viner2t

[ME., also vynere, And alle aboute theise Dyches and Vyneres is the grete Gardyn, fulle of wylde Bestes. Mandeville, Travels, p. 216. vine-rake (vin'rāk), n . In agri ., a horse-hoe or -rake having a plow-beam and two curved forks or narrow shares. It is used for cultivating sweet potatoes and other vines, and for gathering the vines together preparatory to digging. It is practically a two-share horse-hoe. E. H. Knight. vinery (vī'ner-i), n.; pl. vineries (-iz). [ vine-slug (vin's lug), n. The larva of the vine saw-fly (which see, under vine ). vine-tie (vin'tī), n. A stout gra , Ampelodes- ma tenax , of the Mediterranean region. vinetta (vi-net'ä), n. [It.) A diminutive of vinata . IMG:content-1854.png:[blocks in formation] see vintner .] A storehouse for wine. [Appa- rently a term applied in the quotation to one especial establishment of the sort.] Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 467. vino meter (vi-nom'e-ter), n. [ vin , wine; ordinaire , ordinary, common: see wine and or- dinary.] Common wine; low-priced wine such as is almost universally drunk mixed with wasubstance in wine; also, wine. In this neighbourhood was the great house called the Vintrie , with vast wine-vaults beneath. Pennant , London, II. 466. ter throughout the larger part of France, and to a le extent in other countries of southern Europe. It is usually understood to be a red wine. In France it is very commonly supplied without extra charge at table d'hôte meals. vino santo (ve'nō sản'tō). [It.: vino , wine; san- to , holy: see wine and saint1 .) A sweet wine of northern Italy. vinose (vī'nos), a. [L. vinos us: see vinous .] 2t. Vine-like; clasping or clinging like vines. Same as vinous. Bailey. [Rare.] vinosity (vi-nos'i-ti), n. [= F. vinos ité = Sp. vinosidad =] vinous (vi'nus), a. [F. vineux = Sp. Pg. It. vi- no so, L. vinos us , full of wine, having the fla- vor of wine, vinum , wine: see wine .] 1. Hav- ing the qualities of wine: as, a vinous flavor; pertaining to to wine or its manufacture.-2. In zoöl , wine-colored; vinaceous.-3. Caused by And softly thro' a vinous mist My college friendships glimmer. Vinous fermentation, the fermentation by which must becomes wine, as distinguished from acetic fermentation . - Vinous hydromel, liquor, etc. See the nouns. vint (vint), v. t. [ vintage , a umed to be formed from a verb * vint + -age.] To make or prepare, as wine. I wouldn't give a straw for the best wine that ever was vinted after it had lain here a couple of years. vintage (vin'tāj), n. [Altered, by a ociation with vintner , from ME. vindage , vendage , vendange , vindange , F. vendange , vindemia , a gathering of grapes, vintage: see vindemial . ] 1. The gathering of the grapes; the season of grape-gathering; the grape-harvest. Blount. The vintage time... 2. The annual product of the grape-harvest, with especial reference to the wine obtained. The antient mythology seems to us like a vintage ill pre ed and trod. Bacon , Moral Fables, vi., Int. A sound wine, Colonel, and I should think of a genuine O. W. Holmes, Elsie Venner, vii. IMG:content-1855.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1856.png:[blocks in formation] vinyl (vi'nil), n. [L. vinum, wine, + -yl ] The compound univalent radical CH2CH, which ap- pears characteristic of many ethylene deriva- tives. Vinyl bromide. Same as ethylene bromide , a violl (vi'ol), n. [Formerly also violl , viall , voy- all , voyol ; = D. viool = G. viol (also viola , fiol , viole , violle = Pr. viola, viula Sp. Pg. It. viola , a viol; prob. OHG. fidula = AS. * fithele , E. fiddle (see fiddle ), vitula , vidula , a viol, appar. so called from its liveline (cf. vitula jocosa , 'the merry viol'), being prob. vitular i , celebrate a festival, keep holiday, prob. orig. sacrifice a calf, vi- tulus , a calf: see veal . Cf. fiddle , prob. a doub- let of viol . Hence violin1 , violoncello , etc.] 1. A musical instrument with strings, e entially not greatly different from the lute and the guitar, except that the strings are sounded by means of a bow drawn acro them, not by plucking them with the fingers. The viol is the typical representative of a very large, varied, and widely distributed cla of in- struments, of which in modern music the violin is the chief member. The type includes the following charac- teristics: a hollow resonance-box or body , made up of a front or belly (which is pierced with one or two sound -holes of varying shape), a back (both front and back being flat or only slightly arched), and sides of various contour ac- cording to the particular variety and the period; within the body an internal system of braces, including a sound- post , to withstand the strain of the strings and to give the tone greater sonority; a more or le elongated neck , often with a special finger - board in front, and surmounted by a head, part of which serves as a peg - box ; several strings , mostly of gut, fastened at the bottom either to the body directly or to a tail - piece , stretched thence over a bridge and over the finger-board and neck, and fastened at the top to pegs by which their tension and tune can be ad- justed; and a bow for sounding the strings, consisting of a stick or back of wood and a large number of horse- hairs whose friction is augmented by the application of rosin. The differences between different instruments of the family in shape, size, number and tuning of strings, and method of manipulation are very