Schar-Dagh (shär-däg'), or Tchar-Dagh

A the ancient Scardus. It separates the valleys Schäfer, or Schaefer, Johann Wilhelm. Born at See hausen, near Bremen, Sept. 17, 1809: feet. died at Bremen, March 2, 1880. A German historian of literature. His works include "Grundri der Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (1836), "Handbuch der Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (1842-44), "Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts" (1855), lives of Goethe and Schiller, etc. Schaff (shäf), Philip. Born at Coire, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819: died at New York, Oct. 20, 1893. A German-American church historian, theologian, and miscellaneous writer. He grad. uated at the University of Berlin in 1841, and in 1844 accepted a profe orship in the theological seminary of the German Reformed Church of the United States at Mercers burg, Pennsylvania: a post which he occupied until 1863. He was appointed profe or of sacred literature in Union Theological Seminary at New York in 1870, being elected president in 1887, and retired as profe or emeritus in the spring of 1893. He was president of the American committee for the revision of the authorized version of the Bible. Among his works are "History of the Christian Church" (new ed., Vols. I-IV, and VI, 1882-88), "Creeds of Christen dom" (1877), "The Person of Christ" (1865), "Through Bible Lands" (1878), and "Bible Dictionary" (1880). He edited "Christ in Song" (1868), and, with others, "Library of Religious Poetry" (1881), "Schaff-Herzog ligious Encyclopædia" (3 vols. and supp. 1882-87), etc. Schaffhausen (shäf'hou-zen). 1. A canton of Switzerland, situated north of the Rhine, and lying partly in the Swabian Jura and partly in the Klettgau. Capital, Schaffhausen. It is nearly surrounded by Baden, and is bounded also on the south by the cantons of Zurich and Thurgau. It has also two small exclaves north of the Rhine. It sends 2 mem bers each to the State and National councils. The lan It freed itself from Austrian rule in 1419; was allied to the Swi Confederates in 1454; became a canton in 1501; and received a democratic constitution in 1876. Area, 114 square miles. Population (1888), 37,783. guage is German, and the prevailing religion Protestant. 2. The capital of the canton of Schaffhausen, situated on the Rhine in lat. 47° 41′ N., long. 8° 38′ E. It has various manufactures, and contains the castle of Munoth, a cathedral, "Imthurneum," etc. It became a free imperial city in 1264, and pa ed later to the Hapsburgs. Population (1888), including Feuerthalen (can- ton of Zurich), 13,654. Schaffhausen, Falls of. A cataract of the Rhine, at Laufen, near Schaffhausen. Height, Altdorf: a side valley of the Reu . Schack (shäk), Count Adolf Fried rich von. Born at Brüsewitz, near Schwerin, Germany, Aug. 2, 1815. A German poet, translator, and literary historian. Among his works are "Geschichte der dram at is chen Litteratur und Kunst in Spanien" (18451846), "Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien Sicilien" (2d ed. 1877), translations from the Spanish and from Firdausi, and dramatic, epic, and lyric poems. Schadow (shä'dō), Wilhelm Fried rich von. Born at Berlin, Sept. 6, 1789: died at Dü eldorf, March 19, 1862. A German painter and teacher of painting, son of J. G. Schadow. He became profe or at the Berlin Academy in 1819, and exerted great influence as the director of the Dii eldorf Academy 1826-59, becoming the founder of a modern school of German painters. See Over beck . Schadow, Johann Gottfried. Born at Berlin, May 20, 1764: died there, Jan. 27, 1850. A noted German sculptor, founder of the modern Berlin school of sculptors. His works include statnes of Frederick the Great (Stettin), Blücher (Rostock), Luther (Wittenberg), and the quadriga on the Brand enb urger Thor (Berlin). He also wrote several works on art. Schafarik (shä'fä-rik) (Bohem. Šafařík), Paul Joseph. Born at Kobelyarowo, northern Hungary, May 13, 1795: died June 26,1861. A Slovak philologist, noted for his researches in Slavic speech, literature, and history. He was profe