 4, 1781, and on July 25, 1784, she married Piozzi, an Italian musician. Her anecdotes of and correspondence with Dr. Johnson are second in interest only to Boswell's "Life." Pip (pip). Nickname of Philip Pirrip, the hero of Dickens's "Great Expectations." Pipchin (pip'chin), Mrs. In Dickens's "Dombey and Son," a disagreeable old woman, proprietre of an "infantine boarding-house of a very select description" at Brighton, where little Paul Dombey was sent for his health. morris-dance. Piper (piper), Tom. A character in the Eng Piper no (pē-per'nō). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, situated on the Amaseno 47 miles southeast of Rome. Near it was the ancient Volscian city Privernum. Population (1881), 4,932 Pipes (pips), Tom. In Smollett's "Peregrine Pickle," the attendant of Peregrine at school, and Commodore Trunnion's former boatswain. Pipin. See Pepin . Pippa (pēp'pä) Pa es. A dramatic idyl by Robert Browning, published in 1841. Pippi. See Giulio Romano . Pippi. Pippin. See Pepin . Piqua (pikwa or pik'wā). A city in Miami County, Ohio, situated on the Miami 70 miles west by north of Columbus. Population (1900), 12,172 .