Fribourg (fre-bör'), G

Freiburg (fri'börg). A 1813: died there, April 4, 1884. A German nu canton of Switzerland, bounded by Bern on the northeast and east, Vaud on the south and west, and the Lake of Neuchâtel on the northwest. The chief occupation is agriculture, the prevail. ing religion Roman Catholic, and the language 69 per cent. French and 31 per cent. German. Fribourg sends 6 members to the National Council. It was admitted to the Swi Confederation in 1481. A liberal constitution was adopted in 1831. Area, 644 square miles. Population (1888), 119,155. United the Union army. He was taken prisoner at Gettysburg, and suffered many privations in Libby prison. He returned to Switzerland at the end of the war, and was sent back to the United States as minister in 1882, serving five years. On Dec. 14, 1893, he was elected president of the Swi Confederation. Freya (fri'ä). [ON. Freyja .] In Old Norse mythology, the daughter of Njord and sister of Frey. Her dwelling was Folkvang (ON. Folkvangr ). Her chariot was drawn by two cats. To her with Odin, whose wife she is according to later mythology, belonged those slain in battle. Freyja was the godde of fruitfulne and of sexual love. She had several names, among them Mardöll and Gefn. Freycinet (fra-se-nā'), Charles Louis de Saulces de. Born at Foix, Ariège, France, Nov. 14, 1828. A French politician. He was coadjutor of Gambetta in the ministry of 1870-71, and was elected senator in 1876. He was minister of public works 1877-79; premier 1879-80 and Jan.-July, 1882, and again Jan. 7-Dec. 3, 1886, and March 16, 1890,-Feb. 19, 1892; minister of foreign affairs 1885-86; minister of war 1888-93; and premier March 16, 1890,-Feb. 19, 1892. Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de. Born at Montélimart, Drôme, France, Aug. 7, 1779: died near Loriel, Drôme, Aug. 18, 1842. A French navigator. He published "Voyage de découvertes aux terres australes pendant les années 1800-4" (1807-16), "Voyage autour du monde pendant les années 1817-20" (1824-44), etc. See Frey . börg im ücht'län-de). The capital of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, on the Saane 17 miles southwest of Bern. It is on the border be tween French and German Switzerland. It consists of a lower and upper town. The cathedral, begun in 1283, is an interesting church with a late-Pointed tower, 280 feet high, and a curiously sculptured portal. The organ has long been celebrated as one of the best existing. The suspension-bridge cro ing the gorge of the Saane was built in 1834. The span is 810 feet, and the height above the stream 168. Four wire cables are carried over its two end towers, which have the form of simple arches of masonry, flanked by coupled Doric pilasters, and crowned by an entablature and a low attic. Population (1888), 12,244. Frickthal (frik'täl). A territory in Switzerland, in the northern part of the canton of Aar mismatist, keeper of the royal collection of ancient coins. Friedländer, Ludwig. Born at Königsberg, July 16, 1824. German scholar, profe or of July 1 cla ical philology and archæology at Königsberg 1858-92. He published and the Homeric question, and on Roman antiquities. published works on Homer Fried rich rod a (frēd'rich-rō-dä). A small town Thu ring i an For- in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in the Th est 9 miles southwest of Gotha. Fried rich sha fen (frēd'richs-hä-fen). A small (fred rich town in the Danube circle, Würtemberg, on the Lake of Con stance 14 miles east of Con stance. Friedrichsruh (fredrichs-rö). The residence of Prince Bismarck, about 17 miles southeast of Hamburg. Friendly (frend'li), Sir John. In Vanbrugh's play "The Relapse," se," a country gentleman. Sheridan metamorphosed him into his Colonel Townly in the "Trip Trip to Scar borough." Friendly Islands. See Tong Tonga Islands . Friend of Man, The. [F. L'Ami des hommes .] A surname ironically given to Mirabeau (father gau, with which it was incorporated in 1803. of the orator), from the title of his work "L'Ami Friday (frīdā). [From Frigga , a Teutonic des hommes." godde , in part identified with the Roman Friendship in Fashion. A comedy by Thomas Venus , AS. Frige dæg , etc., being a translation Otway, produced in 1678. of the Roman name of this day, dies Veneris , Fries (fres), Bernhard. Born at Heidelberg, or Veneris dies .) The sixth day of the week. Friday is the Mohammedan Sabbath, or "day of a embly. been established It is said in by the divine Mohammedan