or at the gymnasium at Neusatz 1819-33, and its director 18191825; and was connected with the library of Prague 18411857. Among his principal works are "Slavic Antiquities" (1837), "History of the Slavic Language and Literature" (1826), "Slavic Ethnography" (1842), a collection of Slovak songs, and works on Bohemian and South Slavic philology and literature. Schafberg (shäf'berg). A mountain on the border of Salzburg and Upper Austria, 19 miles east of Salzburg. It is called "the Austrian Rigi" on account of its extensive view. Height, 5,840 feet. Schäfer, or Schaefer (shā'fer). Arnold. Born at See hausen, near Bremen, Oct. 16, 1819: died at Bonn, Pru ia, Nov. 20, 1883. A German historian, brother of J. W. Schäfer: profe or 24, 1831. A German political economist. He became profe or of political economy at Tübingen in 1861 and at Vienna in 1868, and was Austrian minister of commerce in 1871. He afterward removed to Stuttgart, and devoted himself wholly to literature. He has published "Die Nationalökonomie” (1861), the third edition of which was renamed "Das gesellschaftliche System der mensch lichen Wirtschaft" (1873), "Kapitalismus und Socialism us" (1870), "Quinte enz des Socialism us" (1874), etc. Schamir (shä'mer). A mysterious worm which, according to Persian and other traditions adopted by the Jews and woven around the legends of Solomon, was able to cut the hardest stone. It was about the size of a barleycorn, but nothing could resist its strength. It was with the aid of Schamir that Solomon built the temple, the stones of which were not hewn by human hands. In some versions it is called a stone. In early rabbinical fable it is not a worm, and is something more than a stone, being called a "creature." It is an impersonation of a mysterious force. The story pa ed over to the Greeks, and the force became a plant. In the English "Gesta Romanorum" it is again a worm called Thumare. Gervaise of Tilbury speaks of it in connection with Solomon as a worm called Thamir. The same legend in different forms is met with in Iceland and many other European countries. In some ing life. forms Schamir has the power of giving life or of paralyz It bursts locks and shatters stones; it opens in the mountains the hidden treasures hitherto concealed from men; or it paralyses, lulling into a magic sleep; or, again, it restores to life. I believe the varied fables relate to one and the same object and that, the lightning. S. Baring - Gould , Curious Myths of Mid. Ages, 2d ser., p. 144. Schamyl (shä'mil). Born 1797: died at Medina, March, 1871. A Caucasian leader. He was elected imam of the Lesghians in 1834, and acquired a complete ascendancy over all the tribes of Daghestan, which he led in a 30 years' struggle for independence against Ru ia. His last stronghold, Weden, was taken April 12, 1859, and he himself was surprised and captured in the following Sept. He was a igned a residence in the interior of Ru ia, and died on a pilgrimage to Mecca. Schandau (shän'dou). A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Kirnitsch with the Elbe, in the midst of the Saxon of the Drin and Vardar. Highest peak, 10,005 Scharf (shärf), John Thomas. Born at Baltimore, May 1, 1843. An American historian. He served in the Confederate army and navy during the Civil War, and afterward engaged in journalism. He was admitted to the bar in 1874, and was appointed commi ioner of the land office of Maryland in 1884. Among his works are "History of Maryland" (1879), "History of the Confederate States Navy" (1887), "History of Delaware" (1888). Scharnhorst (shärn'horst), Gerhard Johann David von. Born at Bordenau, Hannover, Nov. 12, 1755: died at Prague, June 28, 1813. A German general and military writer. He was in the Han over i an service until 1801, and then in that of Pru ia. He was director of a Pru ian military school 1801-03; served against the French 1806-07; was president of the commi ion for reorganizing the Pru ian army; and was director of the department of war 1807-10. Не was severely wounded at Gro görschen in 1813. He wrote "Handbuch für Offiziere" (1781-90), etc. Scharwenka (shär-veng'kä), Philipp. Born at Samter, East Pru ia, Feb. 16, 1847. A German musician and composer, the brother of Xaver Scharwenka. He was a pupil of Kullak, and has taught in the latter's academy at Berlin. He is also a caricaturist. Scharwenka, Xaver. Born at Samter, East Pru ia, Jan. 6, 1850. A noted German pianist academy; and played in public at Berlin in 1869, and in and composer. He was and teacher at Kullak's England in 1879, and also in the United States. He established a school of music in New York in 1891. He has published a number of pianoforte concertos, songs, sonatas, etc.; also a good deal of chamber-music. Schä burg (shes'börg), Hung. Segesvár (she'gesh-vär). The capital of the county of NagyKüküllö, Transylvania, situated on the NagyKüküllö in lat. 46° 10' N., long. 24° 47′ E. Here, July 31, 1849, the Ru ians under Lüders defeated the Hungarians under Bem. Population (1890), 9,618. Schaumburg (shoum börg). 1. A former countship of Germany, in the valley of the Weser. It was divided in 1648 between Lippe and He e-Ca el. The former part is now Schaumburg-Lippe. 2. A countship in Pru ia, on the Lahn. The in the family of Oldenburg. Schaumburg-Lippe (shoum'börg-lippe). A principality and state of the German Empire, situated west of Hannover, and surrounded by Hannover, Westphalia, and the Pru ian part of Schaumburg. Capital, Bückeburg. The surface is level or hilly. It is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, and has 1 vote in the Bundesrat and 1 in the Reichstag. The prevailing religion is Protestant. The present line was founded in 1613, and was at first called BückeburgLippe. It was raised to a principality in 1807. It sided at first with Austria in 1866, but changed to the Pru ian side. Area, 131 square miles. Population (1895), 41,148. Scheat (she'at). [Ar.: a corruption of said , the arm or cubit.] A name given to the second-magnitude star ẞ Pegasi, sometimes called Menkib , and also to the third-magnitude star d Aquarii. As applied to the latter star the name is often spelled Skat . Schedir, or Shedir (shā'dėr or she'der). [Ar. al - çadr , the breast.] The second-magnitude star a Ca iopeiæ, in the breast of the figure. Scheele (sha'le), Karl Wilhelm. Born at Stralsund, Dec. 2, 1742: died at Köping, Sweden, May, 1786. A celebrated Swedish chemist. He lived as an apothecary at Köping from 1777. He was the independent discoverer of oxygen, ammonia, and hydrochloric-acid gas, and discovered many other important substances, including manganese, chlorin, baryta, tartaric acid, Scheele's green, arsenic acid, glycerin, lactic acid, etc. His collected works were published in 1793. Scheffel (shef'fel), Joseph Victor von. Born at Karlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 16, 1826: died there, April 9, 1886. A German poet and novelist. He studied jurisprudence at Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin. In 1850 he occupied a minor judicial position in Säckingen, and in 1852 in Bruchsal. Subsequently he traveled in Italy, and lived afterward at various places in Germany, Switzerland, and the south of France. In 1857 he was given the position of librarian at Donaueschingen. In 1872 he removed to Rudolfszall, on the Lake of Con stance, where he lived until his death. In 1876 he was ennobled. His first important work was the idyl "Der Trompeter von Sackingen" ("The Trumpeter of Säckingen "), which appeared in 1853. The historical novel "Ekkehard" is from 1855. "Frau Aventiure," a collection of lyrics, appeared in 1863, "Juniper us" in 1868, "Bergpsalmen ("Mountain Psalms") in 1870, "Waldeinsamkeit" ("Forest Solitude') in 1881. "Gaudeamus," a collection of popular poems of a hu morous character, has been published in some 40 editions. Scheffer (shef'fer), Ary. Born at Dordrecht, Netherlands, Feb. 12, 1795: died at Paris, June 5, 1858. A French painter, of a style between Scheffer, Ary the cla ical and Romantic schools. Among his works are "Suliote Women," "Eberhard the Weeper," several on the subjects of "Faust," " Mignon," and "Gretchen," " Francesca da Rimini," "Charlemagne and Witte kind," "St. Augustine