rugose (rogos)

[L. rugosus, wrinkled: see rugous.] 1. Having rugæ; rugate or rugous; corrugated; wrinkled. The internal rugose coat of the intestine. Wiseman , Surgery. Above you the woods climb up to the clouds, a prodigious precipitous surface of burning green, solid and ru gose like a cliff. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 334. 2. In bot., rough and wrinkled: applied to leaves in which the reticulate venation is very prominent beneath, with corresponding creases on the upper side, and also to lichens, algæ, etc., in which the surface is reticulately roughened. -3. Specifically, of or pertaining to the Rugosa. rugosely (rö'gōs-li), adv. 1. In a rugose manner; with wrinkles.-2. In entom., roughly and intricately; so as to present a rugose appearance: as, rugosely punctured. rugosity (rö-gos'i-ti), n.; pl. rugosities (-tiz). [OF. rugosite, F. rugosité = Pr. rugozitat = Sp. rugosidad = Pg. rugosidade = It. rugosità, In many cases the wings of an insect not only a ume the exact tint of the bark or leaf it is accustomed to rest on, but the form and veining of the leaf or the exact ru gosity of the bark is imitated. A. R. Wallace , Nat. Select., p. 48. 2. A wrinkle or corrugation. An Italian Oak... wrinkles its bark into strange ru gosities, from which its first scattered sprouts of yellow green seem to break out like a morbid fungus. H. James , Jr. , Trans. Sketches, p. 162. rugous (rö'gus), a . [OF. (and F.) rugueux = Pr. rugos = Sp. Pg. It. rugoso , rugosus , wrinkled, ruga , a wrinkle: see ruga .] Same as rugose. In the rhinoceros. the trachea has thirty-one rings; they are close-set, cleft behind, the ends meeting; the lining membrane is longitudinally rugous , as is that of the bronchial ramifications for some way into the lung. Owen , Anat., § 354. IMG:content-2588.png:[blocks in formation] me. And he said, Because the gods of the kings of Syria help them, therefore will I sacrifice to them that they may help But they were the ruin of him and of all Israel. 2 Chron. xxviii. 23. Staumrel, corky-headed, gracele gentry, Burns , Brigs of Ayr. The herryment and ruin of the country. 4. That which has undergone overthrow, downfall, or collapse; anything, as a building, in a state of destruction, wreck, or decay; hence, in the plural, the fragments or remains of anything overthrown or destroyed: as, the ruins of former beauty; the ruins of Nineveh. This Jaff was Sumtyme a grett Citee, as it appereth by the Ruyne of the same. Torkington , Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 24. Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times. Shak., J. C., iii. 1. 256. Through your ruins hoar and gray- Ruins, yet beauteous in decay- The silvery moonbeams trembling fly. Alas, poor Clifford!. Burns, Ruins of Lincluden Abbey. You are partly crazy, and partly imbecile; a ruin , a failure, as almost everybody is. Hawthorne , Seven Gables, x. 5. The state of being ruined, decayed, destroyed, or rendered worthle . Repair thy wit, good youth, or it will fall To curele ruin . Shak ., M. of V., iv. 1. 142. Princely counsel in his face yet shone, Majestic, though in ruin . Milton , P. L., ii. 305. It was the Conservative, or rather the Agrarian, party which brought this bill to ruin . Contemporary Rev. , L. 285. =Syn. 2. Subversion, wreck, shipwreck, prostration. ruin (rö'in), v. [= F. ruiner, F. dial. rouiner = Pr. reunar = Sp. ruinar (Pg. arruinar ) = It. rovinare, ruinare = D. ruineren = G. ruiniren = Dan. ruinere = Sw. ruiner a, ruin, tially and irreparably; wreck the material or moral well-being of; demolish; subvert; spoil; undo: as, to ruin a city or a government; to ruin commerce; to ruin one's health or reputation. Jerusalem is ruined , and Judah is fallen. Isa. iii. 8. Mark but my fall, and that that ruin'd me. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. 440. All men that are ruined are ruined on the side of their natural propensities. Burke, A Regicide Peace, i. The rain has ruined the ungrown corn. Swinburne , Triumph of Time. 2. Specifically, to bring to financial ruin; reduce to a state of bankruptcy or extreme poverty. The freeman is not to be amerced in a way that will ruin him; the penalty is to be fixed by a jury of his neighbourhood. Stubbs , Const. Hist., § 155. =Syn. 1. To destroy, overthrow, overturn, overwhelm.2. To impoverish. II. in trans . 