command as traditions a day of worship to have for Jew and Christian alike, as being the day on which Adam was created and received into paradise, the day on which he was expelled from it, the day on which he repented, and the day on which he died. It will, according to the same traditions, be the day of the resurrection. In the Roman and Eastern and Anglican churches, all Baden, en, May 16, 1820: died at Munich, Munich, May 21, 1879. A German landscape-painter, younger brother of Ernst Fries. Fries, Elias Magnus. Born at Femsjö, near Wexiö, Sweden, Aug. 15, 1794: died at Upsala, Sweden, Feb. 8, 1878. A Swedish botanist. He was profe or of practical economy 1834, and of botany 1851, and director of the botanical museum and garden, (1825), "Observationes my colog ice" (1815-18), "Summa vegetabilium Scand in aviæ" (1846-49). Born at Lüneburg, Pru ia, Sept. 19, 1788: died at Bonn, Pru ia, Nov. 16, 1861. A German Orientalist, author of a "Lexicon Arabico- Latinum" (1830-37), etc. Freytag, Gustav. Born at Kreuzburg in Sile- sia, Germany, July 13, 1816: died at Wiesba- den, April 30, 1895. A German novelist and dramatic writer. He became docent of the German are generally observed as fasts of obligation or days of abstinence, in memory of the crucifixion of Christ, an event which is especially commemorated annually on Good Friday. In most Christian nations Friday is popularly regarded with superstition, and is considered an unlucky day for beginning any enterprise. To spill more or le salt on Friday is considered an especially bad omen. Until recently it was common for criminals under sentence of capital punishment to be executed on Friday: hence Friday is sometimes called hangman's day. Friday. The native attendant of Robinson Crusoe, in Defoe's novel of that name. He was so named by his master because the latter had saved him from death on that day. Friday Club, The. A club instituted at Edinburgh by Sir Walter Scott in June, 1803. Fri des wide, Fri the swith, or Fredeswitha. Died po ibly in 735. An English saint. She was a royal prince , according to the legend, and fled from the importunities of her lover to Oxford, where she founded the monastery of St. Fri des wide. She is commemorated on Oct. 19. in 1859, "Die Technik des Dramas" ("The Technic of Fridigern. See Fritigern . the Drama") in 1863, and the novel "Die verlorene Hand- schrift" ("The Lost Manuscript") in 1864. From 1859 to Friedberg (fred'berg). A town in Upper Ba- 1862 appeared the "Bilder aus der deutschen Ver gan gen varia, situated on the Ach 5 miles east-south- he it" ("Pictures from the German Past"), in four volumes. east of Augsburg. Here, Aug. 24, 1796, the French The series of novels, six in number, under the collective under Moreau defeated the Austrians under Latour. Pop- title "Die Ahnen" ("Our Ancestors"), descriptive of Ger- ulation (1890), 2,679. man life from the time of the Romans to the Napoleonic wars, appeared from 1870 to 1880. A short autobiography, "Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben" ("Recollections from my Life"), appeared with his collected works (22 volumes) in 1887. Friar Bacon, The Famous History of. A popular legend concerning Roger Bacon. It was published in a prose tract, in London, in 1627 (reprinted in Thom's "Early Prose Romances"). No earlier edition is known, but that it is much older is evident from the fact that Greene's "Honorable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay," which was founded on it, was played at Devons hire House in 1591. It was first printed in 1594. Friar Gerund. See Fray Gerundio. Friar Rush. See Rush . Friedberg. A town in the province of Upper He e, He e, on the Usa 16 miles north of Frankfort-on-the-Main: formerly a free imperial city. Here, July 10, 1796, the French under Jourdan defeated the Austrians under War tens leben. Popula tion (1890), 5,276. Fried eric i a. See Fred eric i a . Friedewald (frē'de-vält). A small town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, 33 miles south-southeast of Ca el. Friedewald, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at Friedewald, Pru ia, Oct. 5, 1551, between France and the League of Smalkalden, for the Fries, Ernst. Born at Heidelberg, Baden, June 22, 1801: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Oct. 11, 1833. A German landscape-painter. Fries, Jakob Fried rich. Born at Barby, Pru ian Saxony, Aug. 23, 1773: died at Jena, Germany, Aug. 10, 1843. A German philosophical writer, profe