and his Mother," "Christ us Consol at or," "Christ us Remunerator," "Dante and Be at rice," "Christ Bearing the Cro ," etc.; portraits of Béranger, Marshal Ney, Liszt, Ro ini, the artist's mother, etc. Scheffer, Henry. Born at The Hague, Sept. 27, 1798: died at Paris, March 15, 1862. A French historical and genre painter, brother of Ary Scheffer. Scheffler, Johannes. See Angelus Silesius . Schehallion. See Schiehallion . Scheherazade, or Sheherazade (she-he'razad), or Shahrazad (shä-rä-zäd'). A character in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," daughter of the grand vizir and wife of Schariar, sultan of India. The tales which she nightly relates so interest the sultan that hepareerlife from dawody order to hear more, and finally repeals the condemning to death each morning his bride of the previous night. See Arabian Nights . Scheideck (shid'ek), or Scheidegg. A spur of the Rigi, in Switzerland. Scheideck, Great. The height of the pa between Grin del wald and Meiringen, Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. Height, 6,430 feet. Scheideck, Little, or Wengern-Scheideck (veng'ern-shi'dek). A pa in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, leading from Grin del wald over the Wengernalp to Lauterbrunnen. Height, 6,788 feet. Scheideck, Reschen-. A pa in western Tyrol, near the Swi frontier, leading from Landeck in the valley of the Inn to the Vintschgau in the valley of the upper Adige. Schelde (schel'de), or Scheldt (skelt). [D. Schelde , formerly also Scheldt , F. Escaut , from L. Scaldis .] A river in Europe which rises in the department of Aisne, northeastern France, traverses Belgium, and flows in the Netherlands into the North Sea by its chief arms, the West Schelde (or Hont) and the East Schelde. Its chief branches are the Selle, Scarpe, Lys, and Rupel; the chief towns on its banks are Tournai, Oudenarde, Ghent, Den der monde, and Antwerp. It was closed to navigation 16481792. Length, 250 miles; navigable to near Catelet. Scheler (sha'ler), Johann August Huldreich. Born at Ebnat, Switzerland, April 6, 1819: died at Bru els, Nov. 17, 1890. A noted philologist. He held a profe orship in the University of Bru els from 1876 until his death, and wrote a number of works on Romance philology, including "Dictionnaire d'étymologie française" (1861), and "Exposé des lois qui régi ent la transformation française des mots latins" (1875). Schenkel (sheng'kel), Daniel. Born at Dägerlen, canton of Zurich, Switzerland, Dec. 21, 1813: died May 19, 1885. A German Protestant theologian, profe or at Heidelberg from 1851: one of the chief founders of the German Protestant Union. Among his works are "Christliche Dogmatik" (1858-59), "Das Charakterbild Jesu" (1864), etc. Schenkendorf (shengk'en-dorf), Max von. Born at Tilsit, Pru ia, Dec. 11, 1783: died at Coblenz, Dec. 11, 1817. A German lyric poet. He studied jurisprudence in Königsberg, where in 1812 he became a referendary; but with the advent of the French army in that year he left, and was subsequently in Berlin, Weimar, and Karlsruhe. In 1813, in response to the Pru ian call to arms, he joined the army in Silesia, and fought in the battle of Leipsic. After the war, in 1815, he was made counselor at Coblenz, where he died. His lyrics, many of them patriotic songs, appeared under the title "Gedichte" ("Poems") in 1815. Schérer (sha-rar'), Barthélemy Louis Joseph. Born at Delle, near Belfort, France, Dec. 18, 1747: died on his estate Chauny, Aisne, Aug. 19, 1804. A French general. He served in the revolutionary armies; as commander-in-chief in Italy gained the battle of Loano Nov. 24, 1795; was minister of war 17971799; and was defeated by the Austrians in Italy in 1799. Joseph. He Schérer, Edmond Henri Adolphe. Born at Paris, April 8, 1815: died at Versailles, March 16, 1889. A French Protestant theologian of the radical school, politician, and critic. was made profe or of exegesis at the École Évangélique at Geneva in 1845; resigned in 1850, and became a leader in the liberal movement in Protestant theology; became chief literary critic of "Le Temps" in 1860; and later