1. To fall headlong and with violence; rush furiously downward. [Rare.] rug + gown.] One who wears a gown of rug; hence, a low person. You sands of monsters more besides there be Which I, fast hoodwink'd, at that time did see; And in a word to shut up this discourse, A rudg - gowns ribs are good to spur a horse. IMG:content-2589.png:[blocks in formation] Witts Recreations (1654). ( Nares .) Ruhmkorff coil. A form of induction-coil or inductorium (see induction - coil ): so called because constructed by H. D. Ruhmkorff (18031877). Milton , P. L., vi. 868. Torrents of her myriad universe, Ruining along the illimitable inane, Fly on to clash together again. made of rug, or coarse nappy frieze. Tennyson , Lucretius. I had rather meet An enemy in the field than stand thus nodding Like to a rug - gown'd watchman. ME. ruine , ruine , F. ruine = Pr. roin a , ruin a = Sp. Pg. ruin a = It. rovina , ruin a = G. D. ruine = Dan. Sw. ruin , ruin a , over- Fletcher (and another ?), Prophete , ii. 2. throw, ruin, ruere , fall down, tumble, sink in cay; be dilapidated. Though he his house of polish'd marble build,... Yet shall it ruin like the moth's frail cell. Sandys , Paraphrase upon Job, xxvii. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia ruin 3t. To be overwhelmed by lo , failure, suffering, or the like; be brought to misery or poverty. They then perceive that dilatory stay To be the causer of their ruining . Drayton, Barons' Wars, i. 54. Unle these things, which I have above proposed, one avert, we may instantly ruin . way or another, be once sett i'd, in my fear, Phich God Milton , Ruptures of the Commonwealth. 4. To inflict ruin; do irreparable harm. He was never, But where he meant to ruin , pitiful. Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2. 40. ruinable (röʼin-a-bl), a . [ ruin + -able .] Capable of being ruined. Above these ruinable skies They make their last retreat. Watts , The Atheist's Mistake. ruin-agate (rö'in-ag"āt), n. A variety of agate of various shades of brown, the color so arranged as to give to a polished slab a fancied resemblance to a ruined building. ruinate (röʻi-nāt), v .; pret. and pp. ruinated , ppr. ruinating . [ ruinatus , pp. of ruinare , ruin, fall in ruin: see ruin , v.] I. trans. 11. To hurl violently down; thrust or drive head long. IMG:content-2591.png:[blocks in formation] II. in trans . To fall; be overthrown; go to ruin. [Rare.] We see others ruinating for want of our incomparable system of constitutional government. S. H. Cox , Interviews Memorable and Useful, p. 115. ruinatet (rö'i-nāt), a . [= Sp. Pg. ruinado = It . rovinato, ruinato , ruined, ruinatus , pp. of ruinare , fall in ruin, ruin: see ruin , v.] Brought to ruin; ruined; in ruins. Shall love, in building, grow so ruinate ? Shak ., C. of E., iii. 2. 4. My brother Edward lives in pomp and state; I in a mansion here all ruinate . Dekker and Webster , Sir Thomas Wyatt, p. 11. ruination (rö-i-nā'shon), n . [ ML . * ruin a tio ( n- ) , ruinare , ruin: see ruinate .] The act of ruinating, or the state of being ruinated; ruin. Roman coynes...were... ouercouered in the ground, in the sodaine ruination of tounes by the Saxons. Camden , Remains, Money, It was left for posterity, after three more centuries of Irish misery, to meet public nece ity by private ruination . R. W. Dixon , Hist. Church of Eng., xix. ruiner (rö'i-nėr), n. [ ruineur , rovi natore , ruin at or , ruinare , ruin: see ruin .] One who ruins or destroys. They [bishops] have been the most certain deformers and ruiners of the church. Milton , On Def. of Humb. Remonst. ruing (rö'ing), n. [ ruynge ; verbal n. of ruel, v.] Repentance; regret. ruin i form (rö'i-ni-fôrm), a . [= F. ruin i for me , ruin a , ruin, + form a , form.] Having the appearance of ruins: noting various minerals. ruin-marble (röʼin-mär bl), n . Marble showing markings resembling vaguely the forms of ruined or dilapidated buildings. ruinous (rö'i-nus), a . [ ruy nous , ruineux , ruyneux , F. ruineux = Pr. ruynos = Sp. Pg. ruinoso = It. rovinoso , ruinoso , ruinosus , ruinous, ruin a , overthrow, ruin: see ruin .] 1. Fallen to ruin; decayed; dilapidated. Somwhat bynethe that village we come to an olde, forleten, ruynous churche, somtyme of seynt Marke. Sir R. Guylforde , Pylgrymage, p. 33. Leave not the mansion so long tenantle , Lest, growing ruinous , the building fall. Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4. 9. 2. Composed of ruins; consisting in ruins. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap. Isa. xvii. 1. 3. Destructive; baneful; pernicious; bringing or tending to bring ruin. Machinations, hollowne , treachery, and all ruinous disorders follow us disquietly to our graves. Shak ., Lear, i. 2. 123. The favourite pre ed for patents, lucrative to his relations and to his creatures, ruinous and vexatious to the body of the people. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. 5264 ruinously (rö'i-nus-li), adv . In a ruinous manner; destructively. ruinousne (rö'i-nus-nes), n . The state or character of being ruinous; mischievousne ; banefulne . ruitt, n. A Middle English form of rut2 . rukh, n. Same as rocl. rulable (rö'la-bl), a . [ rule1 , v . , + -able .] 1. Capable of being ruled; governable. For the removing the impre ion of your nature to be opiniastre and not rulable , first and above all things I wish that all matters past, which cannot be revoked, your lordship would turn altogether upon in satisfaction, and not upon your nature or proper disposition. Bacon , To Lord E ex, Oct., 1596. 2. Permi ible according to rule; allowable. [Colloq.] In all sales of Butter above "low grades" it shall be rul able to reject any package or packages varying widely in color or quality from the bulk of the lot. New York Produce Exchange Report (1888-9), p. 305. rulel (röl), n. [ ME.rule , reule , rewle , ruell , riule , riwle (as in Ancren Riwle , 'Anchore es' Rule'), reule , rieule , riule , reigle , riegle , F. dial. (Norm.) ruile , F. règle = Pr. Sp. regla = Pg. regra = It. regola = AS. regol , regul , a rule, = D. regel = MLG. reggele , regule = OHG. regula , monastic rule, MHG. regele , regel , G. regel = Icel. regla , regula = Sw. Dan. regel , rule, regula (ML. also regula ) , a rule, etc., regere , keep straight, direct, govern, rule: see regent . See raill , a bar, etc., and regle , doublets of rule1.] 1. An instrument with an edge approximately straight, subserving purposes of measurement. A mere straight-edge is usually called a ruler. Rules are mostly of three kinds-(1) those with a scale of long measure on the edge, (2) parallel rules, and (3) sliding rules. See ruler , and cut under caliper . Thes yefthe [gift, i. e. righteousne ) is the maister of workes, thet is to zigge, of the uirtues of man; uor he deth al to wylle, and to the line, and to the reule , and to the leade, and to the leuele. Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 150. Mechanic slaves With greasy aprons, rules , and hammers, shall Uplift us to the view. Shak ., A. and C., v. 2. 210. 2. A formula to which conduct must be conformed; a minor law, canon, or regulation, especially a regulation which a person imposes upon himself: as, the rules of whist. Now hath vche riche a reule to eten bi hym-selue In a pryue parloure for pore mennes sake, Or in a chambre with a chymneye. Piers Plowman (B), x. 96. If thou well observe The rule of Not too much, by temperance taught, So mayst thou live. Milton , P. L., xi. 531. His Example still the Rule shall give, And those it taught to Conquer, teach to Live. Congreve, Birth of the Muse. Specifically-(a) In monasteries or other religious societies, the code of laws required to be observed by the society and its individual members: as, the rule of St. Benedict, the rule of St. Basil, etc. (b) In law : (1) A statement of a principle of law propounded as controlling or entitled to control conduct; the principle thus stated: as, the rule against perpetuities (see perpetuity , 3). In this sense some rules are statutory or constitutional that is, created by or embodied in statutes or a constitution; some are common - law rules , as many of the rules of evidence; and some are equitable - that is, introduced by the courts of equity. (2) More specifically, regulations (generally, if not always, promulgated in writing) prescribed by a court or judges for the conduct of litigation, being either gen eral rules , applicable to whole cla es of cases (commonly called rules of court ), or particular rules , or orders in particular causes: as, a rule for a new trial, a rule nisi, etc. (c) pl . In American parliamentary law, the regulations adopted by a deliberative body for the conduct of its proceedings, corresponding to the standing orders of the British House of Commons. (d) In gram ., an established form of construction in a particular cla of words, or the expre ion of that form in words. Thus, it is a rule in English that s or es added to a noun in the singular number forms the plural of that noun; but man forms its plural men , and so is an exception to the rule . O Grammar rules ! O now your virtues show! So children still read you with awful eyes. Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 534). 3. A form of words embodying a method for attaining a desired result; also, the method itself: as, the rules of art; especially, in arith ., the description of a proce for solving a problem or performing a calculation; also, the method itself. Led by some rule that guides but not constrains. Pope , Epistle to Jervas. The representation of a general condition according to which something manifold can be arranged [with uniformity) is called a rule ; if it must be so arranged, a law. Kant , Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Müller, p. 113. 4. The expre ion of a uniformity; a general proposition; especially, the statement that under certain circumstances certain phenomena will present themselves: as, failure is the general rule , succe the exception. rule Arch . Against ill chances men are ever merry; But heavine foreruns the good event. Believe me, I am pa ing light in spirit. Mowb . So much the worse, if your own rule be true. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. 86. For 'tis a rule that holds forever true: Grant me discernment, and I grant it you. Cowper , Progre of Error. And first it [law] is a rule :.. something permanent, uniform, and universal. D. Webster , Speech, March 10, 1818. 5. In law : ( a ) Jail limits. See rules of a prison , below. ( b ) The time and place appointed in a court, or in the office of its clerk, for entering rules or orders such as do not require to be granted by the court in term time. Hence the phrase at rules , at the se ion so appointed.6. Conformity to rule; regularity; propriety: as, to be out of rule . [They] bowet euyn to the banke or thai bide wold; Out of rule or aray raungit on lenght. Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5677. He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause Within the belt of rule . Shak ., Macbeth, v. 2. 15. 7. The po e ion and exertion of guiding and controlling power; government; sway; dominion; supreme command or authority. He gouernyd the contre bot he le e and more, Also he hadde the Rule of euery towne, And namely tho that longyd to the crowne. Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 25. Though usurpers sway the rule awhile, Yet heavens are just, and time suppre eth wrongs, Shak., 3 Hen. VL., iii. 3. 76. Deep harm to disobey, Seeing obedience is the bond of rule . Tennyson, Morte d'Arthur. IMG:content-2592.png:[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small] 9. In plastering , a strip of wood placed on the face of a wall as a guide to a ist in keeping the plane surface.-10. In musical notation, same as line2 , 2 (b) (1). - Ante predicamental rule, one of two rules laid down by Aristotle in the introductory part of his treatise on the categories. See antepredica ment. A rule to show cause, or a rule nisi, a rule which is conditional, so that, unle the party against whom it has been obtained shows sufficient cause to the contrary, it will become absolute. - As a rule, as a general thing; on the whole. - Bevel plumb-rule, an instrument used by engineers in testing the slope of an embankment. One limb of it can be set to any angle with the other, which is held plumb, to determine whether the slope has the proper angle or not. - Bra rule. See def. 