numerous and app a- rently important; but the e ential similarity between all the varieties is greater than is commonly thought. The his- toric genesis of the typical idea of the viol is disputed. By some its origin is a erted to be found in the gradual devel- opment, with the addition of sounding by means of a bow, of the ancient lyre into the monochord and the vielle, with various incidental modifications in shape and adjustment. By some its precursor is thought to be the Oriental rebab, or some similar instrument, transplanted into southern Europe, and modified by contact with the traditions of the lyre and monochord. By others great historic imp or- tance is attached to the Celtic crowd of western Europe. The problem is greatly complicated by the confusing use of terms in the middle ages, the same name being given to quite distinct instruments, and the same instrument being known by two or three different names. Apparently, also, somewhat distinct lines of development went on simul- taneously in Italy, in Germany, and in western Europe. Probably the medieval viol, which reached its most dis- tinctive development in the fifteenth century, was the joint result of several more or le distinct tendencies. It was characterized by a flat back, from five to seven strings tuned in fourths and thirds, a broad, thin neck, and a close amalgamation of the neck with the body. This viol was made in several sizes. The smallest ( treble or descant viol) pa ed over later into the modern violin ; the next larger (tenor), into the viola da braccio and viola d'amore and the modern viola ; the next ( ba ), into the viola da gamba and the modern violoncello ; and the largest ( double - ba ), into At this season of the year the vintagers are joyous and negligent. Landor, Imag. Conv., Ta o and Cornel i a. vintiner (vin'ti-ner), n. [ vintenier , vingte- nier , vingt , twenty, viginti , twenty: see twenty.] The commander of a twenty. See twenty , n., 3. vintner (vint'nėr), n. [ vyntner , vintener, vyntenere, vyntyner, corrupted from the earlier vineter, viniter, vinetier = Sp. vinatero = Pg. vinhateiro , vineta- rius , vinitarius , a wine-dealer, vinetum , a vineyard, vinum , wine: see wine .] One who the violone and the modern double - ba viol . deals in wine, spirits, etc., especially at whole- sale, or on a large scale. To their best proffit; & it were as good That he should be a gainer as the brood Of cut-throat vintners . Times' Whistle (E. E. T. S.), p. 66. The Vintners drink Carouses of Joy that he [the Attor- ney-General) is gone. Howell , Letters, I. vi. 17. vintnery (vint'ner-i), n. [ vintner + -y3 (cf. vintry).] The trade or occupation of a vintner. Carlyle , French Rev., II. v. 2. Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 223. vintry (vin'tri), n.; pl. vintries (-triz). [ vineterie , vinetier , vintner: What did he doe with her brest bone? He made him a viall to play thereupon. The Miller and the King's Daughter (Child's Ballads, II. [ 358 ). The worst can sing or play his part o' th' Violls , And act his part too in a comedy. Brome , Antipodes, i. 5. 21. A large rope formerly used in purchasing an anchor: same as me enger , 4. It was made to lead through one or more blocks before it was brought to the capstan, thus giving additional power. - Ba viol, either one of the larger of the medieval viols (see def. 1), or the modern violoncello. - Chest or consort of viols. See chest1. Division viol. Same as viola da gamba .- Viol d'amore. See viola d'amore , under violal . viol Above all for its sweetne e and novelty, the viol d'amore of 5 wyre-strings plaid on with a bow, being but an ordinary violin, play'd on lyre way. Evelyn , Diary, Nov. 20, 1679. viol2t, n. An obsolete form of vial. violal (vē-ō'lä or viō-la), n. [ mounted with sympathetic strings like a viola d'amore; a barytone. See barytone, n., 1 ( b ). The original viola da gamba when so strung came to be called the viola bastard a . Encyc . Brit ., XXIV. 244. Viola da braccio, a tenor or "arm" viol: so called to distinguish it from the ba viol, or viola da gamba. It had properly six strings, tuned thus: G, D, A, F, C, and G (the second below middle C), but the lowest string was omit ted in the eighteenth century. It has been superseded by the modern viola. Also viola da spall a. - Viola da gamba. (a) A ba or "leg" viol: so called to distinguish it from the viola da braccio. It had properly six strings, tuned thus: D, A, E, C, G, and D (the second below middle C). It has been superseded by the modern violoncello. The division or solo ba viol, usually known by its Italian name of viola da gamba . Encyc. Brit., XXIV. [243. Viola da Gamba. (From Harl. MS.) (b) In organ - building, a stop with metal pipes of narrow scale and ears on the sides of the mouths, giving tones of a penetrating, string-like quality. - Viola d'amore, a kind of ba viol, common in the seventeenth and eigh teenth centuries, having usually seven ordinary gut strings, with from seven to fourteen (or even twenty-four) supplementary strings of metal under the finger-board which sound sympathetically. The gut strings were usually tuned thus: D, A, FS, D, A, FX, D (next below middle C). The sympathetic strings, if few, were tuned diatonically in the scale of D, or, if many, chromatically. The tone of the instrument was highly attractive, but the practical difficulties entailed by the numerous sympathetic tones were great, and prevented its use in the