was its editor in chief. He was elected member of the National A embly in 1871, and of the Senate in 1875. He wrote "Mélanges de critique religieuse," seven volumes of literary criticisms, etc. Scherer (sha'rer), Wilhelm. Born at Schönborn, Lower Austria, April 26, 1841: died at Berlin, Aug. 6, 1886. A German philologist and literary historian. He wrote "Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (1883), etc. Scheria (skē'ri-ä). [Gr. Σχερία .] In the Ody ey, a mythical island, the abode of the Pheacians: identified by the ancients with Corcyra. Scherr (sher), Johannes. Born at Hohenrechberg, Würtemberg, Oct. 3, 1817: died at Zurich, Νον. 21, 1886. A German historian and democratic leader in Würtemberg until his flight to Switzerland in 1849. He was profe or in the Polytechnic School at Zurich from 1860. His works include "Deutsche Kultur und Sittengeschichte" ("History of German Civilization and Manners," 1852), "Schiller und seine Zeit” (1859), “Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (2d ed. 1854), "Geschichte der englischen Litteratur" (1854), "All gem eine Geschichte der Litteratur" (1851), "Geschichte der Religion" (1855-57), "Blücher" (1862), "Geschichte der deutschen Frauenwelt" (3d ed. 1873). Scherzer (shert's er), Karl von. Born at Vienna, Louis of Baden. Schelling (shel'ling), Fried rich Wilhelm Joseph von. Born at Leonberg, Würtemberg, Jan. 27, 1775: died at Ragatz, Switzerland, Aug. 20, 1854. A celebrated German philosopher. was educated at Tübingen; became at Jena in 1798, and at Würzburg in 1803; occupied various official positions at Munich 1806-41 (as secretary of the Academy of Arts, from 1827 as profe or of philosophy, and later director of the Academy of Sciences); lectured at various times at Stuttgart and Erlangen; became a member of the Berlin Academy; and 1841-46 was lecturer at the University of Berlin. His works include "Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie" ("First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature," 1799), "Der transcendent ale Idealism us" (1800), "Darstellung meines Systems der Phi losophie" ("Presentation of my System of Philosophy," 1801), "Bruno" (1802), "Philosophie und Religion" (1804), "Menschliche Freiheit" (1809), etc. His collected works were published in 14 vols. 1856-61. Schemnitz (shem'nits), Hung. Selmecz-Bánya (shel-mets'bän'yo). A town in the county of Honth, Hungary, 67 miles north of Budapest. It is the most important mining town in Hungary, with mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, etc.; and has an academy of mining and forestry. It existed as early as the 8th century. Population (1890), 15,280. Schenck (skengk), Robert Cumming. Born at Franklin, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1809: died at Washing. ton, D. C., March 23, 1890. An American politician, diplomatist, and general. He was admitted to the bar in 1831; was a Whig member of Congre from Ohio 1843-51; was United States minister to Brazil 1851-53; and served in the Union army in the Civil War, participating in the first battle of Bull Run, the battle of Cro Keys, and the second battle of Bull Run, and attaining the rank of major-general. He was a Republican member of Congre from Ohio 1863-71, and United States minister to Great Britain 1871-76. Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-di). A city, capital of Schenectady County, New York, situated on the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal, 17 miles northwest of Albany. It has manufactures of locomotives, agricultural implements, etc., and is the seat of Union College. It was burned by the French and Indians Feb. 8, 1690, and the inhabitants were ma acred. Population (1890), 19,902. North and Central America 1852-55; was a member of the Novara expedition round the world 1857-59; was chief of an expedition to eastern Asia in 1869; and has been Austrian consul-general at Genoa since 1884. Besides books of travel he has published "Weltindustrien" (1880) and "Das wirtschaftliche Leben der Völker" (1885), etc. Scheuren (shoi'ren 'ren), Johann Kaspar. Born at Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 22, 1810: died 1887. A German landscape-painter, of the Dü eldorf school. He became profe or at the Dü eldorf Academy in 1855. His pictures are mostly in German galleries. Scheveningen (schā'ven-ing-en). A fishing village in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, situated on the North Sea 3 miles northwest of The Hague. It is a celebrated watering-place, and a favorite resort for artists. Near it, Aug. 10 (O. S. July 31), 1653, the English fleet under Monk defeated the Dutch under Tromp, who fell in the engagement. Population (1889), 17,277. Schiaparelli (skyä-pä-rel'lē), Giovanni Virginio. Born at Savigliano, Italy, March 4, 1835. An Italian astronomer. He was appointed director of the observatory at Milan in 1862. He has published "Note e ref le i on i sulla teoria astronomic a delle stelle cadent i" (1870) and "I precursor i di Copernico nell' antichità" (1876). He has also published investigations in meteorology and the topography of Mars. Schick (shik), Gottlieb. Born at Stuttgart, Aug. 15, 1779: died there, April 11, 1812. A German historical painter. with David, and at Rome 1802-11. He is called one of the ater. In 1799-1802 he studied at Paris regenerators of German art. Schiedam (sche-dam'). A town in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, situated near the junction of the Schie and Meuse, 34 miles west of Rotter dam. It is noted as a center of gin manufacture (Hollands and Geneva). Population (1891), 25,371. Schiefner (shef'ner), Franz Anton. Born at Reval, Ru ia, July 18, 1817: died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 16, 1879. A Ru ian philologist, noted for his researches in Tibetan, Mongolian, and the Finnic and Caucasian groups of languages. He was a member of the Academy of St. Petersburg, and was connected with its library from 1863. Schiller Schiehallion (she-hal'yon). A mountain in Perth shire, Scotland, 30 miles northwest of Perth. It was here that Maskelyne conducted his experiments for determining the density of the earth. Height, 3,547 feet. Also Schehallion. Schiermonnikoog (scher-mon'nik-ög). An island in the North Sea, belonging to the province of Fries land, Netherlands, 5 miles north of the mainland. Length, 8 miles. Schikaneder (she-kä-nā'der), Emanuel. Born at Ratisbon, 1751: died at Vienna, Sept. 21, 1812. A German librettist, manager, singer, and actor. In 1780, while manager of a company of strolling players, he met Mozart. He wrote the text of Mozart's "Zauberflöte" in 1791, and played Papageno himself. Schiller (shil'ler), Johann Chris toph Fried rich von. Born at Marbach, Würtemberg, Nov. 10, 1759: died at Weimar, May 9, 1805. A famous German poet, dramatist, and historian. His father, who had previously been a surgeon, entered the Würtemberg service at the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, and at the time of the birth of the poet was a lieutenant. Subsequently he rose to the rank of captain, and in 1768 was given the position of park-keeper at Ludwigsburg and the duke's country-seat, Solitude. He married, in 1749, Elizabeth Dorothea Kodweis, daughter of the landlord of the Golden Lion in Marbach. Schiller's earliest education was obtained in the village of Lorch, and then at the Latin school of Ludwigsburg. It was his original intention to study theology, but in accordance with the demand of the duke, Karl Eugen, who in 1770 had set up a military academy at his castle, Solitude, he entered there in 1773 and began the study of jurisprudence. In 1775 the academy was removed to Stuttgart, where he exchanged the study of law for that of medicine; and in 1780, on the conclusion of his studies, was appointed regimental surgeon at Stuttgart. His literary career began in 1781 with the publication of the tragedy "Die Räuber" ("The Robbers"), the plan of which he had conceived as early as 1778, when a pupil at the military academy. He was not able to find a publisher, and was obliged to print the work at his own expense, but the following year it was succe fully produced at Mannheim. The publication of the drama had drawn