Spanish, and Italian rulers successively till its conquest by the Turks in 1456

It was devastated by a Venetian bombardment in 1687, and also in the War of Liberation in 1821-27. It became the capital of the new kingdom of Greece in 1834. Population (1889), 107,251. (See Greece, Peloponnesian War, Persian Wars, Solon, Pericles, etc.) following are among the important structures of the ancient and the modern city: Dionysiac Theater, a theater on the southern slope of the Acropolis, where all the famous Greek dramas were produced. It was originally of wood, and was not completed in stone until about 340 B.C. The existing remains of orchestra and stage-structure are modifications of Roman date. The front wall of the stage bears excellent reliefs of Bacchic myths. The diameter cave a is 300 feet it has of 8 by 16 columns: but the Dörpfeld theory may be taken as demonstrated. This temple remained standing certainly until 406 B. C., and probably until the reign of Hadrian and later. It is of unusual historical and archæological importance. Panathenaic Stadium , a stadium still practically complete except for its sheathing of marble. The arena measures 109 by 670 feet, and is bordered on its long sides and its semicircular east end by the slopes which supported the seats (about 60 tiers) for the spectators. There were at intervals 29 flights of steps to give acce to the seats. Academy of Sciences, a beautiful building in Pentelic marble, lately completed in the cla ical Greek style for the accommodation of a learned Daphni , a convent founded by the French dukes of Athens body modeled after the French Institute. Convent of in the 13th century. (See also Arch of Hadrian ; Dexileos , Monument of ; Erechtheum ; Hegeso , Monument of ; Lysi Victory , Temple of ; Odeum of Herodes ; Olympicum , or crates, Choragic Monument of ; Nike Apteros, or Wingle Temple of Olympian Zeus ; Par the non ; Propylæa ; The scum ; Tower of the Winds.) The topographical features of ancient Athens are described under their names. Athens. The capital of Athens County, Ohio, situated on the Hocking River 35 miles west of Marietta. It is the seat of Ohio University (founded 1804). Population (1900), 3,066. Athens. A city in Clarke County, Georgia, situated on the Oconee 62 miles northeast of Atlanta. It has a large trade in cotton and cotton manufactures, and is the seat of the University of Georgia (founded 1801). Population (1900), 10,245. Athens. The capital of MeMinn County, Tenne ee, 50 miles northeast of Chattanooga. Population (1900), 1,849. Athens. A borough in Bradford County, northeastern Pennsylvania, situated on the Susquehanna near the New York border. Population (1900), 3,749. Athens of America, The, or The Modern Athens. An epithet of Boston, Ma achusetts. Athens of Ireland, The. An epithet of the city of Cork, and also of Belfast. Athens of the North, The. Edinburgh: so called from its resemblance, topographically and intellectually, to Athens; also, an oc casional epithet of Copenhagen. Athens of Switzerland, The. An occasional epithet of Zürich. Athens of the West, The. Cordova, Spain, which was an intellectual center from the 8th to the 13th century. At her stone (ath'er-ston). A town in War wicks hire, England, 17 miles northeast of Birmingham. Population, about 4,000. At her stone, Edwin. Born at Nottingham, April 17, 1788: died at Bath, England, Jan. 29, 1872. An English poet and prose-writer. He was the author of "The Last Days of Hercu laneum," etc. Atherton (ath'er-ton), Charles Gordon. Born at Amherst, N. H., July 4 (?), 1804: died at Manchester Manchester, N. H., Nov. 15, 1853. An American politician, Democratic member of Congre from New Hampshire 1837-43, and United States senator 1843-49 and 1853. He introduced the so-called "Atherton gag," a resolution which provided that all bills or petitions on the subject of slavery should be "laid on the table without being debated, printed, or referred," and which remained in force 1838-45. Atherton, John. Born at Bawdripp, Somersets hire, 1598: died at Dublin, Dec. 5, 1640. Bishop of Water ford and Lismore, hung for unnatural crime. one of the about son edge shaped sections. The lowest tier consists of seats of honor cut from marble in the form of chairs. Gate of the Oil- Market , or New Agora , a gate built with gifts from Julius Cesar and August us. The west front is Doric, tetrastyle, the columns, 26 feet high and 4 in base-diameter, still supporting their entablature and pediment. The middle intercolumniation, for the pa age of vehicles, is 11 feet wide, the others 43. Long walls , two ma ive fortifica tion walls extending from the ramparts of the city to Population (1891), 15,833. Atherton, or Chowbent (chou'bent). A man ufacturing and mining town in Lancashire, England, 10 miles northwest of Manchester. those of the Piræus, at a distance apart, except near their Atherton Gag. See Atherton , Charles Gordon . diverging extremities, of about 550 feet. (See above.) They made the ports and the metropolis practically one Atherton Moor, Battle of. A victory gained near Bradford, England, 1643, by the Royalists under the Earl of Newcastle over the Parliamentarians under Ferdinando Fairfax. huge fortre , and a ured A then i an supplies by sea while rendering po ible A then i an naval triumphs at times when the Spartans held their land without the walls. They were destroyed when Athens fell before Sparta toward the end of the 5th century, but were re- A thesis (ath'e-sis). The Latin name of the stored in 393 B. C. by Conon. The long walls follow the Adige. crests of the group of hills southwest of the Acropolis, and run southwest. The northern wall, which was the longer, measured about 5 miles. There was at least one cro -wall to guard against the forcing of the pa age. Athias (ä-te'äs), Joseph. Died 1700. A Jewish printer of Amsterdam, publisher of editions of the Hebrew Bible (1661-67). At kins on, Thomas Witlam Athlete, The. A Greek statue, held to be a copy of the famous Doryphorus (spear-bearer), the canon or type of Poly clit us, found at Pompeii, and now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The undraped figure is rather short and heavy, but is ad. mirably proportioned and in simple, unpretending pose. Athlit (äth'lēt). A town in Galilee (Palestine), on the Mediterranean south of Haifa. It contains the Castle of the Pilgrims, a splendid fortre established by the Templars in the early part of the 13th century. It occupies a promontory projecting into the sea, whose isthmus is cut by glacis, double ditch, and ma ive walls with rectangular towers. Within the inclosure there are vaulted magazines, ruins of a hexagonal church, a fine hall of the Palace of the Templars, and other remains. Athlone, Earl of. See Ginkel . Athlone (ath-lōn'). A parliamentary borough in West meath and Roscommon, Ireland, situated on the Shannon in lat. 53° 25′ N., long. 7° 51′ W. It was taken from the Irish by General Ginkel in June, 1691. Population of parliamentary borough (1881), 6,901. Athol, or Athole, or Atholl (ath'ol). A hilly district in northern Perth shire, Scotland. Area, about 450 square miles. Athol (ath'ol). A town in Worcester County, Ma achusetts, situated on Miller's River 33 miles west of Fitchburg. Population (1900), 7,061. Athor, or Athyr. See Has or . Athos (ath'os). [Gr. "Ἄθως, " Ἄθων . ] The easternmost peninsula of Chalcid ice in Macedonia. It projects into the Ægean Sea and is connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus (pierced by a canal during the invasion of Xerxes). On it were the ancient cities Olophyxus, Charadriæ, A poll on i a, Acrothoum, and Cleone. Length, 30 miles. It is believed that, with the exception of the dwellings of Pompeii, some buildings in Athos are the oldest specimens of domestic architecture in Europe.