orchestra. Also called violet, and sometimes English violet. Instruments which show these innovations are the quint on, the lyre, and the viola d'amore. Encyc . Brit ., XXIV. 243. Viola da spall a. Same as viola da braccio . - Viola di bordone. Same as barytone , 1 (b). - Viola di fagotto. Same as viola bastard a . - Viola pomposa, a species of viola da gamba, invented by J. S. Bach, having five strings, tuned thus: E, A, D, G, C (the second below middle C). Viola (vi'ō-lä), n . [NL. (Rivinus, 1699, earlier in Brunfels, 1530), viola , violet: see violet . ] A genus of plants, type of the order Violarieæ and tribe Violeæ , including the pansies and violets. It is characterized by flowers with nearly equal sepals, these and the lower petal both prolonged at the base, the latter into a spur or sac, and by an ovoid or globose three-valved capsule with roundish seeds. Over 250 species have been enumerated, perhaps to be reduced to 150. They are herbs or undershrubs with alternate leaves, persistent stipules, and axillary peduncles. The north temperate species are typically, as in V. odorata , delicate plants of moist shady banks, with rounded crenate leaves on long angular stalks, solitary nodding violet colored flowers, five orange-yellow anthers forming a central cone, and ovate capsules which open elastically into three boat-like persistent horizontal valves. The stipules are usually conspicuous, often large and leaf-like, in V. tricolor, the pansy, deeply pinnatifid and often larger than the leaves. (See first cut under leaf .) The leaves are of various forms, as cordate, arrow-shaped, lanceolate, rotundate, pedate, etc. The peduncles often bear two flowers, as in V. biflora , the twin-flowered violet, a saxicole species with brilliant golden-yellow flowers, found from the Alps to Cashmere and in the Rocky Mountains. The petals are colored, most often in shades of bluish-purple, white, or yellow, frequently penciled with dark-blue or purple lines. In some species they are of several colors, as in V. pedata , var. bicolor , the pansy-violet, or velvet violet, and in V. tricolor, which in its wild state, the heart's-ease com 6760 mat a, in which the long-stalked leaves are clustered at the top of a thick fleshy rhizome, which also bears the numerous distinct leafle scapes; and the leafy-stemmed species, as V. can in a and V. striata, with spreading or somewhat erect stems bearing numerous leaves, usually on shorter petioles (see cut under violet ). Several species produce long runners, as V. bland a, the sweet white violet; V. Can a dens is, the largest, reaches sometimes 2 feet high; and V. pedata, the largest-flowered, has the flowers sometimes nearly 2 inches acro . The 13 Californian species are chiefly leafy-stemmed, showy, quite local, and peculiar in their yellow flowers with purple veins and brown backs: V. pedunculata, the common species, grows in clustered colonies, with flowers often an inch and a half acro ; V. ocellata of the Mendocino forests is remarkable for its purple spots. V. Langsdorffii is abundant on the Aleutian Islands, and the genus extends north to Kotzebue Sound. The British species are 6, of which V. odorata, also occurring from central Europe to Sweden, Siberia, and Cashmere, is the sweet or English violet, often doubled, and called tea - violet in cultivation; and V. can in a is the dog or hedge violet, without odor, but graceful in form, imparting much of the beauty of spring to English mountain districts. There are 56 species in Europe, over 20 in China, of which V. Patrinii is the most common, and 11 in the mountains of India. In the southern hemisphere, where the species are usually shrubby, there are over 30 in the mountains of South America, elsewhere few, 4 in Australia, of which the chief is V. hederacea, 2 in New Zealand, and 2 in Cape Colony. Five peculiar species occur in the Ha waiian Islands, of which V. robusta produces a woody stem sometimes 5 feet high, and V. helios cop i a a large snow white waxy flower sometimes 2 inches acro . A few somewhat shrubby species occur northward, as V. arbores cens, the tree-violet. V. scandens of Peru is a climbing and V. arguta a twining shrub; V. decumbens of Cape Colony, a much-branched procumbent shrub; V. fil i caulis of New Zealand, a smooth, slender mountain-creeper. The pansy and other species are of some medicinal use. For V. tri color, see pansy and heart's- ease (its small form is known in the United States as Johnny - jump - up and lady's -delight). For other species, see violet. violator dium-sized embryo in fleshy albumen. There are over 270 species, belonging to 25 genera, cla ed in 4 tribes, of which the types are Viola, Paypayrola, Also dei a, and Sauvagesia, the last being aberrant in the presence of staminodes. With the exception of the genus Viola, they consist chiefly of tropical shrubs with deciduous stipules, sometimes small trees, and mostly with but few species in each genus. They usually bear alternate simple entire or toothed leaves, and axillary flowers which are solitary, or form racemose or panicled cymes, followed by capsules which are commonly loculicidal. Their roots often have emetic properties, and in South America many species, especially of Ionidium, are used as substitutes for ipecacuanha. The order is largely American: two genera, Viola and Ionidi um, occur within the United States. Also Violaceæ. violas cent (vi-o-las'ent), a. A variant of violes cent.