EXHIBITION

a fixed sum given for a term of years from the funds of a school, college, or university, generally upon the result of a competitive examination. An exhibition, no matter what its pecuniary value, is le of a distinction than a scholarship. At Cambridge an exhibitioner has no standing in his college different from that cf the ordinary ‘ pensioner, ’ while a scholar is on the Foundation cf bis college. EXHIBITIONS. The earliest recorded ‘exhibition,’ in the modern acceptation of the word, is that in which, for one hundred and eighty days, Ahasuerus “‘shewed the riehes of his glorious kingdom”’ at Shushan (Hsther i, 2-4). The first European exhibition was held at Venice in 1268; while the great fairs of Leipzig and Nijni-Novgorod partook of the same nature. But the real forerunner of the modern exhibition was that heid in London by tha Society of Arts in 1756, when carpets, china, and similar artistic objects were displayed. This was followed in 1761 by an exhibition of agricultural machinery. In1797 France held a display of objets Wart at St. Cloud; there was another two years later at the Louvre; while a third in 1862 is memorable for tho first i ue of an official catalogue, and for the presence of Montgolfier the aeronaut, and Jacquard the inventor of the loom that bears his name, among exhibitors. Besides the exhibition of Irish in das tries, held at Dublin (1829), and the Birmingham exhibition of metalry 5 work (1849), numerous displays were held in both Europe and America, before the first International or‘ Great’ Exhibition of 185i. This memorable display was under the active patronage of Prince Albert, and for its accommodation the Crystal Palace was erected in Hyde Park. Its succe gave the exhibition movement an impetus which produced examples at New York and Dublin (1853), both of which proved financial failures; at Munich and Melbourne (1854); Paris (1855); and at South Kensington, where was held the second International Hxhibition (1862). Five years later, after Constantinople, Oporto, and Agra had, among other places, held displays, came the great Paris Exhibition, planned on a colo al scale; though the main building in the Champ de Mars was stigmatized as ‘a gasometer’ by Napoleon Exeter College, Oxford Ii. Vienna had a magnificent but financially disastrous exhibition in 1873, and in 1876 Philadelphia celebrated the centenary of the Independence of the United States bya display. In 1878 Paris held another exhibition, for which the Trocadero was built. A series held at South Kensington (1871-4) had only a moderate succe , but great popularity was attained by the ‘ Fisheries,’ ‘ Health,’ ‘ Inventions,’ and Colonial Exhibitions held in tho years 1883-6. MWdinburgh was the scene of a forestry display in 18384, and at the same time New Orleans opened an exhibition which continued till the following year. ‘The Paris Exhibition of 1889 was notable for the ‘side-shows,’ which included the Hiffel Tower; while the financial result of that held in 1900, which covered 550 acres of ground and admitted thirty-nine million people, was far from satisfactory. Meanwhile Chicago had in 1893 celebrated the four hundredth anniversary of Columbus’s discovery of America by @ hugo *World’s Fair.’ 357 EXHUMATION The present century opened inauspiciously with the a a ination of President McKinley at the Pan American Exhibition at Buffalo (1901); Glasgow had a thoroughly succe ful exhibition the same year; St. Louis was the scene of another in 1904; while London organized the Franco British Exhibition in 1908. This last owed much to the late Imre Kiralfy, who had directed many previous displays, and was the designer of the ‘White City’ at Shepherd’s Bush, where in 1914 was held the Anglo American Exposition. The British Wmpire Exhibition was held at Wembley, near London, in 1924 and 1925. The Chicago World’s Fair was opened in June 1933. The British Industries Fair (promoted by the Government) is held annually in London and Birmingham.