upon him the displeasure the duke, which was intensified when he went secretly to Mannheim in order to be present at its first representation. Subsequently he was forbidden by the duke to print anything which did not relate to his profe ion. Once more he went to Mannheim without leave, in order to see his drama, and this time, when it was discovered, he was condemned to a fortnight's arrest. He now determined to escape from this restraint, and the same year (1782) fled in company with a friend to Mann heim, and thence went to Darmstadt and Frankfort. Un der the a umed name of Dr. Schmidt, he lived for a time at the village of Oggersheim, near Mannheim, and, not believing himself here free from pursuit, accepted the invitation of Frau von Wolzogen, and took up his abode on her estate Bauerbach, near Me in in gen. In the meantime he had been at work on another drama which finally appeared in 1783, after having been twice rejected by the theater direction at Mannheim. This is his "Fiesco" (full title "Die Verschworung des Fiesco zu Genua: republikanisches Trauerspiel": "The Conspiracy of Fiesco at Genoa: a Republican Tragedy"). At Bauerbach he lived until July, 1783, under the name of Dr. Ritter, engaged upon a third tragedy which he at first called "Luise Miller in," but which was published in 1784 under the name of "Kabale und Liebe" ("Love and Intrigue"). In 1783 he returned to Mannheim to accept the position of theater poet with a stipend of 300 florins, for which he was to furnish three plays a year: to eke out a support he had founded a journal (which was abandoned in 1793) called "Die rheinische Thalia" ("The Rhenish Thalia"), afterward "Die neue Thalia" ("The New Thalia"). His connection with the theater lasted only until Nov., 1784, when he resigned. In 1785, with the advice and a istance of Christian Gottfried Körner, the father of the poet Körner, he left Mannheim for Leipsic, where he arrived in April. Shortly after he moved out to the little village of Gohlis, near by, and then, that same year, accompanied Körner to Dresden: here, and in the village of Loschwitz, where his friend had a villa, he lived until 1787. In 1786 three lyrical poems bad appeared in the "Thalia": "Freigeisterei der Lei dens chaft" ("Free-thinking of Pa ion"), "Resignation," and "Lied an die Freude" ("Hymn to Joy"), the last written in Gohlis. In the garden-house at Loschwitz he completed the drama "Don Carlos, "begun at Mann heim and finally published in 1787. Unlike the preceding dramas, which are all in prose, this, like its succe ors, written in iambic pentameter. To the Dresden belongs, further, a novel that was never completed, called "Der Geisterseher" ("The Ghost-seer"). In 1787, having grown tired of his life in Dresden, he removed to Weimar, where, with the exception of the period from 1789 to 1799, he subsequently lived. In 1788 appeared his first historical work, the "Geschichte des Abfalls der Niederlande" ("History of the Revolt of the Netherlands"). Belonging also to this early time in Weimar are the poems "Die Götter Griechenlands" ("The Gods of Greece") and Künstler" ("The Artists"). In 1789 he was called as profe or extra ordinar i us of history, but without a stipend, to the University of Jena. The succeeding year (1790) he married Lotte von Lengefeld, having previously been granted, on his application, a small stipend by the Duke of Weimar. During 1790-93 appeared his second historical work, the "Geschichte des dreiszigjährigen Kriegs" ("History of the Thirty Years' War"). In 1794 falls the beginning of the intimate a ociation with Goethe, which had a marked influence upon poets. In 1795, with operation of Goethe, he founded the journal "Die Horen" ("The Horse"), which was continued down to 1798. In 1796 the annual "Der Musenalmanach" ("The Almanac of the Muses") was begun under his editorship, and was published down to 1800, when it was abandoned. In it appeared the satiric epigrams, the famous "Xenien," written in collaboration with Goethe, and a number of his most celebrated poems, among them "Der Handschuh" Schiller ("The Glove"), "Der Ring des