or at Heidelberg and later (of philos philosophy) at Jena. He was deprived of his office for political reasons in 1819, but was appointed to the chair of physics and mathematics in 1824. He wrote "Neue Kritik der Vernunft" (1807), etc. Friesians (frēzianz), or Frisians (friz'ianz). The natives or inhabitants of Fries land; the Low German people who were the ancestors of the present inhabitants of Fries land. Friesic (frēzik). The language of the Friesians: in its oldest form specifically called Old Friesic. It is a Low German dialect formerly spoken in the northern part of Germany in the district which includes the present Fries land. Old Friesic, with Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon, constituted the main part of what is collectively called Old Low German, of which the present modern Friesic in its local variations, North, East, and West Friesic, and Dutch, Flemish, and Low German in its restricted sense (Platt-Deutsch), are the modern continental remains. Fries land (frēz'land), or Vriesland (frēs'länt). [L. Frisia , F. Frise .] A province of the Netherlands, capital Leeuwarden, bounded by the North Sea on the north, Groningen and Drenthe on the east, Overy el on the south, and the Zuyder Zee on the southwest and northwest. Its surface is generally flat. Fries land formerly included a much larger territory. It was under the counts of Holland, but became independent early in the 15th century. In 1515 it was incorporated with the Hapsburg dominions, and it became one of the Seven United Provinces of the Nether. lands. It is also called West Fries land. Area, 1,282 square miles. Population (1891), 336,442. IMG:content-0435.png:[blocks in formation] Frigga, or Friga (frig'ä). [Latinized forms of Frigg .] Same as Frigg . Frigid us (frij'i-dus). A small river, tributary of the Isonzo, which it joins near Görz in Aus- tri a: the modern Wipbach. It is noted for its cold- ne . In its valley, near the Birnbaumer Wald, Theodo- sius defeated the forces of Eugenius and Arbogast in 394. nickname given by his soldiers to Frederick the Great. Fritz, Samuel. Born in Bohemia, 1653: died at the Jeberos Mi ion, on the Upper Amazon, March 20,1728. A Jesuit mi ionary. The greater part of his life was spent among the Amazonian Indians, and he established the Omaguas and other mi ions. He repeatedly traversed the whole length of the river. In 1707 his map of the Amazon was first published at Quito, and it long remained the authority for this region. Fritz, Unser. [G., Our Fritz.'] A nickname given by Germans to Frederick William, crown prince of Germany, and later emperor. Frisches Haff (frish'es häf). [G., 'Fresh Bay.'] A body of water north of the provinces of East and West Pru ia, extending from near Königs- berg southwestward about 53 miles. Its average width is about 5 miles. It is separated by a tongue of land (Frische Nehrung) from the Baltic, with which it commu- nicates by the Pillauer Tief. Frischlin (frish'lēn), Nikodemus. Born at Balingen, Würtemberg, Sept. 22, 1547: died near the fortre of Hohenurach, Würtemberg, Nov. 29-30, 1590. A German philologist and Friscobaldo (fris-kō-bal'dō). In Dekker and Middle ton's "Honest Whore," the father of Bell a front. Frisian Islands, North. See North Friesian Islands . ince of He e-Na au, Pru ia, on the Eder 16 miles southwest of Ca el. It is noted for its cathedral and as the first seat in He e of Christianity, which was introduced by St. Boniface about 732. Friuli (fre'ö-lē). [F. Frioul, G. Friaul : from the town Forum Julii.] A district north of the Adriatic Sea, mainly comprised in the modern province of Udine, Italy, and in the crownland Görz and Gradiska, Austria-Hungary. It became a Lombard duchy in the 6th century, and was ruled by dukes and margraves in the middle ages. Austrian Friuli was acquired by the house of Hapsburg in 1500, and Vene- tian Friuli was acquired from Venice in 1797. Both por- tions were lost by Austria in 1805 and 1809, and regained in 1815. Venetian Friuli was ceded to Italy in 1866. Fröbel (fre'bel), Fried rich. Born at Ober- April 21, 1782: died at Marienthal, near Bad Lie ben stein, Germany, June 21, 1852. A Ger- man educator, founder of the kindergarten sys- tem of instruction. He studied at the universities of Jena, Göttingen, and Berlin; served against the French in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814; founded in 1816, at Griesheim, an educational institution which was removed to Keilhau, near Rudolstadt, in 