's rule, a rule for the solution of cubic equations, first published by Jerome Cardan, to whom it had been confidentially communicated by the Italian mathematician Tartaglia (died 1559). But the first discoverer is said to have been Scipione dal Te o (died about 1525). The rule is that the solution of the equation x3 + qx + 7 = 0 is x = V - r + V + r2 + q3 + V -r - Var2 + q* The rule is applicable in all cases; but if there are three real roots, it is not convenient, on account of imaginaries. Carpenter's rule, in the common form, a two-foot rule, folding in four, graduated to eighths and sixteenths of an inch. Sometimes a pivoted index with a scale or a graduated slider is added to adapt the instrument for a greater number of uses and to aid in making certain computations. - Cro -rule paper. See paper . - De Gua's rule [named after the French mathematician Jean Paul de Gua de Malves, who gave it in 1741], the proposition that if any even number of succe ive terms is wanting from an equation there are as many imaginary roots, and if any odd number of terms is wanting there are one more or one le imaginary roots according as the two terms adjoining the gap have like or unlike signs. - Des cartes's rule of signs, otherwise called Des cartes's theorem , the proposition that in a numerical algebraic equation the number of pos i tive roots cannot surpa the number of variations in the series of signs of the succe ive terms after these have all been brought to the same side of the equation and arranged according to the powers of the unknown quantity; and, further, that the exce of the number of variations over the number of positive roots cannot be an odd number. - Dotted rule. See def. 8. - Double rule. See det. 8.- Figure of the golden rule, a line shaped like a 2, with the terms of a proposition at its ends and angles, thus: IMG:content-2593.png:[blocks in formation] Figure of the rule of falset, a cro like an X, with the two false positions at its upper corners, and the errors of the result respectively under them, the difference of the errors under the middle of the cro , and the answer over the middle of the cro . - French rule, in print ing , a dash, generally of bra , thus: Gag-rule. Same as gag - law . The legislature of Ma achusetts pronounced the god rule unconstitutional, and a erted that Congre had power to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. The Century , XXXVIL 872 The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-2595.png:[ocr errors][merged small][merged small] abled them to live within a certain area outside the prison, and practically left them free. By me princes rule , and nobles, even all the judges of the earth. Prov. viii. 16. Let them obey that know not how to rule . Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. 6. W. Besant , Fifty Years Ago, p. 77. Rules of course, rules which are drawn up by the proper officers on the authority of the mere signature of counsel; or, in some instances, as upon a judge's fiat, or allowance by the master, etc., without any signature by counsel. Rules which are not of course are grantable on the motion 2. To prevail; decide. either of the party actually interested or of his counsel. - Rules of practice, general rules prescribed by a court or other authority for the regulation of legal or other official procedure. See def. 2, above. - Single rule. See def. 8. Sliding rule, a rule having one or more scales which slide over others for the purpose of facilitating calculations. Stationers' rule, a rule of considerable length, made of hard wood about half an inch in thick- ne , usually marked with inches, and having its edges sheathed with bra strips. It is used for measuring, and as a straight-edge to guide a knife in cutting thick paper, as drawing-paper, pasteboard, etc. The rule in Shel- ley's case, a much-quoted doctrine of the common law, estate of freehold, followed by a limitation to his heirs or to the heirs of his body (or equivalent expre ions) either immediately or after the interposition of one or more par- ticular estates, the apparent gift to the heir or heirs of the body is to be construed as a limitation of the estate of the ancestor, and not as a gift to the heir. To buy in under the rule. See buy . - Twenty-first rule, in U. S. hist . , a rule adopted by the House of Representatives in 1840, and dropped in 1844, prescribing that no abolition petitions should be received by the House. - Waved rule. See def. formula, criterion, standard.-7. Direction, regulation, dominion, lordship, authority, mastery, domination. term required to be found, then this is found by multiply ing the second and third terms together, and dividing the product by the first. Rule of thumb, a rule suggested by a practical rather than a scientific knowledge: in allu- sion to a use of the thumb in marking off measurements roughly. We'll settle men and things by rule of thumb , And break the lingering night with ancient rum. Away with scrupulous wit! now arms must rule . Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7. 61. 3. In law : ( a ) To decide. (b) To lay down and settle a rule or order of court; order by rule; enter a rule.-4. In com . , to stand or maintain a level. rule2 (röl), n. [A contracted form of revel ; per- haps in part a ociated with rule in misrule ("lord of misrule , ” etc.): see revel .] Revel; revelry. What night- rule now about this haunted grove? Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2. 5. And at each pause they ki ; was never seen such rule In any place but here, at Boon-fire, or at Yule. Drayton, Polyolbion, xxvii. 251. rule2 (röl), v. i. [Also reul ; a contr. of revel . Cf. rule2 , n .] To revel; be unruly. Hall i well (under reul ). [Prov. Eng.] rule-case (röl'kās), n. In printing , a tray or case with partitions provided for rules. rule-cutter (röl'kut"er), п . In printing , a ma- chine for cutting bra rule to short lengths: usually a shears one blade of which is fixed and the other is moved by a strong lever. rule-driller (röl'dril"ėr), n. A teacher who drills his pupils upon rules, or by rote, without teaching them the underlying principles. I speak to the teacher, not the rule - driller . [ rulen , reulen , rewlen , riwlen , ruiler , rieuler , rieler , reguler , reigler , regler , F. régler = Pr. reglar = Sp. reglar , regular = Pg. regrar , regular = It. regolare = D. regelen = G. regeln = Dan. regulere = Sw. reglera , regulare , regulate, rule, regula , a rule: see rulel , n ., and cf. raill , v ., and regulate .] I. trans . 1. To make conformable to a rule, pattern, or stan- dard; adjust or dispose according to rule; regu-rule-joint (röl'joint), n . late; hence, to guide or order aright. Be thise uirtue [prudence] al thet man deth and zayth and thength, al he dizt and let and reuleth to the lyne of scele [reason]. Ayenbite of Inwyt (E: E. T. S.), p. 124. Yet Pitee, through his stronge gentil might, Forgaf, and made Mercy pa en Right, Through innocence and ruled curtesye. 2. To settle as by a rule; in law , to establish by decision or rule; determine; decide: thus, a court is said to rule a point. Burrill . Had he done it with the pope's licence, his adversaries must have been silent; for that's a ruled case with the Bp. Atterbury . IMG:content-2596.png:[blocks in formation] Nay, master, be ruled by me a little; so, let him lean upon his staff. Marlowe , Jew of Malta, iv. 2. 5. To dominate; have a predominant influence or effect upon or in. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the le er light to rule the night. Gen. i. 16. Soft undulating lines rule the composition; yet dignity of attitude and feature prevails over mere loveline . I. D'Israeli , Amen. of Lit., II. 437. 7. To mark with or as with the aid of a ruler or a ruling-machine: as, to rule lines on paper. Age rules my lines with wrinkles in my face. Drayton , Idea, xliv. Ruled surface. (a) A surface generated by the motion of a line; a locus of lines indeterminate in one degree. (b) Any surface, as of paper or metal, upon which a series of parallel lines has been marked or cut. To rule the roast. See roast . Syn. 1 and 3. Control , Regulate , etc. See govern . De Morgan , Arith. Books, Int., p. xxii. A pivoted joint in the joint, whereby two thin flat strips may be so united that each will turn edge- wise toward or from IMG:content-2597.png:[blocks in formation] a and b , prop-rods; c, rule-joint. [Early mod. E. also ru- Being without rule; law- A rule e rout of yongmen which her woo'd, All staine with darts, lie wallowed in their blood. ruler (rö'lėr), n . [ rule1 + -er1 .] 1. One who rules or governs; one who exercises dominion or controlling power over others; a person who commands, manages, restrains, or has part in the making or administration of law; one in authority. Rewlers of rewmes around all the erthe Were not yffoundid at the ffrist tyme To leue al at likynge and lust of the world, But to laboure on the lawe as lewde men on plowes. Richard the Redele , iii. 264. Acts vii. 27. IMG:content-2598.png:[blocks in formation] bles of figures.