Polykrates" ("The Ring of Poly crates"), "Ritter Toggenburg" ("Knight Toggenburg"), "Der Taucher" ("The Diver"), "Die Kraniche des Ibycus" ("The Cranes of Ibycus"), "Der Gang nach dem Eisenhammer" ("The Walk to the Forge"), "Der Kampf mit dem Drachen" ("The Fight with the Drag. on"), "Das Eleusische Fest" ("The Eleusinian Festival"), and (1800) "Das Lied von der Glocke" ("The Song of the Bell"), the most popular of all his poems. In 1799 another drama had been completed, and the following year it was revised for publication. This is the trilogy "Wal lens tein," which consists of the prelude "Wal lens teins Lager" ("Wal lens tein's Camp"), "Die Piccolo mini” (“The Piccolo mini"), a drama in five acts, and "Wal lens teins Tod" ("Wal lens tein's Death"), also in five acts. In 1798, further, he gave up his profe orship at Jena and went back to W Weimar, which was henceforth his home. The succeeding years were characterized binary dated extraordinary dramatic in 1801. "Die Jungfrau von Orleans" ("The Maid of Orléans"), which he calls "a romantic tragedy," followed in 1802. This same year he was ennobled by the emperor Francis II. In 1803 appeared, further, "Die Braut von Me ina" ("The Bride of Me ina"), with the subtitle "Die feindlichen Brüder: Trauerspiel mit Chören" ("The Hostile Brothers: a Tragedy with Choruses"); and finally, in 1804, the drama "Wilhelm Tell." He died suddenly in 1805. Still another tragedy, "Demetrius," was left uncompleted at his death. His life may be divided into 3 periods. The first is that of his youth, from 1759 to 1785, when he removed to Leipsic: in this period fall the "Storm and Stre " dramas "The Robbers," "Fiesco," and "Love and Intrigue," and the lyric poems published in his "An tho logie" of 1782. A second period is the period of scientific production, in reality a time of research, from 1785 down to his intimate a ociation with Goethe in the publication of the "Horen": in this period fall, most especially, cal and esthetic treatises, the principal among them being that on "Naive und sentimental is che Dichtung" ("Naïve and Sentimental Poetry"). A third and last period is from 1794 until his death in 1805. This is the time of his greatest productivity: in it fall the best of his poems, of which there are many besides the ballads mentioned, and the most important of his dramas. A critical edition of his complete works was published at Stuttgart, 1867-76, in 17 volumes. "Don Carlos," his historical works, and several Schiller-Stiftung (shil'ler-stif'töng). [G., 'Schiller Institution.'] A German society founded in 1855 (definitely organized at Dresden, Oct., 1859) for the purpose of rendering pecuniary aid to German authors needing a istance. Schilling (shil'ling), Johannes. Born at Mittweida, Saxony, June 23, 1828. A German sculptor, profe or at Dresden. Among his works are the Schiller statue in Vienna, statues in the Brühl Terrace, Dresden, and the national monument in the Niederwald. Schilthorn (shilt'horn). A mountain in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, southwest of Lauterbrunnen. Height, 9,748 feet. Schimper, Wilhelm Philipp. Born at Dosenheim, Alsace, Jan. 12, 1808: died May 20, 1880. An Alsatian botanist and paleontologist. He published "Traité de paléon to logie végétale" (1867-69), researches on bryology, etc. Schipka Pa . See Shipka Pa . Schirmer (shir'mer), Johann Wilhelm. Born at Jülich, Pru ia, Sept. 5, 1807: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Sept. 11, 1863. A German landscape-painter. His subjects were taken largely from Bible scenes. Schirmer, Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, May 6, 1802: died at Nyon, Switzerland, June 8, 1866. A German landscape-painter. His subjects were taken chiefly from the South. Schism, The Great. 1. The division between the Latin and Greek churches, which began in the 9th century, the principal doctrinal diff i culty relating to the "filioque" in the creed. The immediate occasion of suspension of communion was the intrusion by the emperor Michael III., in 857, of the learned Photius into the see of Constantinople instead of