1817; and in 1887 founded a kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thu ring i a. His chief work is "Die Menschenerziehung" (1826). Fröbel, Julius. Born at Griesheim, near Stadt- Ilm, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, July 16, 1805: died at Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. A German politician, traveler, and author, nephew of Fried rich Fröbel. He took part in the revolution- ary movement at Vienna in 1848, and in 1867 founded at Munich the "Süddeutsche Pre e," which he conducted until 1873. He was appointed consul of the German Empire at Smyrna in 1873, and held a similar post at Al- giers 1876-89. His chief works are "System der sozialen Politik" (1847), "Aus Amerika" (1857-58), "Theorie der schlechts" (1870–76), "Die realist is che Welt an sicht und die utilitarische Civilisation" (1881), and "Ein Lebens lauf" (1890-91). Frobisher (frō'bish-er), Sir Martin. Died in 1594. An English navigator. He was of a family of Welsh origin settled at Altofts in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He commanded an expedition in search of the northwest pa age in 1576, on which he discovered the bay since known as Frobisher Bay. One of his sailors having brought home a piece of ore supposed to contain gold, he was sent out again in command of two expeditions in search of gold, 1577-78. On both occasions, however, the ore which he brought home proved to be worthle . He fought with distinction against the Great Armada in 1588. Frobisher Bay. An arm of the ocean extend- ing about 200 miles into Baffin Land, between Hudson Strait and Cumber land Sound. It was until recently called Frobisher Strait. Frog (frog), Nicholas or Nic. A nickname for the Dutch in Arbuthnot's "Law is a Bottomle Pit," in "The History of John Bull." Frog more (frog'mor) Lodge. A mansion near Windsor Castle, England. It was the residence of Queen Victoria's mother, and in the grounds is the mauso- leum erected by the queen to her husband. Frogs (frogz), The. A famous comedy by Aris- tophanes. It was exhibited in 405 B. c., and ob- tained the first prize. The plot [of "The Frogs"] is separated into two parts: first, the adventures of Dionysus on his journey to Hades in search of a good poet, Sophocles and Euripi des being lately dead; and secondly, the poetical contest of Æschy- and Euripi des, the final victory of Æschylus. These subjects are logically though loosely connected to- gether, but remind us strongly of the dramatic economy of the very poet whom Aris toph anes is here attacking so piece, which consists in all manner of comic situa- Mahaffy , Hist. of Cla ical Greek Lit., I. 457. Fröhlich (frėʻlich), Abraham Emanuel. Born at Brugg, Aargau, Switzerland, Feb. 1, 1796: died at Baden, Aargau, Dec. 1, 1865. A Ger- man-Swi poet, best known as a writer of fables (published 1825). Frohsdorf (froz'dorf). A village and castle about 30 miles south of Vienna. It is noted as having been the headquarters of the French Legitimist party from 1844 until the death of the Comte de Chambord in 1883. Froi art (fro i'särt; F. pron. frwä-sär'), Jean. Born at Valenciennes, 1337: died at Chimay about 1410. A celebrated French chronicler. Nothing is known of his family or early life beyond the Frollo (F. pron. fro-lo'), Claude. An arch- deacon, one of the leading characters in "Notre Dame de Paris," by Victor Hugo. He is absorbed in alchemy and is reputed holy, but he falls in love with and persecutes Esmeralda, a gipsy. After her death he is killed in revenge by Quasimodo, who throws him from the top of the tower of Notre Dame. Frollo, Jehan. A scholar in "Notre Dame de Paris," by Victor Hugo. Frome, or Frome Selwood (fröm sel'wüd). A manufacturing town in Somerset, England, 11 miles south of Bath. Population (1891), 9,613. From ent in (froō-mon-tan'), Eugène. Born at St.-Maurice, near La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820: died there, Aug. 27, 1876. A noted French genre painter, a pupil of Rémond and Cabat. He visited Algiers 1846-48 and 1852-53, and brought home many sketches from which he painted his characteristic pictures of Oriental life. He was also the author of "Do- menique," a succe ful romance, and of works on art and travel. He was awarded a second-cla medal in 1849 and 1867, and a first-cla in 1859. He became a member of the Legion of Honor in 1859. Frontenac tude hailed him at its close: for it was he who saved the colony and led it triumphant from an aby of ruin.